Fragrance material review on cinnamyl alcohol

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 43, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 837-866

  Letizia, C S ^a   Cocchiara, J ^a   Lalko, J ^a   Lapczynski, A ^a   Api, A M ^a  

^a RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FRAGRANCE MATERIALS   (United States)

Author keywords

Cinnamyl alcohol; Fragrance; Review

Indexed keywords

CINNAMYL ALCOHOL; FRAGRANCE;

ABSORPTION; ACUTE TOXICITY; CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHRONIC TOXICITY; ENZYME INDUCTION; HUMAN; MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY; NONHUMAN; PHOTOALLERGY; PHOTOTOXICITY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; REVIEW; SKIN IRRITATION; SKIN SENSITIVITY; SKIN TOXICITY;

EID: 16244403967     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.09.012     Document Type: Review

References (204)

1. A. Abramovici, and P. Rachmuth-Roizman Molecular structure-teratogenicity relationships of some fragrance additives Toxicology 29 1983 143 156
2. R.M. Adams, and H.I. Maibach A five-year study of cosmetic reactions Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 13 1985 1062 1069
3. H.A. Addo, J. Ferguson, B.E. Johnson, and W. Frain-Bell The relationship between exposure to fragrance materials and persistent light reaction in the photosensitivity dermatitis with actinic reticuloid syndrome British Journal of Dermatology 107 1982 261 274
4. B.N. Ames, J. McCann, and E. Yamasaki Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test Mutation Research 31 1975 347 363
5. G. Angelini, G.A. Vena, C. Foti, and M. Grandolfo Contact allergy to preservatives and perfumed compounds used in skin care products Journal of Applied Cosmetology 15 1997 49 57
6. G. Angelini, G.A. Vena, G. Giglio, F. Fiordalisi, and C.L. Meneghini Contact dermatitis due to cosmetics Journal of Applied Cosmetology 3 1985 223 236
7. S. Asoh, T. Suga, A. Shoji, K. Watanabe, Y. Hashimoto, and A. Inoue Incidence of positive reactions to cosmetic products and their ingredients in patch tests and representative cases with cosmetic dermatitis in 1988 Skin Research 31 Suppl. 7 1989 73 80
8. D.A. Basketter Skin sensitization to cinnamyl alcohol: the role of skin metabolism Acta Dermato-Venereologica 72 1992 264 265
9. D.A. Basketter, and G.F. Gerberick An interlaboratory evaluation of the Buehler test for the identification and classification of skin sensitizers Contact Dermatitis 35 1996 146 151
10. D.A. Basketter, L. Blaikie, R.J. Dearman, I. Kimber, C.C. Ryan, G.F. Gerberick, P. Harvey, P. Evans, I.R. White, and R.J.G. Rycroft Use of the local lymph node assay for the estimation of relative contact allergenic potency Contact Dermatitis 42 2000 344 348
11. D.A. Basketter, N. Gilmour, R.J. Dearman, I. Kimber, C.A. Ryan, and E. Gerberick Classification of skin sensitisation potency using the Local Lymph Node Assay The Toxicologist 72 2003 101
12. D.A. Basketter, Z. Wright, N.J. Gilmour, C.A. Ryan, G.F. Gerberick, M.K. Robinson, R.J. Dearman, and I. Kimber Prediction of human sensitization potency using local lymph node assay EC3 values The Toxicologist 66 2002 240
13. K. Becker, E. Temesvari, and I. Nemeth Patch testing with fragrance mix and its constituents in a Hungarian population Contact Dermatitis 30 1994 185 186
14. Bickers, D., Calow, P., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H., Rogers, A.E., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., Smith, R.L., Tagami, H., 2005. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid when used as fragrance ingredients. Food and Chemical Toxicology, in press
15. W. Broeckx, A. Blondeel, A. Dooms-Goossens, and G. Achten Cosmetic intolerance Contact Dermatitis 16 1987 189 194
16. R.L. Bronaugh, R.F. Stewart, R.C. Wester, D. Bucks, H.I. Maibach, and J. Anderson Comparison of percutaneous absorption of fragrances by humans and monkeys Food and Chemical Toxicology 23 1985 111 114
17. D.A. Buckley, S.H. Wakelin, D. Holloway, R.J.G. Rycroft, I.R. White, J.P. McFadden, and P.T. Seed The frequency of fragrance allergy in a patch-test population over a 17-year period British Journal of Dermatology 142 2000 279 283
18. E.V. Buehler Delayed contact hypersensitivity in the guinea pig Archives of Dermatology 91 1965 171 177
19. E.V. Buehler, and H.L. Ritz Methods and Approaches for Assessment of Contact Hypersensitivity J.H. Dean M.I. Luster A.E. Munson H. Amos Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology 1985 Raven Press New York 123 131
20. P. Cadby, W.R. Troy, and M. Vey Consumer exposure to fragrance ingredients: providing estimates for safety evaluation Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 36 2002 246 252
21. C.D. Calnan, E. Cronin, and R.J.G. Rycroft Allergy to perfume ingredients Contact Dermatitis 6 1980 500 501
22. Council of Europe, 2000. Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field. Chemically-defined Flavouring Substances. Group 2.2 aromatic alcohols, p. 74, no. 65. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg
