Ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis

Digestive Surgery

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 3-14

  Sakorafas, George H ^a   Tsiotos, Gregory G ^a   Sarr, Michael G ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Bradykinin; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Ischemia reperfusion injury; Ischemic acute pancreatitis; Lexipafant; Microvascular failure; Oxygen free radicals; Pancreas transplantation; Severe pancreatitis; Shock

Indexed keywords

BRADYKININ; OXYGEN RADICAL;

ACIDOSIS; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION; MICROCIRCULATION; NEUTROPHIL; PANCREAS BLOOD FLOW; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW;

EID: 0034010969     PISSN: 02534886     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000018793     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Menger MD, Sack FU, Barker JH, Feifel G, Messmer K: Quantitative analysis of microcirculatory disorders after prolonged ischemia in skeletal muscles: Therapeutic effects of prophylactic isovolemic hemodilution. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1988;188:151-165.
2. 125I-albumin. Stroke 1985;16:101-109.
3. Kloner RA, Braunwald E: Observations on experimental myocardial ischemia. Cardiovasc Res 1980;14:371-395.
4. Hannson R, Jonsson O, Lundstam S, Petterson S: Effects of free radical scavengers on renal circulation after ischemia in the rabbit. Clin Sci 1983;65:605-610.
5. Rauen U, Viebahn R, Lauchart W, de Croot H: The potential role of oxygen species in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury following liver surgery. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41:333-336.
6. Perry MA, Wadhwa SS: Gradual reintroduction of oxygen reduces reperfusion injury in cat stomach. Am J Physiol 1988;254:G366-G372.
7. Gross V, Arndt H, Andus T, Palitzsch KD, Scholmerich J: Free radicals in inflammatory bowel diseases: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41:320-327.
8. Messmer K, Sack FU, Menger MD: White cell-endothelium interaction during postischemic reperfusion of skin and skeletal muscle. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988;242:95-98.
9. Panum P: Experimentelle Beiträge zur Lehre von der Embolie. V Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med 1886;25:303-338.
10. Popper HL, Necheles H, Russekk KC: Transition of pancreatic edema into pancreatic necrosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1948;87:79-83.
11. Fernandez-del Castillo C, Harringer W, Warshaw AL, Vlahakes GJ, Koski G, Zaskavsky AM, Rattner DW: Risk factors for pancreatic cellular injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med 1991;325:382-387.
12. Warshaw AL, O'Hara PJ: Susceptibility of the pancreas to ischemic injury in shock. Ann Surg 1978;188:197-201.
13. Fernandez-Cruz L, Sabater L, Gilbert R, Ricart MJ, Saenz A, Astudillo E: Native and graft pancreatitis following combined pancreas-renal transplantation. Br J Surg 1993;80:1429-1432.
14. Klar E, Messmer K, Warshaw AL, Herfarth C: Pancreatic ischemia in experimental acute pancreatitis: Mechanisms, significance and therapy. Br J Surg 1990;77:1205-1210.
15. Sokolowski A, Spormann H, Urbahn H, Letko G: Contribution of pancreatic edema and short-term ischemia to experimental acute pancreatitis in the rat. II. Behaviour of serum parameters. Z Exp Chir Transplant Künstliche Organe 1986;19:331-339.
16. Spormann H, Sokolowski A, Birkigt H-G, Letko G: Contribution of pancreatic edema and short-term ischemia to experimental acute pancreatitis in the rat. I. Procedure and pathomorphological investigations. Z Exp Chir Transplant Künstliche Organe 1986;19:323-330.
17. Haas GS, Warshaw AL, Daggett WM, Aretz HT: Acute pancreatitis after cardiopulmonary bypass. Am J Surg 1985;149:508-515.
18. Rattner DW, Gu ZY, Vlahakis GJ, Warshaw AL: Hyperamylasemia after cardiac surgery: Incidence, significance and management. Ann Surg 1989;209:279-283.
