Immunity and counter-immunity during infection with the parapoxvirus orf virus

Virus Research

Volumn 88, Issue 1-2, 2002, Pages 3-16

  Haig, David M ^a   McInnes, Colin J ^a  

^a MOREDUN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Immuno modulation; Orf; Parapoxvirus; Poxvirus

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; GAMMA INTERFERON; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 2; VASCULOTROPIN;

B LYMPHOCYTE; DENDRITIC CELL; DNA VIRUS; GENE; GOAT; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; INFLAMMATION; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PARAPOXVIRUS; PATHOGENESIS; POXVIRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHEEP; SKIN DISEASE; T LYMPHOCYTE; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS VIRULENCE;

ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; ANIMALS; ECTHYMA, CONTAGIOUS; IMMUNITY; ORF VIRUS; SHEEP; VIRAL PROTEINS; VIRULENCE;

CAPRA HIRCUS; MAMMALIA; ORF VIRUS; OVIS ARIES; PARAPOXVIRUS; POXVIRIDAE;

EID: 0036711438     PISSN: 01681702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00117-X     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Alcami A., Koszinowski U.H. Viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Immunol. Today. 21:2000;447-455.
2. Anderson, I., Reid, H.W., Nettleton, P.F., McInnes, C.J., Haig, D.M. 2001. Detection of cellular cytokine mRNA expression during orf virus infection in sheep: Differential IFN-γ mRNA expression by cells in primary versus reinfection skin lesions. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 83, 161-176.
3. Buddle B.M., Pulford H.D. Effect of passively acquired antibodies and vaccination on the immune response to contagious ecthyma virus. Vet. Microbiol. 9:1984;515-521.
4. Chand P., Kitching R.P., Black D.N. Western blot analysis of virus-specific antibody responses for capripox and contagious pustular dermatitis viral infection in sheep. Epidemiol. Infect. 113:1994;77-85.
5. Cottone R., Buttner M., Bauer B., Henkel M., Hettich E., Rziha H.J. Analysis of genomic rearrangement and subsequent gene deletion of the attenuated orf virus strain D1701. Virus Res. 56:1998;53-67.
6. Czerny C.P., Waldmann R., Scheubeck T. Identification of three distinct antigenic sites in parapoxviruses. Arch. Virol. 142:1997;807-821.
7. Deane D.L., McInnes C.J., Percival A., Wood A., Thomson J., Lear A., Gilray J., Fleming S., Mercer A., Haig D. Orf virus encodes a novel secreted protein inhibitor of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2. J. Virol. 74:2000;1313-1320.
8. Ding Y., Qin L., Kotenko S.V., Pestka S., Bromberg J.S. A single amino acid determines the immunostimulatory activity of interleukin-10. J. Exp. Med. 191:2000;213-223.
9. Dunk C., Ahmed A. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2-mediated mitogenesis is negatively regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in tumor epithelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. 158:2001;265-273.
10. Ferrara N., Davis-Smyth T. The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocrine Rev. 18:1997;4-25.
11. Fleming S.B., Merecer A.A., Fraser K.M., Lyttle D.J., Robinson A.J. In vivo recognition of orf virus early transcriptional promoters in a vaccinia virus recombinant. Virology. 187:1992;464-471.
12. Fleming S.B., Blok J., Fraser K.M., Mercer A.A., Robinson A.J. Conservation of gene structure and arrangement between vaccinia virus and orf virus. Virology. 195:1993;175-184.
13. Fleming S.B., Lyttle D.J., Sullivan J.T., Mercer A.A., Robinson A.J. Genomic analysis of a transposition-deletion variant of orf virus reveals a 3.3 kb region of non-essential DNA. J. Gen. Virol. 76:1995;2969-2978.
14. Fleming S.B., McCaughan C.A., Andrews A.E., Nash A.D., Mercer A.A. A homolog of interleukin-10 is encoded by the poxvirus orf virus. J. Virol. 71:1997;4857-4861.
15. Fleming S.B., Haig D.M., Nettleton P., Reid H.W., McCaughan C.A., Wise L.M., Mercer A.A. Sequence and functional analysis of a homolog of interleukin-10 encoded by the parapoxvirus orf virus. Virus Genes. 21:2000;85-95.
16. Gassmann U., Wyler R., Wittek R. Analysis of parapoxvirus genomes. Arch. Virol. 83:1985;17-31.