23. E. Cronin Allergy to cosmetics Acta Dermato-Venereologica, Stockholm 134 1985 77 82
24. A.C. De Groot Contact allergy to cosmetics: causative ingredients Contact Dermatitis 17 1987 26 34
25. A.C. De Groot, D.P. Bruynzeel, J.D. Bos, H.L.M. van der Meeren, T. van Joost, B.A. Jagtman, and J.W. Weyland The allergens in cosmetics Archives of Dermatology 124 1988 1525 1529
26. A.C. De Groot, E.G.A. Beverdam, C.T. Ayonng, P.J. Coenraads, and J.P. Nater The role of contact allergy in the spectrum of adverse effects caused by cosmetics and toiletries Contact Dermatitis 19 1988 195 201
27. A.C. De Groot, A.M.J. van der Kley, D.P. Bruynzeel, M.M.H.M. Meinardi, G. Smeenk, T. van Joost, and S. Pavel Frequency of false-negative reactions to the fragrance mix Contact Dermatitis 28 1993 139 140
28. L.P.C. Delbressine, P.J.M. Klippert, J.T.A. Reuvers, and F. Seutter-Berlage Isolation and identification of mercapturic acids of cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol from urine of female rats Archives of Toxicology 49 1981 57 64
29. A. Dooms-Goossens, S. Kerre, J. Drieghe, L. Bossuyt, and H. DeGreef Cosmetic products and their allergens European Journal of Dermatology 2 1992 465 468
30. J.M. Dornish, E.O. Pettersen, and R. Oftebro Synergistic cell inactivation of Human NHIK 3025 cells by cinnamaldehyde in combination with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) Cancer Research 48 1988 938 942
31. Draize, J.H., 1959. Intracutaneous sensitization test on guinea pigs. In: Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Food and Cosmetics, Austin, Texas. Association of Food and Drug Officials of the United States
32. J.H. Draize, G. Woodard, and H.O. Calvery Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 82 1944 377 390
33. E. Eder, T. Neudecker, D. Lutz, and D. Henschler Mutagenic potential of allyl and allylic compounds. Structure-activity relationship as determined by alkylating and direct in vitro mutagenic properties Biochemical Pharmacology 29 1980 993 998
34. E. Eder, T. Neudecker, D. Lutz, and D. Henschler Correlation of alkylating and mutagenic activities of allyl and allylic compounds: standard alkylation test vs. kinetic investigation Chemico-Biological Interactions 38 1982 303 315
35. E. Eder, D. Henschler, and T. Neudecker Mutagenic properties of allylic and α,β-unsaturated compounds: consideration of alkylating mechanisms Xenobiotica 12 1982 831 848
36. H.J. Eiermann, W. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, and J.S. Taylor Prospective study of cosmetic reactions: 1977-1980 Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 6 1982 909 917
37. E.N. Elahi, Z. Wright, S.A.M. Hotchkiss, D.A. Basketter, Smith, and C.K. Pease Protein binding and metabolic inhibition reveals clues on the mechanisms surrounding relative potency of sensitising cinnamic compounds Toxicology 178 2002 52
38. W.W. Emmons, and J.G. Marks Immediate and delayed reactions to cosmetic ingredients Contact Dermatitis 13 1985 258 265
39. F. Enders, B. Przybilla, and J. Ring Patch testing with fragrance mix at 16% and 8%, and its individual constituents Contact Dermatitis 20 1989 237 238
40. J. Ferguson, and S. Sharma Cinnamic aldehyde test concentrations. [Letter to the Editor] Contact Dermatitis 10 1984 191 192
41. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 172.515. Title 21 - Food and Drugs, Volume 3, Chapter I - Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Part 172 - Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption. Subpart F - Flavoring Agents and Related Substances, 515 - Synthetic Flavoring Substances and Adjuvants
42. FEMA (Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association), 1965. Recent progress in the consideration of flavoring ingredients under the food additives amendment III. GRAS Substances. Food Technology 19 (2), 151-197
43. R.A. Ford, B. Domeyer, O. Easterday, K. Maier, and J. Middleton Criteria for development of a database for safety evaluation of fragrance ingredients Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 31 2000 166 181
44. P. Forschmidt, E. Liban, and A. Abramovici Teratogenicity of flavor additives Teratology 19 1979 26a
45. P.J. Frosch, B. Pilz, K.E. Andersen, D. Burrows, J.G. Camarasa, A. Dooms-Goossens, G. Ducombs, T. Fuchs, M. Hannuksela, J.M. Lachapelle, A. Lahti, H.I. Maibach, T. Menne, R.J.G. Rycroft, S. Shaw, J.E. Wahlberg, I.R. White, and J.D. Wilkinson Patch testing with fragrances: results of a multicenter study of the European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group with 48 frequently used constituents of perfumes Contact Dermatitis 33 1995 333 342
46. P.J. Frosch, B. Pilz, D. Burrows, J.G. Camarasa, J.-M. Lachapelle, A. Lahti, T. Menne, and J.D. Wilkinson Testing with fragrance mix. Is the addition of sorbitan sesquioleate to the constituents useful? Contact Dermatitis 32 1995 266 272
47. T. Fujii, S. Furukawa, and S. Suzuki Studies on compounded perfumes for toilet goods. On the non-irritative compounded perfumes for soaps Yukugaku 21 1972 904 908
