메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2005, Pages

Septic shock; current pathogenetic concepts from a clinical perspective

Author keywords

Coagulation disorders; Complement activation; Cytokines; Endotexemia; Inflammatory mediators; Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS); Multiple organ failure (MOF); Myocardial depression; Sepsis; Septic shock

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE;

EID: 15944362222     PISSN: 12341010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (153)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0030854780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of sepsis syndrome in 8 academic medical centers
    • Sands K, Bates D, Lanken P et al: Epidemiology of sepsis syndrome in 8 academic medical centers. JAMA, 1997; 278: 234-40
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 234-240
    • Sands, K.1    Bates, D.2    Lanken, P.3
  • 2
    • 0033590515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treating patients with severe sepsis
    • Wheller AP, Bernard GR: Treating patients with severe sepsis. N Engl J Med, 1999; 340: 207-14
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 207-214
    • Wheller, A.P.1    Bernard, G.R.2
  • 3
    • 0033987752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of septic shock
    • Hardaway RM: A review of septic shock. Am Surg, 2000; 66: 22-29
    • (2000) Am Surg , vol.66 , pp. 22-29
    • Hardaway, R.M.1
  • 4
  • 5
    • 0029957701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immuno-inflammatory cascade
    • Galley HF, Webster NR: The immuno-inflammatory cascade. Br J Anaesth, 1996; 77: 11-16
    • (1996) Br J Anaesth , vol.77 , pp. 11-16
    • Galley, H.F.1    Webster, N.R.2
  • 6
    • 0034918411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endothelium in sepsis: Source of and a target for inflammation
    • Hack CE, Zeerleder S: The endothelium in sepsis: Source of and a target for inflammation. Crit Care Med, 2001; 29(Suppl): S21-S27
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Hack, C.E.1    Zeerleder, S.2
  • 7
    • 0029844211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of macrophages in septic shock
    • Evans TJ: The role of macrophages in septic shock. Immunology, 1996; 195(4-5): 655-59
    • (1996) Immunology , vol.195 , Issue.4-5 , pp. 655-659
    • Evans, T.J.1
  • 8
    • 0029445146 scopus 로고
    • Sepsis in the critically ill patient
    • Baker CC, Huynh T: Sepsis in the critically ill patient. Curr Probl Surg, 1995; 32: 1013-92
    • (1995) Curr Probl Surg , vol.32 , pp. 1013-1092
    • Baker, C.C.1    Huynh, T.2
  • 9
    • 0036342372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the neutrophil in septic shock and the adult respiratory distress syndrome
    • Aldridge AJ: Role of the neutrophil in septic shock and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Eur J Surg, 2002; 168: 204-14
    • (2002) Eur J Surg , vol.168 , pp. 204-214
    • Aldridge, A.J.1
  • 10
    • 0028082347 scopus 로고
    • Immunologic assessment of host defense impairment in patients with septic multiple organ failure: Relationship between complement activation and changes in neutrophil function
    • Goya T, Morisaki T, Torisu M: Immunologic assessment of host defense impairment in patients with septic multiple organ failure: relationship between complement activation and changes in neutrophil function. Surgery, 1994; 115: 145-55
    • (1994) Surgery , vol.115 , pp. 145-155
    • Goya, T.1    Morisaki, T.2    Torisu, M.3
  • 11
    • 0025334367 scopus 로고
    • Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium
    • Vane JR, Anggard EE, Bolting RM: Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium. N Engl J Med, 1990; 323: 27-36
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.323 , pp. 27-36
    • Vane, J.R.1    Anggard, E.E.2    Bolting, R.M.3
  • 12
    • 0034036640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and management of multiple organ dysfunction or failure in severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Balk RA: Pathogenesis and management of multiple organ dysfunction or failure in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Clin, 2000; 16: 337-52
    • (2000) Crit Care Clin , vol.16 , pp. 337-352
    • Balk, R.A.1
  • 13
    • 0034112615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunologic response to infection and its role in septic shock
    • Casey LC: Immunologic response to infection and its role in septic shock. Crit Care Clin, 2000; 16: 193-213
    • (2000) Crit Care Clin , vol.16 , pp. 193-213
    • Casey, L.C.1
  • 15
    • 0029146080 scopus 로고
    • Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents decreased ventricular contractility in endotoxemic pigs
    • Herbertson MJ, Werner HA, Goddard CM et al: Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents decreased ventricular contractility in endotoxemic pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1995; 152: 480-88
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 480-488
    • Herbertson, M.J.1    Werner, H.A.2    Goddard, C.M.3
  • 16
    • 0031926788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-6 augments neutrophil cytotoxic potential via selective enhancement of elastase release