17. Gesser B., Leffers H., Jinquan T., Vestergaard C., Kirstein N., Sindet-Pedersen S., Jensen S.L., Thestrup-Pedersen K., Larsen C.G. Identification of functional domains on human interleukin-10. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA). 94:1997;14620-14625.
18. Gilray J.A., Nettleton P.F., Pow I., Lewis C.J., Stephens S.A., Madeley J.D., Reid H.W. Restriction endonuclease profiles of orf virus isolates from the British Isles. Vet. Record. 143:1998;237-240.
19. Groves R.W., Wilson, Jones E., MacDonald D.M. Human orf and milker's nodule: a clinicopathological study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 25:1991;706-711.
20. Haig D.M., Entrican G., Yirrell D.L., Deane D., Millar H.R.P., Norval M., Reid H.W. Differential appearance of interferon and colony stimulating activity in afferent versus efferent lymph following orf virus infection in sheep. Vet. Dermatol. 3:1992;221-229.
21. Haig D.M., McInnes C.J., Wood P.R., Seow H.F. The cytokines: origin, structure and function. Goddeeris B.M., Morrison W.I., Cell-mediated Immunity in Ruminants. 1994;75-92 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
22. Haig D.M., Hutchison G., Green I., Sargan D., Reid H.W. The effect of intradermal injection of GM-CSF and TNF-α on the accumulation of dendritic cells in ovine skin. Vet. Dermatol. 6:1995a;211-220.
23. Haig D.M., Percival A., Mitchell J., Green I., Sargan D. The survival and growth of ovine afferent lymph dendritic cells in culture depends on tumour necrosis factor-α and is enhanced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor but inhibited by interferon. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 45:1995b;221-236.
24. Haig D.M., Deane D., Percival A., Myatt N., Thomson J., Inglis L., Rothel J., Heng-Fong Seow, Wood P., Millar H.R.P., Reid H.W. The cytokine response of afferent lymph following orf virus reinfection of sheep. Vet. Dermatol. 7:1996a;11-20.
25. - efferent lymph T cells after orf virus reinfection. J. Comp. Path. 115:1996b;163-174.
26. Haig D.McK., McInnes C.J., Hutchison G., Seow H.-F., Reid H.W. Cyclosporin A abrogates the acquired immunity to cutaneous reinfection with the parapoxvirus orf virus. Immunology. 89:1996c;524-531.
27. + T cells during orf virus reinfection. J. Gen. Virol. 77:1996d;953-961.
28. Haig D.M., Mercer A.A. Orf. Vet. Res. 29:1998;311-326.
29. Haig D.M., McInnes C.J., Thomson J., Wood A., Bunyan K., Mercer A.A. The orf virus OV20.0L gene product is involved in interferon resistance and inhibits an interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase. Immunology. 93:1998a;335-340.
30. Haig D.M., Hutchison G., Reid H.W. The effect of Cyclosporin-A on acquired immunity to orf virus reinfection: inhibition of T cell recruitment and activation. Adv. Vet. Dermatol. 3:1998b;95-103.
31. Haig D.M., Hopkins J., Miller H.R.P. Local immune responses in afferent and efferent lymph. Immunology. 96:1999;155-163.
32. Haig D.M. Subversion and piracy: DNA viruses and immune evasion. Res. Vet. Sci. 70:2001;205-220.
33. Housawi F.M.T., Roberts G.M., Gilray J.A., Pow I., Reid H.W., Nettleton P.F., Sumption K.J., Hibma M.H., Mercer A.A. The reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against orf virus with other parapoxviruses and the identification of a 39 kDa immunodominant protein. Arch. Virol. 143:1998;2289-2303.
34. Inoshima Y., Morooka A., Sentsui H. Detection and diagnosis of parapoxvirus by the polymerase chain reaction. J. Virol. Methods. 84:2000;201-208.
35. Jenkinson D.M., McEwan P.E., Moss V.A., Elder H.Y., Reid H.W. Location and spread of orf virus antigen in infected ovine skin. Vet. Dermatol. 1:1990a;189-195.
36. Jenkinson D.M., McEwan P.E., Onwuka S.K., Moss V.A., Elder H.Y., Hutchison G., Reid H.W. The pathological changes and polymorphonuclear and mast cell responses in the skin of specific pathogen-free lambs following primary and secondary challenge with orf virus. Vet. Dermatol. 1:1990b;139-145.
37. + dendritic cell population of ovine skin in response to orf virus infection. Vet. Dermatol. 2:1991;1-9.
38. Jenkinson D.M., Hutchison G., Reid H.W. The B and T cell responses to orf virus infection of ovine skin. Vet. Dermatol. 3:1992;57-64.