19. Spormann H, Sokolowski A, Letko G: Effect of temporary ischemia upon the development and histological pattern of acute pancreatitis in the rat. Pathol Res Pravt 1989;184:507-513.
20. Kyogoku T, Manabe T, Tobe T: Role of ischemia in acute pancreatitis: Hemorrhagic shock converts edematous pancreatitis to hemorrhagic pancreatitis in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37: 1409-1417.
21. Svensson LG, Decker G, Kinsley RB: A prospective study of hyperamylasemia and pancreatitis after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1985;39:409-411.
22. Rose DM, Ranson JHC, Cunningham JN: Patterns of severe pancreatic injury following cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Surg 1984;199: 168-172.
23. Feiner H: Pancreatitis after cardiac surgery: A morphologic study. Am J Surg 1976;131:684-688.
24. Gmaz-Nikulin E, Nikulin A, Plemnac P: Pancreatic lesions in shock and their significance. J Pathol 1981;135:223-236.
25. Pfeffer RB, Lazarini-Robertson A, Safadi D: Gradations of pancreatitis, edematous, through hemorrhagic, experimentally produced by controlled injection of microspheres into blood vessels in dogs. Surgery 1962;51: 764-769.
26. Redha F, Uhlschmid G, Ammann RW, Freiburghaus AU: Injection of microspheres into pancreatic arteries causes acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the rat: A new animal model. Pancreas 1990;5:188-193.
27. Takahashi T, Yaginuma N: Ischemic injury of the human pancreas: Its basic patterns correlated with the pancreatic microvasculature. Pathol Res Pract 1985;179:645-651.
28. Tsiotos GG, Mullany CJ, Zietlow S, Van Heerden JA: Abdominal complications following cardiac surgery. Am J Surg 1994;167:553-557.
29. Kusterer K, Poschmann T, Friedemann A, Enghofer M, Zeandler S, Usadel KH: Arterial constriction, ischemia-reperfusion, and leukocyte adherence in acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol 1993;265:G165-G171.
30. Broe PJ, Zuidema GD, Cameron JL: The role of ischemia in acute pancreatitis: Studies with an isolated perfused canine pancreas. Surgery 1982;91:377-382.
31. Fleischer GM, Herden P, Spormann H: Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Rolle der Ischämie in the Pathogenese der akuten Pankreatitis. Z Exp Chir Transplant Künstliche Organe 1984;17:179-187.
32. Kloppel G, Dreyer T, Willemer S, Kern HF, Adler C: Human acute pancreatitis: Its pathogenesis in the light of immunocytochemical and ultrastructural findings in acinar cells. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1986; 409:791-803.
33. Busing M, Hopt UT, Quarken M, Becker HD, Morgenroth K: Morphological studies of graft pancreatitis following pancreas transplantation. Br J Surg 1993;80:1170-1173.
34. Lerch MM, Saluja AK, Dawra R, Ramarao P, Saluja M, Steer ML: Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the oppossum: Earliest morphological changes involve acinar cells. Gastroenterology 1992;103:205-213.
35. Schmidt J, Rattner DW, Lewandrowski K, Compton CC, Mandavilli U, Knoefel WT, Warshaw AL: A better model of acute pancreatitis for evaluating therapy. Ann Surg 1992; 215:44-56.
36. Hoffmann TF, Leiderer R, Harris AG, Messmer K: Ischemia and reperfusion of the pancreas. Microsc Res Tech 1997;37:557-571.
37. Gilsdorf RB, Long D, Moderg A: Central nervous system influence on experimentally induced pancreatitis. JAMA 1965;192:394-397.
38. Goodhead B, Wright PW: The effect of postganglionic sympathectomy on the development of hemorrhagic pancreatitis in the dog. Ann Surg 1969;170:951-960.
39. Schmidt J, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Rattner DW: Hyperoncotic ultrahigh molecular weight dextran solutions reduce trypsinogen activation, prevent acinar necrosis and lower mortality in rodent pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1993;165: 40-45.