    • Johnson JL, Moore EE, Tamura DY et al: IL-6 augments neutrophil cytotoxic potential via selective enhancement of elastase release. J Surg Res, 1998; 76: 91-94
    • (1998) J Surg Res , vol.76 , pp. 91-94
    • Johnson, J.L.1    Moore, E.E.2    Tamura, D.Y.3
  • 17
    • 0028052968 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines
    • Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B: Interleukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines. Adv Immunol, 1994; 55: 97-179
    • (1994) Adv Immunol , vol.55 , pp. 97-179
    • Baggiolini, M.1    Dewald, B.2    Moser, B.3
  • 18
    • 0029050514 scopus 로고
    • Activation and recruitment of neutrophil leukocytes
    • Baggiolini M: Activation and recruitment of neutrophil leukocytes. Clin Exp Immunol, 1995; 101(Suppl. 1): 5-6
    • (1995) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.101 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 5-6
    • Baggiolini, M.1
  • 19
    • 0028878703 scopus 로고
    • Interletikin 10 and the monocyte/macrophage-induced inflammatory response in septic shock
    • Gomez-Jimenez J, Martin MC, Sauri R et al: Interletikin 10 and the monocyte/macrophage-induced inflammatory response in septic shock. J Infect Dis. 1995; 171: 472-75
    • (1995) J Infect Dis , vol.171 , pp. 472-475
    • Gomez-Jimenez, J.1    Martin, M.C.2    Sauri, R.3
  • 20
    • 0036514144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species as mediators of organ dysfunction caused by sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or hemorrhagic shock: Potential benefits of resuscitation with Ronger's ethyl pyruvate solution
    • Fink MP: Reactive oxygen species as mediators of organ dysfunction caused by sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or hemorrhagic shock: potential benefits of resuscitation with Ronger's ethyl pyruvate solution. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2002; 5: 167-74
    • (2002) Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care , vol.5 , pp. 167-174
    • Fink, M.P.1
  • 21
  • 23
    • 0036276825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yet another potential role for nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of septic shock
    • Sheehan M, Wong HR: Yet another potential role for nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of septic shock. Crit Care Med, 2002; 30: 1393-94
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 1393-1394
    • Sheehan, M.1    Wong, H.R.2
  • 24
    • 0033970361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide and septic vascular dysfunction
    • Murray PT, Wylam ME, Umans JG: Nitric oxide and septic vascular dysfunction. Anesth Analg, 2000; 90: 89-101
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.90 , pp. 89-101
    • Murray, P.T.1    Wylam, M.E.2    Umans, J.G.3
  • 25
    • 0034018762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid mediators in the pathophysiology of critical illness
    • Bulger EM, Maier RV: Lipid mediators in the pathophysiology of critical illness. Crit Care Med, 2000; 28(Suppl.4): N 27-36
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Bulger, E.M.1    Maier, R.V.2
  • 26
    • 0019124434 scopus 로고
    • Fatty acid secretion and metabolism in "activated" rabbit alveolar macrophages
    • Freeman BA, Lynn WS: Fatty acid secretion and metabolism in "activated" rabbit alveolar macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980; 620: 528-37
    • (1980) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.620 , pp. 528-537
    • Freeman, B.A.1    Lynn, W.S.2
  • 27
    • 0027064479 scopus 로고
    • Formation of novel non-cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids (F2-isoprostanes) in carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. An animal model of lipid peroxidation
    • Morrow J, Awad J, Kato T et al: Formation of novel non-cyclooxygenase- derived prostanoids (F2-isoprostanes) in carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. An animal model of lipid peroxidation. J Clin Invest, 1992; 90: 2502-7
    • (1992) J Clin Invest , vol.90 , pp. 2502-2507
    • Morrow, J.1    Awad, J.2    Kato, T.3
  • 28
    • 0030721009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relevance of platelet-activating factor in inflammation and sepsis: Mechanisms and kinetics of removal in extracorporeal treatments
    • Tetta C, Mariano F, Buades J et al: Relevance of platelet-activating factor in inflammation and sepsis: Mechanisms and kinetics of removal in extracorporeal treatments. Am J Kidney Dis, 1997; 30: S57-S65
    • (1997) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.30
    • Tetta, C.1    Mariano, F.2    Buades, J.3
  • 29
    • 0031985470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic options directed against platelet activating factor, eicosanoids and bradykinin in sepsis
    • Fink MP: Therapeutic options directed against platelet activating factor, eicosanoids and bradykinin in sepsis. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1998; 41(Suppl.A): 81-94
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL.A , pp. 81-94
    • Fink, M.P.1
  • 32