39. Kanellis J., Fraser S., Katerelos M., Power D.A. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a survival factor for renal tubular epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 278:2000;905-915.
40. Kasahara T., Hooks J.J., Dougherty S.F., Oppenheim J.J. Interleukin 2-mediated immune interferon (IFN-gamma) production by human T cells and T cell subsets. J. Immunol. 130:1983;1784-1789.
41. Korpelainen E.I., Karkkainen M.J., Tenhunen A., Lakso M., Rauvala H., Vierula M., Parvinen M., Alitalo K. Overexpression of VEGF in testis and epididymis causes infertility in transgenic mice: evidence for non-endothelial targets for VEGF. J. Cell. Biol. 143:1998;1705-1712.
42. Kotwal G.J., Moss B. Analysis of a large cluster of non-essential genes deleted from a vaccinia virus terminal transposition mutant. Virology. 167:1988;524-537.
43. Lear A., Hutchinson G., Reid H.W., Norval M., Haig D.M. Phenotypic characterisation of the dendritic cells accumulating in ovine dermis following primary and secondary orf virus infections. Eur. J. Dermatol. 6:1996;135-140.
44. Lloyd J.B., Gill H.S., Haig D.M., Husband A.J. In vivo T-cell subset depletion suggests that T-cells and a humoral immune response are important for the elimination of orf virus from the skin of sheep. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 74:2000;249-262.
45. Lyttle D.J., Fraser K.M., Fleming S.B., Mercer A.A., Robinson A.J. Homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor are encoded by the poxvirus orf virus. J. Virol. 68:1994;84-92.
46. McInnes C.J., Wood A.R., Mercer A.A. Orf virus encodes a homolog of the vaccinia virus interferon-resistance gene E3L. Virus Genes. 17:1998;107-115.
47. McInnes C.J., Wood A.R., Nettleton P.F., Gilray J.A. Genomic comparison of an avirulent strain of orf virus with that of a virulent wild type isolate reveals that the orf virus G2L gene is non-essential for replication. Virus Genes. 22:2001;141-150.
48. McKeever D.J., McEwan Jenkinson D., Hutchinson G., Reid H.W. Studies of the pathogenesis of orf virus infection in sheep. J. Comp. Path. 99:1988;317-328.
49. Mercer A.A., Fraser K., Barns G., Robinson A.J. The structure and cloning of orf virus DNA. Virology. 157:1987;1-12.
50. Mercer A.A., Yirrell D.L., Reid H.W., Robinson A.J. Lack of cross-protection between vaccinia virus and orf virus in hysterectomy-procured, barrier-maintained lambs. Vet. Microbiol. 41:1994;373-382.
51. Mercer A.A., Lyttle D.J., Whelan E.M., Fleming S.B., Sullivan J.T. The establishment of a genetic map of orf virus reveals a pattern of genomic organisation that is highly conserved among divergent poxviruses. Virology. 212:1995;698-704.
52. Mercer A.A., Fraser K.M., Esposito J.J. Gene homology between orf virus and smallpox variola virus. Virus Genes. 13:1996a;175-178.
53. Mercer A.A., Yirrell D.L., Whelan E.M., Nettleton P.F., Pow I., Gilray J.A., Reid H.W., Robinson A.J. A novel strategy for determining protective antigens of the parapoxvirus, orf virus. Virology. 229:1997;193-200.
54. Mercer A.A., Haig D.M. Parapoxviruses. Granoff A., Webster R.G., The Encyclopaedia of Virology. second ed. 1999;Academic Press.
55. Meyer M., Clauss M., Lepple-Weinhues A., Waltenberger J., Augustin H.G., Ziche M., Lanz C., Buttner M., Rziha H.J., Dehio C. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor encoded by orf virus, VEGF-E, mediates angiogenesis via signalling through VEGFR-2 (KDR) but not VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J. 18:1999;363-374.
56. Moyer R.W., Graves R.L., Rothe C.T. The white pock (μ) mutants of rabbit poxvirus. III Terminal DNA sequence duplication and transposition in rabbit poxvirus. Cell. 22:1980;545-553.
57. Nettleton P.F., Munro R., Pow I., Gilray J., Gray E.W., Reid H.W. Isolation of a parapoxvirus from a grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Vet. Rec. 137:1995;562-564.
58. Pickup D.J., Ink B.S., Parsons B.L., Hu W., Joklik W.K. Spontaneous deletions and duplications of sequences in the genome of cowpox virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81:1984;6817-6821.