48. K. Fujimoto, N. Higashi, A. Kume, K. Ueda, and N. Hino Patch test results in 332 patients suspected of cosmetic dermatitis Environmental Dermatology 4 1997 268 276
49. M.J.D. Goodfield, and E.M. Saihan Fragrance sensitivity in coal miners Contact Dermatitis 18 1988 81 83
50. M.H.L. Green, and W.J. Murie Mutagen testing using TRP(+) reversion in Escherichia coli Mutation Research 38 1976 3 32
51. N. Greif Cutaneous safety of fragrance material as measured by the maximization test American Perfumer and Cosmetics 82 1967 54 57
52. N. Gupta, S.D. Shenoi, and C. Balachandran Fragrance sensitivity in allergic contact dermatitis Contact Dermatitis 40 1999 53 54
53. S.G. Gutman, and B.A. Somov Allergic reactions caused by components of perfumery preparations Vestnik Dermatologii Venerologii 42 1968 62 66
54. Y. Hashimoto, T. Sugai, A. Shoji, S. Asoh, K. Watanabe, and A. Inoue Incidence of positive reactions in patch tests with ingredients of cosmetic products in 1989 and representative cases of cosmetic dermatitis Skin Research 32 Suppl. 9 1990 115 124
55. B.M. Hausen, P. Evers, H.-T. Stuwe, W.A. Konig, and E. Wollenerber Propolis allergy (IV). Studies with further sensitizers from propolis and constituents common to propolis, poplar buds and balsam of Peru Contact Dermatitis 26 1992 34 44
56. B.M. Hausen, T. Simatupang, G. Bruhn, P. Evers, and W.A. Koening Identification of new allergenic constituents and proof of evidence for coniferyl benzoate in Balsam of Peru American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 6 1995 199 208
57. Hayakawa, R., Japan Patch Test Research Group, 1986. Patch test positive rates of cosmetic ingredients in 1984. Skin Research 28, 93-100
58. R. Hayakawa, K. Ohiwa, C. Ukei, and K. Matsunaga Melanosis faciei feminae in 1982 Skin Research 25 1983 690 695
59. S.A. Hendriks, and C.J.W. van Ginkel Evaluation of the fragrance mix in the European standard series Contact Dermatitis 41 1999 161 162
60. N. Higashi, T. Matumura, and H. Nagaki Patch test result in 276 patients suspected cosmetic dermatitis Skin Research 28 1986 101 109
61. D.C. Hinselwood, C.K. Smith, and S.A.M. Hotchkiss Role of cutaneous alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the detoxication and metabolic activation of the contact allergens cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic alcohol Drug Metabolism Reviews 33 Suppl. 1 2001 42
62. S. Hirano, and K. Yoshikawa Patch testing with European American standard allergens in Japanese patients Contact Dermatitis 8 1982 48 50
63. O. Hirose, Y. Arima, K. Hosokawa, M. Suzuki, K. Matsunaga, and R. Hayakawa Patch test results of cosmetic allergens during recent 30 months Skin Research 29 1987 95 100
64. N. Hjorth Other aromatic substances related to balsams Eczematous Allergy to Balsams 1961 Munksgaard Copenhagen 94 111 (Chapter 10)
65. N. Hjorth Vanilla Eczematous Allergy to Balsams 1961 Munksgaard Copenhagen 129 133 (Chapter 13)
66. N. Hjorth The development and persistence of cross-sensitization Eczematous Allergy to Balsams 1961 Munksgaard Copenhagen 144 165 (Chapter 17)
67. D. Holness, and J.R. Nethercott Epicutaneous testing results in hairdressers American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 1 1990 224 234
68. D.L. Holness, and J.R. Nethercott Patch testing in an occupational health clinic American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 5 1994 150 155
69. D.L. Holness, and J.R. Nethercott Comparison of occupational and nonoccupational contact dermatitis American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 5 1994 207 212
70. D.L. Holness, and J.R. Nethercott Results of patch testing with a special series of rubber allergens Contact Dermatitis 36 1997 207 211
71. E. Hölzle, N. Neumann, B. Hausen, B. Przybilla, S. Schauder, H. Honigsmann, A. Bircher, and G. Plewig Photopatch testing: the 5 year experience of the German, Austrian, and Swiss photopatch test group Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 25 Part 1 1991 59 68
72. S.A.M. Hotchkiss Absorption of fragrance ingredients using in vitro models with human skin P.J. Frosch J.D. Johansen I.R. White Fragrances: Beneficial and Adverse Effects 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin 125 135
73. M.-T. Huang, R.L. Chang, A.W. Wood, H.L. Newmark, J.M. Sayer, H. Yagi, D.M. Jerina, and A.H. Conney Inhibition of the mutagenicity of bay-region diol-epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by tannic acid, hydroxylated anthraquinones and hydroxylated cinnamic acid derivatives Carcinogenesis 6 1985 237 242
74. IFRA (International Fragrance Association), 2001. Volume of Use Survey, February 2001
75. IFRA (International Fragrance Association), 2003. Code Of Practice, Standard on cinnamyl alcohol. Brussels
76. M. Ishihara Problems of closed patch tests with ingredients of cosmetic products Journal of Japanese Cosmetic Science Society 1 1977 87 102
77. M. Ishihara The environment and the skin Journal of the Medical Society Toho University 25 1978 750 766