    • 0035697318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the septic patient
    • Levi M: Pathogenesis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the septic patient J Crit Care, 2001; 16: 167-77
    • (2001) J Crit Care , vol.16 , pp. 167-177
    • Levi, M.1
  • 33
    • 0033815368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis
    • Gate H: Pathophysiology of disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis. Crit Care Med, 2000; 28(Suppl): S9-S11
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Gate, H.1
  • 34
    • 85046554947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sepsis: Inflammation disorder, coagulation disorder, or both? a challenge for clinicians
    • Taylor F, Levi M, Artigas A et al: Sepsis: Inflammation disorder, coagulation disorder, or both? A challenge for clinicians. Crit Care Med, 2001; 29(Suppl): S107-S109
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Taylor, F.1    Levi, M.2    Artigas, A.3
  • 35
    • 0031975707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the complement cascade in sepsis
    • Haeney MR: The role of the complement cascade in sepsis. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1998; 41(SupplA): 41-46
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 41-46
    • Haeney, M.R.1
  • 36
    • 0031473586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling the complement system in inflammation
    • Kirschfink M: Controlling the complement system in inflammation. Immunopharmacology, 1997; 38: 51-62
    • (1997) Immunopharmacology , vol.38 , pp. 51-62
    • Kirschfink, M.1
  • 37
    • 0035221277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-injury multiple organ failure: The role of the gut
    • Hassoun HT, Kone BC, Mercer DW et al: Post-injury multiple organ failure: the role of the gut. Shock, 2001; 15: 1-10
    • (2001) Shock , vol.15 , pp. 1-10
    • Hassoun, H.T.1    Kone, B.C.2    Mercer, D.W.3
  • 38
    • 0029935286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the gut in multiple organ failure: Bacterial translocation and permeability changes
    • Swank GM, Deitch EA: Role of the gut in multiple organ failure: Bacterial translocation and permeability changes. World J Surg, 1996; 20: 411-17
    • (1996) World J Surg , vol.20 , pp. 411-417
    • Swank, G.M.1    Deitch, E.A.2
  • 39
    • 0028538863 scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal tract dysfunction in critical illness: Pathophysiology and interaction with acute lung injury in adult respiratory distress syndrome/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
    • Grouser ED, Dorinsky PM: Gastrointestinal tract dysfunction in critical illness: Pathophysiology and interaction with acute lung injury in adult respiratory distress syndrome / multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. New Orizons, 1994; 2: 476-87
    • (1994) New Orizons , vol.2 , pp. 476-487
    • Grouser, E.D.1    Dorinsky, P.M.2
  • 41
    • 0034927828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic response to sepsis: Interaction between coagulation and inflammatory process
    • Dhainaut J-F, Marin N, Mignon A, Vinsonneau C: Hepatic response to sepsis: Interaction between coagulation and inflammatory process. Crit Care Med, 2001; 29(Suppl): S42-S47
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Dhainaut, J.-F.1    Marin, N.2    Mignon, A.3    Vinsonneau, C.4
  • 42
    • 0027215179 scopus 로고
    • Potential role of hepatic macrophages in neutrophil-mediated liver injury in rats with sepsis
    • Doi F, Goya T, Torisu M: Potential role of hepatic macrophages in neutrophil-mediated liver injury in rats with sepsis. Hepatology, 1993; 17: 1086-94
    • (1993) Hepatology , vol.17 , pp. 1086-1094
    • Doi, F.1    Goya, T.2    Torisu, M.3
  • 43
    • 0036892344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myocardial depression in sepsis and septic shock
    • Court O, Kiimar A, Parrulo JE, Kumar A: Myocardial depression in sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care, 2002; 6: 500-8
    • (2002) Crit Care , vol.6 , pp. 500-508
    • Court, O.1    Kiimar, A.2    Parrulo, J.E.3    Kumar, A.4
  • 44
    • 0034036640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and management of multiple organ dysfunction or failure in severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Balk RA: Pathogenesis and management of multiple organ dysfunction or failure in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Clin, 2000; 16: 337-52
    • (2000) Crit Care Clin , vol.16 , pp. 337-352
    • Balk, R.A.1
  • 45
    • 0025060845 scopus 로고
    • Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation, similar to left ventricular changes, characterize the cardiac depression of septic shock in humans
    • Parker MM, McCarthy KE, Ognibene FP, Parillo JE: Right ventricular dysfunction and dilatation, similar to left ventricular changes, characterize the cardiac depression of septic shock in humans. Chest, 1990; 97: 126-31
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , pp. 126-131
    • Parker, M.M.1    McCarthy, K.E.2    Ognibene, F.P.3    Parillo, J.E.4
  • 46
  • 47
    • 0035938922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why is apoptosis important to clinicians?