40. Klar E, Mall G, Messmer K: Improvement of impaired pancreatic microcirculation by isovolemic hemodilution protects pancreatic morphology in acute biliary pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obset 1993;176:144-150.
41. Probstein JG, Joshi RA, Blumenthal HT: Atheromatous embolization: An etiology of acute pancreatitis. Arch Surg 1957;75:566-572.
42. Hochachka PW: Defence strategies against hypoxia and hypothermia. Science 1986;231: 234-241.
43. McCord JM: Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:159-163.
44. Batelli MG, Della Corte E, Stirpe F: Xanthine oxidase type D (dehydrogenase) in the intestine and other organs of the rat. Biochem J 1972; 126:747-749.
45. Nordback IH, Cameron JL: The mechanism of conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase in acute pancreatitis in the canine isolated pancreas preparation. Surgery 1993; 113:90-97.
46. Cunningham SK, Keaveny TV: Splanchnic organ adenine nucleotides and their metabolites in hemorrhagic shock. Ir J Med Sci 1977;146: 136-143.
47. Becker H, Vinten-Johansen J, Buckberg GD, Bugyi HI: Correlation of pancreatic blood flow and high-energy phosphates during experimental pancreatitis. Eur Surg Res 1982;14:203-210.
48. Zimmerman BJ, Grangler DN: Oxygen free radicals and the gastrointestinal tract: Role in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41:337-342.
49. Parks DA, Granger DN: Ischemia induced vascular changes: Role of xanthine oxidase and hydroxyl radicals. Am J Physiol 1983;245: G285-G289.
50. Warshaw AL: Ischemia- and reperfusion-related injury in pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41: 821-822.
51. Menger MD, Bonkhoff H, Vollmar B: Ischemia-reperfusion induced pancreatic microvascular injury: An intravital fluorescence microscopic study in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41: 823-830.
52. Parks D, Grangler N: Xanthine oxidase: Biochemistry, distribution and physiology. Acta Physiol Scand 1986;(suppl 548):87-99.
53. Schoenberg MH, Büchler M, Berger HG: Oxygen radicals in experimental acute pancreatitis. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41:313-319.
54. Tanjoh K, Shima A, Aida M, Tomita R, Munakata K, Kurosu Y: Nitric oxide (NO) and active oxygen intermediates in severe pancreatitis (abstract). 14th World Congr Coll Int Chir Dig, Los Angeles, 1994, pp 539-543.
55. Sanfey H, Bulkley G, Cameron J: The role of oxygen derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1984;200: 405-413.
56. Sanfey H, Bulkley G, Cameron J: The pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis: The source and role of oxygen derived free radicals in three different experimental models. Ann Surg 1985; 201:633-639.
57. DeGroot H: Reactive oxygen species in tissue injury. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41:328-332.
58. Kirschner RE, Fantini GA: Role of iron and oxygen-derived free radicals in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Surg 1994;179:103-117.
59. Majno G, Joris I: Apoptosis, oncosis and necrosis: An overview of cell death. Am J Pathol 1995;146:3-15.
60. Formela LJ, Galloway SW, Kingsnorth AN: Inflammatory mediators in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1995;82:6-13.
61. Braganza JM: Experimental acute pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 1990;6:763-768.
62. Braganza J, Rinderknecht H: Free radicals and acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1988;94: 1111-1112.
63. Schoenberg MH, Büchler M, Gaspar M: Oxygen free radicals in acute pancreatitis or the rat. Gut 1990;31:1138-1143.
64. Dabrowski A, Gabryelewicz U, Wereszczynska S, Chyczewski L: Oxygen derived free radicals in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;23:1245-1249.
65. Granger DN, Benoit JN, Suzuki M, Grisham MB: Leukocyte adherence to venular endothelium during ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol 1989;257:G683-G688.
66. Lehr HA, Guhlmann A, Nolte D, Keppler D, Messmer K: Leukotrienes as mediators in ischemia-reperfusion injury in a microcirculation model in the hamster. J Clin Invest 1991;87: 2036-2042.