78. M. Ishihara, M. Itoh, K. Hosono, and M. Nishimura Some problems with patch tests using fragrance materials Skin Research 23 1981 808 817
79. M. Ishihara, M. Itoh, M. Nishimura, M. Kinoshita, H. Kantoh, T. Nogami, and K. Yamada Closed epicutaneous test Skin Research 28 Suppl. 2 1986 230 240
80. M. Ishihara, S. Itoh, S. Hayashi, and T. Satake Methods of diagnosis in cases of cosmetic dermatitis and facial melanosis in females Nishinihon Journal of Dermatology 41 1979 426 439
81. M. Itoh Sensitization potency of some phenolic compounds with special emphasis on the relationship between chemical structure and allergenicity Journal of Dermatology 9 1982 223 233
82. M. Itoh, K. Hosono, H. Kantoh, M. Kinoshita, K. Yamada, R. Kurosaka, and M. Nishimura Patch test results with cosmetic ingredients conducted between 1978 and 1986 Journal of the Society Cosmetic Science 12 1988 27 41
83. M. Itoh, M. Ishihara, K. Hosono, H. Kantoh, M. Kinoshita, K. Yamada, and M. Nishimura Results of patch tests conducted between 1978 and 1985 using cosmetic ingredients Skin Research 28 Suppl. 2 1986 110 119
84. C.T. Jansen, G. Wennersten, I. Rystedt, P. Thune, and H. Brodthagen The Scandinavian standard photopatch test procedure Contact Dermatitis 8 1982 155 158
85. JECFA (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2000. Cinnamyl alcohol and related flavouring agents. Who Food Additives Series: 46. Prepared by the Fifty-fifth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on Food Additives. June 6-15, Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization
86. J.D. Johansen, and T. Menne The fragrance mix and its constituents: a 14-year material Contact Dermatitis 32 1995 18 23
87. A.W. Johnson, and B.F.J. Goodwin The Draize test and modifications K.E. Andersen H.I. Maibach Current Problems in Dermatology vol. 14 1985 Karger Basel 31 38
88. W.P. Jordan, and S.E. King Delayed hypersensitivity in females Contact Dermatitis 3 1977 19 26
89. A. Katsarou, M. Armenaka, D. Kalogeromitrious, V. Koufu, and S. Georgala Contact reactions to fragrances Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 82 1999 449 456
90. G. Katsarma, and D.J. Gawkrodger Suspected fragrance allergy requires extended patch testing to individual fragrance allergens Contact Dermatitis 41 1999 193 197
91. A.E. Katz Dermal irritating properties of essential oils and aromatic chemicals The Spice Mill 69 1946 46 48
92. I. Kimber, J.A. Mitchell, and A.C. Griffin Development of a murine local lymph node assay for the determination of sensitizing potential Food and Chemical Toxicology 24 1986 585 586
93. I. Kimber, and D.A. Basketter The murine local lymph node assay: a commentary on collaborative studies and new directions The Toxicologist 66 1992 240
94. Klecak, G., 1979. The open epicutaneous test (OET), a predictive test procedure in the guinea pig for estimation of allergenic properties of simple chemical compounds, their mixtures and of finished cosmetic preparations. International Federation Societies Cosmetic Chemists 9/18/79
95. G. Klecak, H. Geleick, and J.R. Frey Screening of fragrance materials for allergenicity in the guinea pig. I. Comparison of four testing methods Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 28 1977 53 64
96. A. Kligman, and R. Gollhausen The "angry back": A new concept or old confusion? British Journal of Dermatology 115 1986 93 100
97. A.M. Kligman The identification of contact allergens by human assay. III. The maximization test. A procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers Journal of Investigative Dermatology 47 1966 393 409
98. A.M. Kligman, and W. Epstein Updating the maximization test for identifying contact allergens Contact Dermatitis 1 1975 231 239
99. L.R. Lan, J.Y. Lee, H.F. Kao, B.J. Wang, and H.C. Chen Persistent light reaction with erythroderma caused by musk ambrette: A case report Cutis 54 1994 167 170
100. W. Larsen, H. Nakayama, M. Lindberg, T. Fischer, P. Elsner, D. Burrows, W. Jordan, S. Shaw, J. Wilkinson, J. Marks Jr., M. Sugawara, and J. Nethercott Fragrance contact dermatitis: A worldwide multicenter investigation (Part 1) American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 7 1996 77 83
101. D. Lutz, T. Neudecker, and E. Eder Mutagenic effects of allylic alcohols and their corresponding aldehydes Archives of Pharmacology 311 Suppl. 1980 R25
102. N.B. Maganova, and A.N. Zaitsev Study of the embryotoxic action of some synthetic food flavorings Voprosy Pitaniya 32 1973 50 54
103. B. Magnusson, and A.M. Kligman The identification of contact allergens by animal assay. The guinea pig maximization test The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 52 1969 268 276
104. Majeti, V.A., Suskind, R.R., 1978. Sensitization study of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamyl aldehyde in guinea pigs. RIFM report number 3360, July 20
105. G. Malanin, and K. Ohela Allergic reactions to fragrance-mix and its components Contact Dermatitis 21 1989 62 63