    • Haslett C, Savill J: Why is apoptosis important to clinicians? BMJ, 2001; 322: 1499-500
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.322 , pp. 1499-1500
    • Haslett, C.1    Savill, J.2
  • 48
    • 0032770246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction
    • Hotchkiss RS, Swanson PE, Freeman BD: Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med, 1999; 27: 1230-51
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1230-1251
    • Hotchkiss, R.S.1    Swanson, P.E.2    Freeman, B.D.3
  • 49
    • 0035338993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans
    • Hotchkiss RS, Tinsley KVV, Swanson PE: Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4+ T lymphocytes in humans. J Immunol, 2001; 166: 6952-63
    • (2001) J Immunol , vol.166 , pp. 6952-6963
    • Hotchkiss, R.S.1    Tinsley, K.V.V.2    Swanson, P.E.3
  • 52
    • 0031454570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells
    • Voll RE, Herrmann M, Roth EA et al: Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells. Nature, 1997; 390: 350-51
    • (1997) Nature , vol.390 , pp. 350-351
    • Voll, R.E.1    Herrmann, M.2    Roth, E.A.3
  • 53
    • 0037180778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inflammatory reflex
    • Tracey KJ: The inflammatory reflex. Nature, 2002; 420(6917): 853-59
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , Issue.6917 , pp. 853-859
    • Tracey, K.J.1
  • 54
    • 0031873142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroendocrine response to endotoxin
    • Berczi I: Neuroendocrine response to endotoxin. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1998; 851: 411-15
    • (1998) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.851 , pp. 411-415
    • Berczi, I.1
  • 56
    • 0029786545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: Neuromuscular manifestations
    • Bolton CF: Sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: Neuromuscular manifestations. Crit Care Med, 1996; 24: 1408-16
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 1408-1416
    • Bolton, C.F.1
  • 57
    • 0035104025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of underlying mechanism and genotype on outcome of sepsis trials
    • McIntyre L, Walley KR: Importance of underlying mechanism and genotype on outcome of sepsis trials. Crit Care Med, 2001; 29: 677-79
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 677-679
    • McIntyre, L.1    Walley, K.R.2
  • 58
    • 0033546597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic factors in septic shock
    • Kumar A, Short J, Parillo JE: Genetic factors in septic shock. JAMA, 1999; 282: 579-81
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 579-581
    • Kumar, A.1    Short, J.2    Parillo, J.E.3
  • 59
    • 0033546610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2, a TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism, with septic shock susceptibility and mortality: A multicenter study
    • 2, a TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism, with septic shock susceptibility and mortality: A multicenter study, JAMA, 1999; 282: 561-68
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 561-568
    • Mira, J.P.1    Cariou, A.2    Grail, F.3
  • 60
    • 0035892237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relevance of Fc gamma receptor and IL-10 polymorphisms for meningococcal disease
    • van der Pol WL, Huizinga TW, Vidarsson G: Relevance of Fc gamma receptor and IL-10 polymorphisms for meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis, 2001; 184: 1548-55
    • (2001) J Infect Dis , vol.184 , pp. 1548-1555
    • Van Der Pol, W.L.1    Huizinga, T.W.2    Vidarsson, G.3
  • 61
    • 0034026082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine and cytokine receptor polymorphisms in infectious disease
    • van Deventer SJ: Cytokine and cytokine receptor polymorphisms in infectious disease. Intensive Care Med, 2000; 26(Suppl.1): S98-S102
    • (2000) Intensive Care Med , vol.26 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Van Deventer, S.J.1
  • 62
    • 0033590515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treating patients with severe sepsis
    • Wheller AP, Bernard GR: Treating patients with severe sepsis. N Engl J Med, 1999; 340: 207-14
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 207-214
    • Wheller, A.P.1    Bernard, G.R.2
  • 63
    • 0029932696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of sepsis and multiple organ failure
