메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 15-16, 2002, Pages 1045-1064

Universal scaling in tree and vascular plant allometry: Toward a general quantitative theory linking plant form and function from cells to ecosystems

Author keywords

Diversity; Energy dissipation; Evolution; Fractal networks; Metabolism; Space filling

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRY; PLANT COMMUNITY; SCALE EFFECT; THEORY; VASCULAR PLANT;

EID: 0036847811     PISSN: 0829318X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/treephys/22.15-16.1045     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (302)

References (162)
  • 1
    • 0023513366 scopus 로고
    • Algal size and the maximum density and biomass of phytoplankton
    • Agusti, S., C.M. Duarte and J. Kalff. 1987. Algal size and the maximum density and biomass of phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 32:983-986.
    • (1987) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.32 , pp. 983-986
    • Agusti, S.1    Duarte, C.M.2    Kalff, J.3
  • 2
    • 0031000768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural and experimentally altered hydraulic architecture of branch junctions in Acer saccharum Marsh. and Quercus velutina Lam. trees
    • Aloni, R., J.D. Alexander and M.T. Tyree. 1997. Natural and experimentally altered hydraulic architecture of branch junctions in Acer saccharum Marsh. and Quercus velutina Lam. trees. Trees 11:255-264.
    • (1997) Trees , vol.11 , pp. 255-264
    • Aloni, R.1    Alexander, J.D.2    Tyree, M.T.3
  • 6
    • 0000217305 scopus 로고
    • Early tertiary vegetation of arctic Canada and its relevance to paleoclimatic interpretation
    • Eds. M.C. Boulter and H.C. Fisher. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Basinger, J.F., D.R. Greenwood and T. Sweda. 1994. Early tertiary vegetation of arctic Canada and its relevance to paleoclimatic interpretation. In Cenozoic Plants and Climates of the Arctic. Eds. M.C. Boulter and H.C. Fisher. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 175-198.
    • (1994) Cenozoic Plants and Climates of the Arctic , pp. 175-198
    • Basinger, J.F.1    Greenwood, D.R.2    Sweda, T.3
  • 7
    • 0034254392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tapered conduits can buffer hydraulic conductance from path-length effects
    • Becker, P., R.J. Gribben and C.M. Lim. 2000. Tapered conduits can buffer hydraulic conductance from path-length effects. Tree Physiol. 20:965-967.
    • (2000) Tree Physiol. , vol.20 , pp. 965-967
    • Becker, P.1    Gribben, R.J.2    Lim, C.M.3
  • 8
    • 0030619862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of varying pipe model relationships on Scots pine growth in different climates
    • Berninger, F. and E. Nikinmaa. 1997. Implications of varying pipe model relationships on Scots pine growth in different climates. Funct. Ecol. 11:146-156.
    • (1997) Funct. Ecol. , vol.11 , pp. 146-156
    • Berninger, F.1    Nikinmaa, E.2
  • 9
    • 0030711579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correcting for finite spatial scales of self-similarity when calculating the fractal dimensions of real-world structures
    • Bernston, G.M. and P. Stoll. 1997. Correcting for finite spatial scales of self-similarity when calculating the fractal dimensions of real-world structures. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 64: 1531-1537.
    • (1997) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 1531-1537
    • Bernston, G.M.1    Stoll, P.2
  • 10
    • 0000162840 scopus 로고
    • Size-dependent differential scaling in branches: The mechanical design of trees revisited
    • Bertram, J.E.A. 1989. Size-dependent differential scaling in branches: The mechanical design of trees revisited. Trees 4:241-253.
    • (1989) Trees , vol.4 , pp. 241-253
    • Bertram, J.E.A.1
  • 11
    • 0001511446 scopus 로고
    • Bifurcation ratios and the adaptive geometry of trees
    • Borchert, R. and N.A. Slade. 1981. Bifurcation ratios and the adaptive geometry of trees. Bot. Gaz. 142:394-401.
    • (1981) Bot. Gaz. , vol.142 , pp. 394-401
    • Borchert, R.1    Slade, N.A.2
  • 12
    • 0004182787 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 269 p.
    • Brown, J.H. 1995. Macroecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 269 p.
    • (1995) Macroecology
    • Brown, J.H.1
  • 13
    • 0001739280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling in biology: Patterns and processes, causes and consequences
    • Eds. J.H. Brown and G.B. West. Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Brown, J.H., G.B. West and B.J. Enquist. 2000. Scaling in biology: Patterns and processes, causes and consequences. In Scaling in Biology. Eds. J.H. Brown and G.B. West. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 167-198.