59. Reem G.H., Yeh N.H. Interleukin 2 regulates expression of its receptor and synthesis of gamma interferon by human T lymphocytes. Science. 225:1984;429-430.
60. Reisner A.H. Similarity between the vaccinia virus 19K early protein and epidermal growth factor. Nature. 313:1985;801-806.
61. Robinson A.J., Ellis G., Balassu T. The genome of orf virus: Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA isolated from lesions of orf in sheep. Arch. Virol. 71:1982;43-55.
62. Robinson A.J., Barns G., Frase K., Carpenter E., Mercer A.A. Conservation and variation in orf virus genomes. Virology. 157:1987;13-23.
63. Robinson A.J., Mercer A.A. Parapoxvirus of red deer: evidence for its inclusion as a new member in the genus parapoxvirus. Virology. 208:1995;812-815.
64. Rziha H.J., Henkel M., Cottone R., Bauer B., Auge U., Gotz F., Pfaff E., Rottgen M., Dehio C., Buttner M. Generation of recombinant parapoxviruses: non-essential genes suitable for insertion and expression of foreign genes. J. Biotech. 83:2000;137-145.
65. Sainsbury A.W., Gurnell J. An investigation into the health and welfare of red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris, involved in reintroduction studies. Vet. Rec. 137:1995;367-370.
66. Savory L.J., Stacker S.A., Fleming S.B., Niven B.E., Mercer A.A. Viral vascular endothelial growth factor plays a critical role in orf virus infection. J. Virol. 74:2000;10699-10706.
67. Spiers V., Atkin S.L. Production of VEGF and expression of the VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR in primary cultures of epithelial and stromal cells derived from breast tumours. Br. J. Cancer. 80:1999;898-903.
68. Sullivan J.T., Mercer A.A., Fleming S.B., Robinson A.J. Identification and characterization of an orf virus homologue of the vaccinia virus gene encoding the major envelope antigen p37K. Virology. 202:1994a;968-973.
69. Sullivan J.T., Fraser K.M., Fleming S.B., Robinson A.J., Mercer A.A. Sequence and transcriptional analysis of an orf virus gene encoding ankyrin-like repeat sequences. Virus Genes. 9:1994b;277-282.
70. Sullivan J.T., Fleming S.B., Robinson A.J., Mercer A.A. Sequence and transcriptional analysis of a near-terminal region of the orf virus genome. Virus Genes. 11:1995;21-29.
71. Viac J., Palacio S., Schmitt D., Claudy A. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in normal epidermis, epithelial tumours and cultured keratinocytes. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 289:1997;158-163.
72. Vos J.C., Mercer A.A., Fleming S.B., Robinson A.J. In vitro recognition of an orf virus early promoter in a vaccinia virus extract. Arch. Virol. 123:1992;223-228.
73. de Waal Malefyt R., Haanen R.J., Spits H., Roncarolo M.-G., Velde A., Figdor C., Johnson K., Kastelein R., Yssel H., de Vries J.E. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and viral IL-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human T cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via down-regulation of class II major histocompatibility complex expression. J. Exp. Med. 174:1991;915-924.
74. Wheeler C.E., Cawley E.P. The microscopic appearance of ecthyma contagiosum (orf) in sheep, rabbits and man. Am. J. Pathol. 32:1956;535-545.
75. Wise L.M., Veikkola T., Mercer A., Savory L., Fleming S., Caesar C., Vitali A., Makinen T., Alitalo K., Stacker S. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-like protein from orf virus NZ2 binds to VEGFR2 and neuropilin-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA). 96:1999;3071-3076.
76. Wittek R., Kuenzle C.C., Wyler R. High C+G content in parapoxvirus DNA. J. Gen. Virol. 43:1979;231-234.
77. Yirrell D.L., Reid H.W., Norval M., Howie S. Immune response of lambs to experimental infection with orf virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 22:1989;321-332.
78. Yirrell D.L., Reid H.W., Norval M., Miller H.R.P. Qualitative and quantitative changes in ovine afferent lymph draining the site of epidermal orf virus infection. Vet. Dermatol. 2:1991a;133-138.
79. Yirrell D.L., Reid H.W., Norval M., Entrican G., Miller H.R.P. Response of efferent lymph and popliteal lymph node to epidermal infection of sheep with orf virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 28:1991b;219-235.