67. Springer TA: Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: The multistep paradigm. Cell 1994;76:301-314.
68. Springer TA: Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 1990;346:425-434.
69. Adams DH, Shaw S: Leukocyte-endothelial interactions and regulation of leukocyte migration. Lancet 1994;343:831-836.
70. Granger DN, Kubes P: The microcirculation and inflammation: Modulation of leukoyte-endothelial cell adhesion. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 55:662-675.
71. Rosales C, Juliano RL: Signal transduction by cell adhesion receptors in leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 1995;57:189-198.
72. McEver RP: Selectins: Novel receptors that mediate leukocyte adhesion during inflammation. Thromb Haemost 1991;65:223-228.
73. Granger DN, Kvietus PR, Perry MA: Leukocyte endothelial cell adhesion induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1993;71:67-75.
74. Kishimoto TK, Anderson DC: The role of integrins in inflammation; in Gallin JI, Goldstein IM, Snydermann R (eds): Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates. New York, Raven Press, 1992, pp 353-406.
75. Menger MD, Vollmar B, Glasz J, Post S, Messmer K: Microcirculatory manifestations of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Prog Appl Microcirc 1993;19:106-124.
76. Weiss SJ: Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1989;320:365-376.
77. Harlan JM: Leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Blood 1985;65:513-525.
78. Ley K, Gaehtgens P: Endothelial, nonhemodynamic differences are responsible for preferential leukocyte rolling in rat mesenteric venules. Circ Res 1991;69:1034-1041.
79. Raud J, Lidbom L, Dahlen SE, Heqvist P: Periarteriolar localization of mast cells promotes oriented interstitial migration of leukocytes in the hamster cheek pouch. Am J Pathol 1989; 134:161-169.
80. Patel KD, Zimmernal GA, Prescott SM, McEver RP, McIntyre TM: Oxygen radicals induce human endothelial cells to express GMP-140 and bind neutrophils. J Cell Biol 1991;112:749-759.
81. Uhl W, Büchler M, Malfertheiner P, Martini M, Beger HG: PMN-elastase in comparison with CRP, antiproteases and LDH as indicators of necrosis in human acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1991;6:253-259.
82. Gross V, Scholmerich J, Leser HG: Granulocyte elastase in assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis: Comparison with acute-phase proteins C-reactive protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and protease inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:97-105.
83. Dominguez-Munoz JE, Carhallo F, Garcia MJ: Clinical usefulness of polymorphonuclear elastase in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis: Results of a multicentre study. Br J Surg 1991;78:1230-1234.
84. Uhl W, Büchler M, Malfertheiner P, Martini M, Beger HG: PMN elastase: A new serum marker for the staging of acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1989;43:176-177.
85. Rinderknecht H: Fatal pancreatitis: A consequence of excessive leukocyte stimulation? Int J Pancreatol 1988;3:105-112.
86. Vollmar B, Waldner H, Schmand J, Conzen PF, Goetz AE, Habazettl H, Schweiberer L, Brendel W: Release of arachidonic acid metabolites during acute pancreatitis in pigs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24:1253-1264.
87. Nonaka A, Manabe T, Tamura K, Asano N, Imanishi K, Tobe T: Changes of xanthine oxidase, lipid peroxide and superoxide dismutase in mouse acute pancreatitis. Digestion 1989; 43:41-46.
88. Bassi D, Kollias N, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Foitzik T, Warshavv AL, Rattner DW: Impairment of pancreatic microcirculalion correlates with the severity of acute experimental pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg 1994;179:257-263.
89. Menger MD, Pelikan S, Steiner D, Messmer K: Microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury in striated muscle: Significance of 'reflow-paradox'. Am J Physiol 1992;263:H1901-H1906.