    • (2000) Scaling in Biology , pp. 167-198
    • Brown, J.H.1    West, G.B.2    Enquist, B.J.3
  • 18
    • 0035887758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree damage, allometric relationships, and above-ground net primary production in central Amazon forest
    • Chambers, J.Q., J. dos Santos, R.J. Ribeiro and N. Higuchi. 2001. Tree damage, allometric relationships, and above-ground net primary production in central Amazon forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 152:73-84.
    • (2001) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.152 , pp. 73-84
    • Chambers, J.Q.1    Dos Santos, J.2    Ribeiro, R.J.3    Higuchi, N.4
  • 19
    • 0002308341 scopus 로고
    • Functional role of growth forms in ecosystem and global processes
    • Eds. J.R. Ehleringer and C.B. Field. Academic Press, New York
    • Chapin, F.S., III. 1993. Functional role of growth forms in ecosystem and global processes. In Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe. Eds. J.R. Ehleringer and C.B. Field. Academic Press, New York, pp 287-308.
    • (1993) Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe , pp. 287-308
    • Chapin F.S. III1
  • 21
    • 0033667780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical considerations of optimal conduit length for water transport in vascular plants
    • Comstock, J.P. and J.S. Sperry. 2000. Theoretical considerations of optimal conduit length for water transport in vascular plants. New Phytol. 148:195-218.
    • (2000) New Phytol. , vol.148 , pp. 195-218
    • Comstock, J.P.1    Sperry, J.S.2
  • 22
    • 0019446386 scopus 로고
    • Population density and body size in mammals
    • Damuth, J. 1981. Population density and body size in mammals. Nature 290:699-700.
    • (1981) Nature , vol.290 , pp. 699-700
    • Damuth, J.1
  • 23
    • 0023467877 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific allometry of population density in mammals and other animals: The independence of body mass and population energy-use
    • Damuth, J. 1987. Interspecific allometry of population density in mammals and other animals: The independence of body mass and population energy-use. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 31:193-246.
    • (1987) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.31 , pp. 193-246
    • Damuth, J.1
  • 24
    • 0035956951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling of growth: Plants and animals are not so different
    • Damuth, J. 2001. Scaling of growth: Plants and animals are not so different. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98:2113-2114.
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.98 , pp. 2113-2114
    • Damuth, J.1
  • 25
    • 0001036730 scopus 로고
    • De l'amenagement des sapinieres
    • Franche-Comte Belfort, Besancon
    • De Liocourt, F. 1898. De l'amenagement des sapinieres. Bull. Soc. For. Franche-Comte Belfort, Besancon, pp 396-409.
    • (1898) Bull. Soc. For. , pp. 396-409
    • De Liocourt, F.1
  • 26
    • 0027832680 scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic analysis of self-thinning in terms of carbon balance of trees
    • Dewar, R.C. 1993. A mechanistic analysis of self-thinning in terms of carbon balance of trees. Ann. Bot. 71:147-159.
    • (1993) Ann. Bot. , vol.71 , pp. 147-159
    • Dewar, R.C.1
  • 27
    • 0031825286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic analysis of light and carbon use efficiencies
    • Dewar, R.C., B.E. Medlyn and R.R. McMurtrie. 1998. A mechanistic analysis of light and carbon use efficiencies. Plant Cell Environ. 21:573-588.
    • (1998) Plant Cell Environ. , vol.21 , pp. 573-588
    • Dewar, R.C.1    Medlyn, B.E.2    McMurtrie, R.R.3
  • 29
    • 0023518235 scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent dynamics of Salicornia europaea monocultures
    • Ellison, A.M. 1987. Density-dependent dynamics of Salicornia europaea monocultures. Ecology 68:737-741.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 737-741
    • Ellison, A.M.1
  • 30
    • 0000216148 scopus 로고
    • Branching patterns of Salicornia europaea (Chenopodiaceae) at different successional stages: A comparison of theoretical and real plants
    • Ellison, A.M. and K.J. Niklas. 1988. Branching patterns of Salicornia europaea (Chenopodiaceae) at different successional stages: A comparison of theoretical and real plants. Am. J. Bot. 75:501-512.
    • (1988) Am. J. Bot. , vol.75 , pp. 501-512
    • Ellison, A.M.1    Niklas, K.J.2
  • 31
    • 38249001892 scopus 로고
    • Xylem vascular anatomy and water transport of Salicornia europaea
    • Ellison, A.M., K.J. Niklas and S. Shumway. 1993. Xylem vascular anatomy and water transport of Salicornia europaea. Aquatic Bot. 45:325-339.