106. K.E. Malten, W.G. van Ketel, J.P. Nater, and D.H. Leim Reactions in selected patients to 22 fragrance materials Contact Dermatitis 11 1984 1 10
107. K.E. Malten, H.W.G. van Ketel, J.P. Nater, and D.H. Liem Contact allergische reacties met 22 reukgrondstoffen Tijdschrift voor Sociale Gezondheidszorg 61 1983 973 978
108. M. Matsui Multiplicity of sulfotransferases Yakugaku Zasshi 117 1997 729 738
109. C.L. Meneghini, F. Rantuccio, and M. Lomuto Additives, vehicles and active drugs of topical medicaments as causes of delayed type allergic dermatitis Dermatologica 143 1971 137 147
110. J.C. Mitchell Contact hypersensitivity to some perfume materials Contact Dermatitis 1 1975 196 199
111. J.C. Mitchell, R.M. Adams, W.E. Glendenning, A. Fisher, N. Kanof, W. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, E.J. Rudner, W. Schnorr, F. Storrs, and J.S. Taylor Results of standard patch tests with substances abandoned Contact Dermatitis 8 1982 336 337
112. J.C. Mitchell, C.D. Calnan, W.E. Clendenning, E. Cronin, N. Hjorth, B. Magnusson, H.I. Maibach, C.L. Meneghini, and D.S. Wilkinson Patch testing with some components of Balsam of Peru Contact Dermatitis 2 1976 57 58
113. H. Nakayama, S. Matsuo, K. Hayakawa, K. Takahashi, T. Shigematsu, and S. Ota Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis International Journal of Dermatology 23 1984 299 305
114. J.R. Nethercott Results of routine patch testing of 200 patients in Toronto, Canada Contact Dermatitis 8 1982 389 395
115. J.R. Nethercott, and D.L. Holness The positive predictive value of patch tests in the evaluation of patients with suspected contact dermatitis Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 9 1989 549 554
116. J.R. Nethercott, D.L. Holness, R.M. Adams, D.V. Belsito, V.A. DeLeo, E.A. Emmett, J. Fowler, A.A. Fisher, W. Larsen, H. Maibach, J. Marks, J. Mitchell, R. Rietschel, L. Rosenthal, W. Schorr, F. Storrs, and J. Taylor Patch testing with a routine screening tray in North America, 1985 through 1989: III. Age and response American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 2 1991 198 201
117. J.R. Nethercott, D.L. Holness, R.M. Adams, D.V. Belsito, V.A. DeLeo, E.A. Emmett, J. Fowler, A.A. Fisher, W.G. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, J. Marks, R.L. Rietschel, L. Rosenthal, W.F. Storrs, and J.S. Taylor Patch testing with a routine screening tray in North America, 1987 through 1989: IV. Occupation and response American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 2 1991 247 254
118. J.R. Nethercott, D.L. Holness, R.M. Adams, D.V. Belsito, V.A. DeLeo, E.A. Emmett, J. Fowler, A.A. Fisher, W. Larsen, H. Maibach, J. Marks, R. Rietschel, L. Rosenthal, W. Schorr, F. Storrs, and J. Taylor Patch testing with a routine screening tray in North America, 1985-1989. I. Frequency of response American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 2 1991 122 129
119. J.R. Nethercott, D.L. Holness, R.M. Adams, D.V. Belsito, V.A. DeLeo, E.A. Emmett, J.F. Fowler Jr., A.M. Fisher, W.G. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, J.G. Marks Jr., R.L. Reitschel, L. Rosenthal, W. Schorr, F.J. Storrs, and J.S. Taylor Multivariate analysis of the effect of selected factors on the elicitation of patch test response to 28 common environmental contactants in North America American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 5 1994 13 18
120. J.R. Nethercott, G. Nield, and D.L. Holness A review of 79 cases of eyelid dermatitis Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 21 1989 223 230
121. M. Nishimura, M. Ishihara, M. Itoh, K. Hosono, and H. Kantoh Results of patch tests on cosmetic ingredients conducted between 1979 and 1982 Skin Research 26 1984 945 954
122. Nutley, B.P., 1990. Investigations into the metabolism of cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamaldehyde in relation to their safety evaluation. A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London, Department of Pharmacology
123. Y. Oda, Y. Hamono, K. Inoue, H. Yamamoto, T. Niihara, and N. Kunita Mutagenicity of food flavors in bacteria Shokuhin Eisei Hen 9 1979 177 181
124. T. Oguro, H. Kaminaga, T. Yoshida, Y. Kuroiwa, C. Komatsu, H. Sueki, M. Iijima, and R. Fujisawa Effects of cosmetic ingredients on polyamine biosynthetic enzymes in mouse epidermis-with special reference to skin irritating agents Nippon Koshohin Kagakkaishi 15 1991 120 126
125. K. Ohela, and J. Saramies Perfume sensitivity Duodecim 99 1983 215 220
126. T. Ohta, K. Watanabe, M. Moriya, Y. Shirasu, and T. Kada Antimutagenic effects of cinnamaldehyde on chemical mutagenesis in Escherichia coli Mutation Research 107 1983 219 227
127. T. Ohta, K. Watanabe, M. Moriya, Y. Shirasu, and T. Kada Anti-mutagenic effects of coumarin and umbelliferone on mutagenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide or UV irradiation in E. coli Mutation Research 117 1983 135 138
128. T. Ohta, M. Watanabe, R. Tsukamoto, Y. Shirasu, and T. Kada Antimutagenic effects of 5-fluorourcil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine on UV induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli Mutation Research 173 1986 19 24