90. Kusterer K, Enghofer M, Zendler S, Blöchle C, Usadel KH: Microcirculatory changes in sodium taurocholate-induced pancreatitis in rats. Am J Physiol 1991;260:G346-G351.
91. Hoffmann TF, Leiderer R, Waidner H, Messmer K: Ischemia/reperfusion of the pancreas: A new in vivo model for acute pancreatitis in rats. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1995;195:125-144.
92. Klar E, Endrich B, Messmer K: Microcirculation of the pancreas: A quantitative study of physiology and changes in pancreatitis. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1990;12:985-1101.
93. Knoefel WT, Kollias N, Warshaw AL, Waldner H, Nishioka NS, Rattner DW: Pancreatic microcirculatory changes in experimental pancreatitis of graded severity in the rat. Surgery 1994;116:904-913.
94. Ames A, Wright RL, Kowada M, Thurston JM, Majno G: Cerebral ischemia. II. The no-reflow phenomenon. Am J Pathol 1968;52:437-452.
95. Quinones-Baldrich WJ, Chervu A, Hernandez JJ, Colburn M, Moore WS: Skeletal muscle function alter ischemia: 'Non-reflow' versus repertusion injury. J Surg Res 1991;51:5-12.
96. Harris AG, Skalak TC: Leukocyte cytoskeletal structure determines capillary plugging and network resistance. Am J Physiol 1993;265: H1670-H1675.
97. Messmer K, Lewis D, Sunder-Plassmann L, Klovekorn W, Mendler N, Holper K: Acute normovolemic hemodilution; Changes of central hemodynamics and microcirculatory flow-in skeletal muscle. Eur Surg Res 1972;4:55-70.
98. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB: The 'non-reflow' phenomenon alter temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest 1975;54:1496-1508.
99. Jerome SN, Smith CW, Korthuis RJ: CD18-dependent adherence reactions play an important role in the development of the no-reflow phenomenon. Am J Physiol 1993;264: H479-H483.
100. Kwaan HC, Anderson MC, Gramatica LA: A study of pancreatic enzyme as a factor in the pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation during acute pancreatitis. Surgery 1971;69:663-672.
101. Bockman DE, Schiller WR, Suriyapa C, Mutschler JHW, Anderson MC: Fine structure of early experimental acute pancreatitis in dogs. Lab Invest 1973;22:584-592.
102. Anderson MC: Venous stasis in the transition of edematous pancreatitis to pancreatic necrosis. JAMA 1963;183:534-537.
103. Anderson MC, Schiller WR: Microcirculatory dynamics in the normal and inflammed pancreas. Am J Surg 1968;115:118-127.
104. Anderson MC, Schoenfeldt FB, Iams WB, Suwa M: Circulatory changes in acute pancreatitis. Surg Clin North Am 1967;47:127-132.
105. Farber JL, Kenneth RC, Mittnacht S: The pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury in ischemia. Am J Pathol 1981;102:271-281.
106. Rinderknecht H: Activation of pancreatic zymogens: Normal activation, premature intrapancreatic activation, protective mechanisms against inappropriate activation. Dig Dis Sci 1986;31:314-321.
107. Steer ML, Meldolesi J: The cell biology of experimental pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1987;316:144-150.
108. Mithofer K, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Frick TW, Foitzik T, Bassi DG, Lewandrowski KB, Rattner DW, Warshaw AL: Increased intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation in ischemia-induced experimental pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1995;221:364-371.
109. Lefer AM, Barenholz Y: Pancreatic hydrolases and the formation of a myocardial depressant factor in shock. Am J Physiol 1972; 223:1103-1109.
110. Steer ML, Meldolesi J, Figarella C: Pancreatitis: The role of lysosomes. Dig Dis Sci 1984; 29:934-938.
111. La Manna JC: Hypoxia/ischemia and the pH paradox. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;388:283-292.
112. Cheung JY, Bonventre JV, Malis CD: Calcium and ischemic injury. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1670-1676.