    • Michie HR: Metabolism of sepsis and multiple organ failure. World J Surg, 1996; 20: 460-64
    • (1996) World J Surg , vol.20 , pp. 460-464
    • Michie, H.R.1
  • 64
    • 0024463922 scopus 로고
    • The hypermetabolism: Multiple organ failure syndrome
    • Barton R, Cerra FB: The hypermetabolism: Multiple organ failure syndrome. Chest, 1989; 96: 1153-60
    • (1989) Chest , vol.96 , pp. 1153-1160
    • Barton, R.1    Cerra, F.B.2
  • 65
    • 0031028314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The regional production of cytokines and lactate in sepsis-related multiple organ failure
    • Douzinas EE, Tsismetziadou PD, Pitardis MT et al: The regional production of cytokines and lactate in sepsis-related multiple organ failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1997; 155: 53-59
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.155 , pp. 53-59
    • Douzinas, E.E.1    Tsismetziadou, P.D.2    Pitardis, M.T.3
  • 66
    • 0034127147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic derangements in sepsis and septic shock
    • Mizock BA: Metabolic derangements in sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Clin, 2000; 16: 319-36
    • (2000) Crit Care Clin , vol.16 , pp. 319-336
    • Mizock, B.A.1
  • 67
    • 0030631768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytopathic hypoxia in sepsis
    • Fink M: Cytopathic hypoxia in sepsis. Acta Anaesth Scand, 1997; 110(Suppl): 87-115
    • (1997) Acta Anaesth Scand , vol.110 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 87-115
    • Fink, M.1
  • 69
    • 0034820507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and innate immunity
    • Alexander C, Rietschel ET: Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and innate immunity. J Endotoxin Res, 2001; 7: 167-202
    • (2001) J Endotoxin Res , vol.7 , pp. 167-202
    • Alexander, C.1    Rietschel, E.T.2
  • 71
    • 0033023730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States
    • Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH et al: Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. Crit Care Med, 1999; 27: 887-92
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 887-892
    • Richards, M.J.1    Edwards, J.R.2    Culver, D.H.3
  • 72
    • 0034030896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic selection for patients with septic shock
    • Simon D, Trenholme G: Antibiotic selection for patients with septic shock. Crit Care din, 2000; 16: 215-31
    • (2000) Crit Care Din , vol.16 , pp. 215-231
    • Simon, D.1    Trenholme, G.2
  • 73
    • 0029793532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia and severe sepsis in adults: A multicenter prospective survey in ICUs and wards of 24 hospitals
    • Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J et al: Bacteremia and severe sepsis in adults: A multicenter prospective survey in ICUs and wards of 24 hospitals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1996; 154: 617-23
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 617-623
    • Brun-Buisson, C.1    Doyon, F.2    Carlet, J.3
  • 74
    • 0029816851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in outcomes for patients with bacteremia due to Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium or Vancomycin - Susceptible E. faecium
    • Linden P, Pasculle A, Manez R et al: Differences in outcomes for patients with bacteremia due to Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium or Vancomycin - susceptible E. faecium. Clin Infect Dis, 1996; 22: 663-68
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 663-668
    • Linden, P.1    Pasculle, A.2    Manez, R.3
  • 75
    • 0023262282 scopus 로고
    • Etiologic organisms as independent predictors of death and morbidity associated with bloodstream infections
    • Miller P, Wenzel R: Etiologic organisms as independent predictors of death and morbidity associated with bloodstream infections. J Infect Dis, 1987; 156: 471-78
    • (1987) J Infect Dis , vol.156 , pp. 471-478
    • Miller, P.1    Wenzel, R.2
  • 76
    • 0029052354 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial candidemia: Risk factors and attributable mortality
    • Wenzel R: Nosocomial candidemia: Risk factors and attributable mortality, Clin Infect Dis, 1995; 20: 1531-38
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 1531-1538
    • Wenzel, R.1
  • 77
    • 0027429082 scopus 로고
    • The sepsis syndrome in a Dutch university hospital. Clinical observations
    • Kieft H, Hoepelman AI, Zhou W et al: The sepsis syndrome in a Dutch university hospital. Clinical observations. Arch Intern Med, 1993; 153: 2241-47