129. K.A. Palmer L5178Y TK +/- assay of cinnamaldehyde and several structurally related compounds Environmental Mutagenesis 6 1984 423 424
130. J.D. Peele Jr., and E.O. Oswald Metabolism of naturally occurring propenylbenzene derivatives. III. Allylbenzene, propenyl benzene, and related metabolic products Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 497 1977 598 607
131. R. Pietruszko, K. Crawford, and D. Lester Comparison of substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenases from human liver, horse liver, and yeast towards saturated and 2-enoic alcohols and aldehydes Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 159 1973 50 60
132. M. Rademaker, and A. Forsyth Contact dermatitis in children Contact Dermatitis 20 1989 104 107
133. U. Rannug, R. Gothe, and C.A. Wachtmeister The mutagenicity of chloroethylene oxide, chloroacetaldehyde, 2-chloroethanol and chloroacetic acid, conceivable metabolites of vinyl chloride Chemico-Biological Interactions 12 1976 251 263
134. K. Remaut Contact dermatitis due to cosmetic ingredients Journal of Applied Cosmetology 10 1992 73 80
135. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1973. Acute toxicity studies on rats and rabbits. RIFM report number 2021, July 23, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
136. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1975. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1799, December 15, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
137. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976a. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1797, March 12, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
138. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976b. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1797, November 1, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
139. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976c. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1797, November 11, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
140. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976d. Report on the irritancy of cinnamyl alcohol and hydroxycitronellal. RIFM report number 3359, March 8, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
141. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976e. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1797, June 21, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
142. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976f. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1796, July 12, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
143. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1976g. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1797, March 12, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
144. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977a. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1691, December 15, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
145. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977b. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1691, October 7, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
146. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977c. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1702, April 21, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
147. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977d. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1702, February 7, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
148. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1977e. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1691, October 7. (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
149. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1978. Sensitization study of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamyl aldehyde in guinea pigs. RIFM report number 3360, July 20, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
150. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1979a. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1697, July 13, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
151. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1979b. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1697, July 6, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
152. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1980a. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1790, February 29, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
153. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1980b. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1790, January 18, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
154. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1980c. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1790, February 26, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
155. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1980d. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1790, April 4, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
156. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1980e. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1790, April 14, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
157. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1980f. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1790, August 26, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
158. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1980g. Report on human maximization studies, re-challenge results. RIFM report number 1790, July 11, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
159. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1981a. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1792, July 10, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
160. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1981b. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1792, September 22. (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
161. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1982a. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1643, June 28. (RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA)
162. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1982b. Report on human maximization studies. RIFM report number 1643, May 17 and June 28, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
163. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1984. Acute dermal irritation study in rabbits. RIFM report number 1795, June 1, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
164. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1985a. Capacity for allergic sensitization determined by the intradermal test with Freund's Complete Adjuvant on guinea pigs with cinnamyl alcohol desensitized. Unpublished report from Givaudan Corporation, 17 December, Report number 18378, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
165. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1985b. Acute dermal irritation study in rabbits. RIFM report number 3099, June 1, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
166. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1986a. Capacity for allergic sensitization determined by the intradermal test with Freund's Complete Adjuvant on guinea pigs with cinnamyl alcohol. Unpublished report from Givaudan Corporation, 28 January, Report number 18377, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
167. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 1986b. The sensitization potential of untreated and alkali washed cinnamyl alcohol. RIFM report number 10535, July 29, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
168. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2001a. Clinical safety evaluation - repeated insult patch test of cinnamic alcohol. RIFM report number 40695, October 8, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
169. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2001b. Clinical safety evaluation - repeated insult patch test of cinnamic alcohol. RIFM report number 40696, October 9, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
170. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2002a. Clinical safety evaluation - repeated insult patch test of cinnamic alcohol. RIFM report number 40697, April 25, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
171. RIFM (Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.), 2002b. Clinical safety evaluation - repeated insult patch test of cinnamic alcohol. RIFM report number 40698, March 5, RIFM, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
172. H.L. Ritz, and E.V. Buehler Planning, conduct, and interpretation of guinea pig sensitization patch tests V.A. Drill P. Lazar Current Concepts in Cutaneous Toxicity 1980 Academic Press New York 25 40
173. C. Romaguera, A. Alomar, J.M.G. Camarasa, B.G. Bravo, A.G. Perez, F. Grimalt, P. Guerre, B.L. Gorretcher, A.M. Pascual, A. Miranda, M. Moran, and M.L. Pena Contact dermatitis in children Contact Dermatitis 12 1985 283 284
174. E.J. Rudner North American Group results Contact Dermatitis 3 1977 208 209
175. E.J. Rudner Patch test results of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group Cosmetics and Toiletries 93 1978 53 54
176. B. Santucci, A. Cristaudo, C. Cannistraci, and M. Picardo Contact dermatitis to fragrances Contact Dermatitis 16 1987 93 95
177. Y.F. Sasaki, H. Imanishi, T. Ohta, and Y. Shirasu Modifying effects of components of plant essence on the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells Mutation Research 226 1989 103 110
178. S. Schauder, and H. Ippen Contact and photocontact sensitivity to sunscreens. Review of a 15-year experience and of the literature Contact Dermatitis 37 1997 221 232
179. J. Sekizawa, and T. Shibamoto Genotoxicity of safrole-related chemicals in microbial test systems Mutation Research 101 1982 127 140