113. Chien KR, Abrams J, Serroni A, Martin JT, Farber JL: Accelerated phospholipid degradation and associated membrane dysfunction in irreversible, ischemic liver cell injury. J Biol Chem 1978;253:4809-4817.
114. Frick TW, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Mithofer K: Calcium accelerates trypsinogen activation (abstract). Gastroenterology 1994; 106(suppl):292.
115. Ellison EC, Pappas TN, Johnson JA, Fabri PJ, Carey LC: Demonstration and characterization of the hemoconcentrating effect of ascitic fluid that accumulates during hemorrhagic pancreatitis. J Surg Res 1981;30:241-248.
116. Shimizu I, Wada S, Okahisa T, Kamamura M, Yano M, Kodaira T: Radioimmunoreactive plasma bradykinin levels and histological changes during the course of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats. Pancreas 1993;8:220-225.
117. Vollmar B, Waldner H, Schmand J, Conzen P, Goetz A, Habazettl H: Oleic acid induced pancreatitis in pigs. J Surg Res 1991;50:196-204.
118. Griesbacher T, Lemberk F: Effects of the bradykinin antagonist, HOE 140, in experimental acute pancreatitis. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 107:356-360.
119. Iwatsuki K, Homma T, Malik KU: Permissive role of prostaglandins in the action of bradykinin on the pancreas of anesthetized dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985;233:700-706.
120. Ryan JW, Moffat JG, Thompson AG: Role of bradykinin in the development of acute pancreatitis. Nature 1964;204:1212-1213.
121. Yotsumoto F, Manabe T, Oshio G: Bradykinin involvement in the aggravation of acute pancreatitis in rabbits. Digestion 1993;54: 224-230.
122. Bhoola KD, Figueroa CD, Worthy K: Bioregulation of kinins: Kallikrein, kininogens and kininases. Pharmacol Rev 1992;44:1-80.
123. 9-bradykinin and other bradykinin fragments on the synthesis of prostacyclin and the binding of bradykinin by vascular cells in culture. Agents Actions 1988;24:224-231.
124. 2 receptor to release conjointly endothelium-derived relaxing factor and prostacyclin from bovine aortic endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1989;96:920-926.
125. Dahlen SE, Björk J, Hedqvist P, Arfors KE, Hammarström S, Lindgren JA, Samuelson B: Leukotrienes promote plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules: In vivo effects with relevance to the acute inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78:3887-3891.
126. Lehr HA, Huebner C, Nolte D, Kohlschütter A, Messmer K: Dietary fish oil blocks the microcirculatory manifestations of ischemia-reperfusion injury in striated muscle in hamsters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:6726-6730.
127. Figueroa CD, Henderson LM, Kaufmann J, De la Cadena RA, Colman RW, Müller-Esterl W, Bhoola KD: Immunovisualization of high (HK) and low (LK) molecular weight kininogens on isolated human neutrophils. Blood 1992;79:754-759.
128. Figueroa CD, Maciver AG, Bhoola KD: Identification of a tissue kallikrein in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Br J Haematol 1989;72:321-328.
129. Mullins RJ, Hudgens RW: Increased skin lymph protein clearance after a 6-h arterial bradykinin infusion. Am J Physiol 1987;253: H1462-H1469.
130. Yotsumoto F, Manabe T, Oshio G, Imanishi K, Ando K, Kyogoku T, Hirano T, Tobe T: Role of pancreatic blood flow and vasoactive substances in the development of canine acute pancreatitis. J Surg Res 1993;55:531-536.
131. Munn JS, Prinz RA, Castelli M, Dobrin P, Marks WH, Djuricin G: Does ischemia cause pancreatitis? Int J Pancreatol 1990;5:299-313.
132. Binder PS, Heiskell CA, Adams JR, Cerra FB, Eilert JB, Bergan JJ: Pancreatic function after normothermic ischemia. I. In vivo ischemia. Am J Surg 1970;120:687-692.
