Looking back at smallpox

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 38, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 882-889

  Bray, Mike ^a   Buller, Mark ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^b SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CIDOFOVIR; DNA POLYMERASE; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; PROTEIN; VACCINIA VACCINE; VIRUS DNA; DNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; SMALLPOX VACCINE;

CLINICAL FEATURE; CROSS REACTION; GENETIC CODE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; INCUBATION TIME; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; ORTHOPOXVIRUS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEPTIC SHOCK; SMALLPOX; SMALLPOX VIRUS; VACCINATION; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS ISOLATION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; ENZYMOLOGY; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; VIRUS LOAD;

BIOTERRORISM; CHEMOPREVENTION; DNA, VIRAL; DNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; HUMANS; SMALLPOX; SMALLPOX VACCINE; VARIOLA VIRUS; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 1642342769     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/381976     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, et al. Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 1999; 281:2127-37.
2. Breman JG, Henderson DA. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1300-8.
3. Esposito J, Fenner R. Poxviruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, et al., eds. Fields virology. Vol 2. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001:2885-922.
4. Gubser C, Smith GL. The sequence of camelpox virus shows it is most closely related to variola virus, the cause of smallpox. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:855-72.
5. Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek Z, Ladnyi I. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988.
6. Smith KJ, Skelton H. Molluscum contagiosum: recent advances in pathogenic mechanisms, and new therapies. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002; 3:535-45.
7. Bugert JJ, Darai G. Poxvirus homologues of cellular genes. Virus Genes 2000; 21:111-33.
8. Seet BT, Johnston JB, Brunetti CR, et al. Poxviruses and immune evasion. Annu Rev Immunol 2003; 21:377-423.
9. Gherardi MM, Ramirez JC, Esteban M. IL-12 and IL-18 act in synergy to clear vaccinia virus infection: involvement of innate and adaptive components of the immune system. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1961-72.
10. Smith SA, Kotwal GJ. Immune response to poxvirus infections in various animals. Crit Rev Microbiol 2002; 28:149-85.
11. Belyakov IM, Earl P, Dzutsev A, et al. Shared modes of protection against poxvirus infection by attenuated and conventional smallpox vaccine viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:9458-63.
12. Haig DM, McInnes CJ. Immunity and counter-immunity during infection with the parapoxvirus orf virus. Virus Res 2002; 88:3-16.
13. Jackson RJ, Ramsay AJ, Christensen CD, Beaton S, Hall DF, Ramshaw IA. Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox. J Virol 2001; 75:1205-10.
14. Hahon N, Ratner M, Kozikowski E. Factors influencing variola virus growth on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs. J Bacteriol 1958; 75:707-12.
15. Bray M. Pathogenesis and potential antiviral therapy of complications of smallpox vaccination. Antiviral Res 2003; 58:101-14.
16. Meyer H, Schay C, Mahnel H, Pfeffer M. Characterization of orthopoxviruses isolated from man and animals in Germany. Arch Virol 1999; 144:491-501.
17. Mack TM. A different view of smallpox and vaccination. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:460-3.
18. Dixon CW. Smallpox. London: J & A Churchill, 1962.
19. Demkowicz WE Jr, Littaua RA, Wang J, Ennis FA. Human cytotoxic T-cell memory: long-lived responses to vaccinia virus. J Virol 1996; 70:2627-31.
20. Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Hansen SG, et al. Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat Med 2003; 9:1131-7.
21. Mack TM. Smallpox in Europe, 1950-1971. J Infect Dis 1972; 125:161-9.
22. Rao AR. Smallpox. Bombay, India: Kothari Book Depot, 1972.
23. Mitra AC, Chatterjee SN, Sarkar JK, Manji P, Das AK. Viraemia in haemorrhagic and other forms of smallpox. J Indian Med Assoc 1966; 47:112-4.
24. Roberts JF, Coffee G, Creel SM et al. Haemorrhagic smallpox. I. Preliminary haematological studies. Bull World Health Organ 1965; 33:607-13.
25. McKenzie PJ, Githens JH, Harwood ME, Roberts JF, Rao AR, Kempe CH. Haemorrhagic smallpox. 2. Specific bleeding and coagulation studies. Bull World Health Organ 1965; 33:773-82.
26. Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:138-50.
27. Bras G. The morbid anatomy of smallpox. Doc Med Geogr Trop 1952; 4:303-51.
28. Frederick DM, Bland D, Gollin Y. Fatal disseminated herpes simplex virus infection in a previously healthy pregnant woman: a case report. J Reprod Med 2002; 47:591-6.
29. Miller HC, Stephan M. Hemorrhagic varicella: a case report and review of the complications of varicella in children. Am J Emerg Med 1993; 11:633-8.
30. Engler RJ, Kenner J, Leung DY. Smallpox vaccination: risk considerations for patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:357-65.
31. Blanchard TJ, Alcami A, Andrea P, Smith GL. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara undergoes limited replication in human cells and lacks several immunomodulatory proteins: implications for use as a human vaccine. J Gen Virol 1998; 79:1159-67.
32. Baker RO, Bray M, Huggins JW. Potential antiviral therapeutics for smallpox, monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus infections. Antiviral Res 2003; 57:13-23.
33. Smee DF, Sidwell RW, Kefauver D, Bray M, Huggins JW. Characterization of wild-type and cidofovir-resistant strains of camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:1329-35.
34. Roy CJ, Baker R, Washburn K, Bray M. Aerosolized cidofovir is retained in the respiratory tract and protects mice against intranasal cowpox virus challenge. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2933-7.
35. Bray M, Martinez M, Smee DF, Kefauver D, Thompson E, Huggins JW. Cidofovir protects mice against lethal aerosol or intranasal cowpox virus challenge. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:10-9.
36. Ciesla SL, Trahan J, Wan WB, et al. Esterification of cidofovir with alkoxyalkanols increases oral bioavailability and diminishes drug accumulation in kidney. Antiviral Res 2003; 59:163-71.