180. M. Senma, N. Fujiwara, S. Sasaki, M. Toyama, K. Sakaguchi, and I. Takaoka Studies on the cutaneous sensitization reaction of guinea pigs to purified aromatic chemicals Acta Dermatovener, Stockholm 58 1978 121 124
181. D.W Sharp The sensitization potential of some perfume ingredients tested using a modified Draize procedure Toxicology 9 1978 261 271
182. C.K. Smith, C.A. Moore, E.N. Elahi, A.T. Smart, and S.A. Hotchkiss Human skin absorption and metabolism of the contact allergens, cinnamic aldehyde, and cinnamic alcohol Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 168 2000 189 199
183. R.J. Steltenkamp, K.A. Booman, J. Dorsky, T.O. King, A.S. Rothenstein, E.A. Schoeppe, R.I. Sedlak, T.H.F. Smith, and G.R. Thompson Cinnamyl alcohol: a survey of consumer patch-test sensitization Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 18 1980 419 424
184. G.D. Stoner, M.B. Shimkin, A.J. Kniazeff, J.H. Weisburger, E.K. Weisburger, and G.B. Go Test for carcinogenicity of food additives and chemotherapeutic agents by the pulmonary tumor response in strain A mice Cancer Research 33 1973 3069 3085
185. F.J. Storrs, L.E. Rosenthal, R.M. Adams, W. Clendenning, E.A. Emmett, A.A. Fisher, W.G. Larsen, H.I. Maibach, R.L. Rietschel, W.F. Schorr, and J.S. Taylor Prevalence and relevance of allergic reactions in patients patch tested in North America-1984 to 1985 Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 20 1989 1038 1045
186. Sugai, T., 1982. Contact dermatitis due to household products. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting, May 14, Japanese Society for Cutaneous Health, pp. 15-18
187. T. Sugai, F. Okuno, S. Yamamoto, K. Watanabe, and S. Asoh Evaluation of perfume mixture recommended by the ICDRG Skin Research 25 1983 716 722
188. C.-C. Sun, and C.-S. Cheng Frequency and determinants of occupational contact dermatitis in 2793 consecutively-investigated patients Contact Dermatitis 38 1998 230 231
189. K. Suzuki, Y. Washimi, K. Matsunaga, T. Ohtani, Y. Shimizu, Y. Fujisawa, H. Inasaka, K. Tsuruta, and H. Ueda Patch test results of cosmetic products and allergens for a 3-year period (from April 1992 to March 1994) Environmental Dermatology 4 1997 202 211
190. N.J. Swales, and J. Caldwell Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde II: mechanisms of cytotoxicity in rat isolated hepatocytes Toxicology in Vitro 10 1996 37 42
191. Takenaka, T., Hasegawa, E., Takenaka, U., Saito, F., Odaka, T., 1986. Fundamental studies of safe compound perfumes for cosmetics. Part 1. The primary irritation of compound materials to the skin. Unknown Source, pp. 313-329
192. Tamura, H.-O., Miyawaki, A., Harada, Y., Homma, H., Mikoshiba, K., Matsui, M., 1996. On the nature of mouse olfactory sulfotransferases: their localization, activities and cDNA cloning. In: Proceedings of the 7th North American ISSX Meeting, San Diego, CA, October 20-24. International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics 10, 437
193. Y. Tanaka, Y. Takagaki, and T. Nishimune Effects of food additives on β-hexosaminidase release from rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) Eisei Kagaku 37 1991 370 378
194. H. Teuchy, J. Quatacker, G. Wolf, and C.F. VanSumere Quantitative investigation of the hippuric acid formation in the rat after administration of some possible aromatic and hydroaromatic precursors Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie 79 1971 573 587
195. Viswalingam, A., 1991. Characterization of the mechanisms of murine hepatocarcinogenesis caused by cinnamyl anthranilate. A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
196. C. Vuilleumier, I. Flament, and P. Sauvegrain Headspace analysis study of evaporation rate of perfume ingredients applied onto skin International Journal of Cosmetic Science 17 1995 61 76
197. H. Weibel, and J. Hansen Penetration of the fragrance compounds, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol, through human skin in vitro Contact Dermatitis 20 1989 167 172
198. H. Weibel, J. Hansen, and K.E. Andersen Cross-sensitization patterns in guinea pigs between cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid Acta Dermato-Venereologica 69 1989 302 307
199. G. Wennersten, P. Thune, H. Brodthagen, C. Jansen, and I. Rystedt The Scandinavian multicenter photopatch study Contact Dermatitis 10 1984 305 309
200. T. Yahagi, M. Degawa, Y. Seino, T. Matsushima, M. Nagao, T. Sugimura, and T. Hashimoto Mutagenicity of carcinogenic azo dyes and their derivatives Cancer Letters 1 1975 91 96
201. Y.S. Yoo Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of flavoring agents used in foodstuffs Journal of Osaka Shiritso Daigaku Igaku Zasshi 34 1986 267 288
202. A.N. Zaitsev, and N.B. Maganova Embryotoxic action of some food aromatizers Voprosy Pitaniya 3 1975 64 68
203. A.N. Zaitsev, and N.L. Rakhmanina Some data on the toxic properties of phenylethanol and cinnamyl alcohols Voprosy Pitaniya 6 1974 48 53
204. B. Zondek, and E. Bergmann LXXXIV. Phenol methyl ethers as oestrogenic agents The Biochemical Journal 32 Part I 1938 641 645