133. Slater DN, Bardsley D, Magnall Y, Smythe A, Fox M: Pancreatic ischemia: Sensitivity and reversibility of the changes. Br J Exp Pathol 1975;56:530-536.
134. Mithofer K, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Bassi DG, Lewandrowski KB, Rattner DW, Warshaw AL: Role of hypercalcemia and ischemia in pancreatic injury. Pancreas 1993;8: 765-766.
135. Furukawa M, Kimura T, Yamaguchi H, Kinjoh M, Nawata H: Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced by stress and cerulein in rats. Pancreas 1994;9:67-72.
136. Siech M, Weber H, Letko G, Dummler W, Schroenber MH, Beger HG: Similar morphological and intracellular biochemical changes in alcoholic acute pancreatitis and ischemic acute pancreatitis in rats. Pancreas 1997;14: 32-38.
137. Fernandez-del Castillo C, Rattner DW, Warshaw AL: Acute pancreatitis. Lancet 1993; 342:475-479.
138. Grewal HP, Garland L, Novak K, Gaber L, Tolley EA, Gaber AO: Risk factors for postimplantalion pancreatitis and pancreatic thrombosis in pancreas transplant recipients. Transplantation 1993;56:609-612.
139. Fernandez-Cruz L, Sabater L, Gilabert R, Ricart R, Ricart MJ, Saenz A, Astudillo E: Native and graft pancreatitis following combined pancreas-renal transplantation. Br J Surg 1993;80:1429-1432.
140. Huddy SPJ, Joyce WP, Pepper JR: Gastrointestinal complications in 4,473 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Br J Surg 1991;78:293-296.
141. Lawhorne TW Jr, Davis JL, Smith GW: General surgical complications after cardiac surgery. Am J Surg 1976;136:254-256.
142. Tikanoja T, Rautianinen P, Leijala M, Svens E, Tikanoja S: Hyperamylasemia after cardiac surgery in infants and children. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:959-963.
143. Foitzik T, Bassi DG, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Warshaw AL, Rattner DW: Intravenous contrast medium impairs oxygenation of the pancreas in acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the rat. Arch Surg 1994;129:706-711.
144. Kaiser AM, Grady T, Gerdes D, Saluja M, Steer ML: Intravenous contrast medium does not increase the severity of acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:1547-1553.
145. Tsiotos GG, Luque-de Leon E, Soreide JA, Bannon MP, Zietlovv SP, Baerga-Varela Y, Sarr MG: Management of necrotizing pancreatitis by repeated operative necrosectomy using a zipper technique. Am J Surg 1998;175: 91-98.
146. Gullo L, Cavicci L, Tomassetti P, Spagnolo C, Freyrie A, D'Addato M: Effects of ischemia on the human pancreas. Gastroenterology 1996;111:1033-1038.
147. Ohri SK, Bjarnason I, Pathi V, Somassundaram S, Bowles CT, Keogh BE, Khaghani A, Menzies I, Yacoub MH, Taylor KM: Cardiopulmonary bypass impairs small intestinal transport and increases gut permeability. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;55:1080-1086.
148. Ott MJ, Buchman TG, Baumgartner WA: Postoperative abdominal complications in cardiopulmonary bypass patients: A case-controlled study. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59: 1210-1213.
149. Taniguchi N: Clinical significance of superoxide dismutases: Changes in aging, diabetes, ischemia and cancer. Adv Clin Chem 1992; 29:1-59.
150. Marber MS, Latchman DS, Walker JM, Yellon DM: Cardiac stress protein elevation 24 hours after brief ischemia or heat stress is associated with resistance to myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;88:1264-1272.
151. Simovic MO, Bonham MJD, Abu-Zidan FM, Windsor JA: Manganese superoxide dismutase: A marker of ischemia-reperfusion injury in acute pancreatitis? Pancreas 1997;15:78-82.
152. McKay CJ, Curran F, Sharples C, Baxter JN, Imrie CW: Prospective placebo-controlled trial of lexipafant in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1997;84:1239-1243.