    • (1993) Arch Intern Med , vol.153 , pp. 2241-2247
    • Kieft, H.1    Hoepelman, A.I.2    Zhou, W.3
  • 78
    • 2342461774 scopus 로고
    • Multiple organ failure as an indication for exploratory laparotomy
    • GR
    • Sakorafas GH: Multiple organ failure as an indication for exploratory laparotomy. Iatriki, 1989, 56: 37-42 (GR)
    • (1989) Iatriki , vol.56 , pp. 37-42
    • Sakorafas, G.H.1
  • 80
    • 0028893025 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): A prospective study
    • Ranger-Frausto MS, Pittet D, Costigan M et al: The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): a prospective study. JAMA, 1995; 273: 117-23
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 117-123
    • Ranger-Frausto, M.S.1    Pittet, D.2    Costigan, M.3
  • 81
    • 0030902995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilization and diagnostic yield of blood cultures in a surgical intensive care unit
    • Darby JM, Linden P, Pasculle W, Saul M: Utilization and diagnostic yield of blood cultures in a surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med, 1997; 25: 989-94
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 989-994
    • Darby, J.M.1    Linden, P.2    Pasculle, W.3    Saul, M.4
  • 82
    • 0141927167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Toll-like receptors and their role in septic shock
    • Cristofaro P, Opal SM: The Toll-like receptors and their role in septic shock. Expert Opin Ther Targets, 2003; 7: 603-12
    • (2003) Expert Opin Ther Targets , vol.7 , pp. 603-612
    • Cristofaro, P.1    Opal, S.M.2
  • 83
    • 0037370579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a critical mediator of severe acute pancreatitis
    • Sakai Y, Masamune A, Satoh A et al: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a critical mediator of severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology, 2003; 124: 725-36
    • (2003) Gastroenterology , vol.124 , pp. 725-736
    • Sakai, Y.1    Masamune, A.2    Satoh, A.3
  • 84
    • 1542375215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HMGB1, a pro-inflammatory cytokine of clinical interest: Introduction
    • Anderson UG, Tracey KJ: HMGB1, a pro-inflammatory cytokine of clinical interest: introduction. J Intern Med, 2004; 255: 318-19
    • (2004) J Intern Med , vol.255 , pp. 318-319
    • Anderson, U.G.1    Tracey, K.J.2
  • 86
    • 0038687056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells): A new player in acute inflammatory responses
    • Colonna M, Facchetti F: TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells): a new player in acute inflammatory responses. J Infect Dis, 2003; 187(Suppl.2): S397-401
    • (2003) J Infect Dis , vol.187 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Colonna, M.1    Facchetti, F.2
  • 87
    • 0035953547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TREM-1 amplifies inflammation and is a crucial mediator of septic shock
    • Bouchon A, Facchetti F, Weigand MA, Colonna M: TREM-1 amplifies inflammation and is a crucial mediator of septic shock. Nature, 2001; 410(6832): 1103-7
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , Issue.6832 , pp. 1103-1107
    • Bouchon, A.1    Facchetti, F.2    Weigand, M.A.3    Colonna, M.4
  • 88
    • 2342657390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of septic shock; current concepts with a particular emphasis on the role of source control and future perspectives
    • Tsiotou AG, Sakorafas GH: Management of septic shock; current concepts with a particular emphasis on the role of source control and future perspectives. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2004; 21(5): 337-60
    • (2004) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.21 , Issue.5 , pp. 337-360
    • Tsiotou, A.G.1    Sakorafas, G.H.2
  • 89
    • 0141483661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current advances in sepsis and septic shock with particular emphasis on the role of insulin
    • Das UN. Current advances in sepsis and septic shock with particular emphasis on the role of insulin. Med Sci Monit, 2003; 9(8): RA181-RA192
    • (2003) Med Sci Monit , vol.9 , Issue.8
    • Das, U.N.1
  • 90
    • 3242775982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H et al: Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med, 2004; 32: 858-73
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 858-873
    • Dellinger, R.P.1    Carlet, J.M.2    Masur, H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.