    • (1993) Aquatic Bot. , vol.45 , pp. 325-339
    • Ellison, A.M.1    Niklas, K.J.2    Shumway, S.3
  • 32
    • 0011434913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling the macroecological and evolutionary implications of size and metabolism within and across plant taxa
    • Eds. T. Blackburn and K. Gaston. Oxford University Press, Oxford. In press
    • Enquist, B.J. 2003. Scaling the macroecological and evolutionary implications of size and metabolism within and across plant taxa. In Macroecology: Reconciling Divergent Perspectives on Large Scale Ecological Patterns. Eds. T. Blackburn and K. Gaston. Oxford University Press, Oxford. In press.
    • (2003) Macroecology: Reconciling Divergent Perspectives on Large Scale Ecological Patterns
    • Enquist, B.J.1
  • 33
    • 0035810199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invariant scaling relations across tree-dominated communities
    • Enquist, B.J. and K.J. Niklas. 2001. Invariant scaling relations across tree-dominated communities. Nature 410:655-660.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 655-660
    • Enquist, B.J.1    Niklas, K.J.2
  • 34
    • 0037154880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global allocation rules for patterns of biomass partitioning in seed plants
    • Enquist, B.J. and K.J. Niklas. 2002. Global allocation rules for patterns of biomass partitioning in seed plants. Science 295:1517-1520.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 1517-1520
    • Enquist, B.J.1    Niklas, K.J.2
  • 35
    • 0032505115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density
    • Enquist, B.J., J.H. Brown and G.B. West. 1998. Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density. Nature 395:163-165.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.395 , pp. 163-165
    • Enquist, B.J.1    Brown, J.H.2    West, G.B.3
  • 36
    • 0033613446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allometric scaling of production and life-history variation in vascular plants
    • Enquist, B.J., G.B. West, E.L. Charnov and J.H. Brown. 1999. Allometric scaling of production and life-history variation in vascular plants. Nature 401:907-911.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.401 , pp. 907-911
    • Enquist, B.J.1    West, G.B.2    Charnov, E.L.3    Brown, J.H.4
  • 37
    • 0002867077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quarter-power scaling in vascular plants: Functional basis and ecological consequences
    • Eds. J.H. Brown and G.B. West. Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Enquist, B.J., G.B. West and J.H. Brown. 2000. Quarter-power scaling in vascular plants: Functional basis and ecological consequences. In Scaling in Biology. Eds. J.H. Brown and G.B. West. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 167-198.
    • (2000) Scaling in Biology , pp. 167-198
    • Enquist, B.J.1    West, G.B.2    Brown, J.H.3
  • 39
    • 0031958886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the fractal dimensions of a root system
    • Eshel, A. 1998. On the fractal dimensions of a root system. Plant Cell Environ. 21:247-251.
    • (1998) Plant Cell Environ , vol.21 , pp. 247-251
    • Eshel, A.1
  • 40
    • 0000156495 scopus 로고
    • The hydraulic architecture of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)
    • Ewers, F.W. and M.H. Zimmermann. 1984. The hydraulic architecture of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Can. J. Bot. 62:940-946.
    • (1984) Can. J. Bot. , vol.62 , pp. 940-946
    • Ewers, F.W.1    Zimmermann, M.H.2
  • 41
    • 0028885304 scopus 로고
    • Theories of opitimization, form and function in branching architecture in plants
    • Farnsworth, K.D. and K.J. Niklas. 1995. Theories of opitimization, form and function in branching architecture in plants. Funct. Ecol. 9:355-363.
    • (1995) Funct. Ecol. , vol.9 , pp. 355-363
    • Farnsworth, K.D.1    Niklas, K.J.2
  • 42
    • 0001321408 scopus 로고
    • Fractal characterization of root system architecture
    • Fitter, A.H. and T.R. Strickland. 1992. Fractal characterization of root system architecture. Funct. Ecol. 6:632-635.
    • (1992) Funct. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 632-635
    • Fitter, A.H.1    Strickland, T.R.2
  • 43
    • 84967809217 scopus 로고
    • Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographic gradients
    • Gentry, A.H. 1988. Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographic gradients. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 75:1-34.
    • (1988) Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. , vol.75 , pp. 1-34
    • Gentry, A.H.1
  • 44
    • 0029472395 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of diversity and floristic composition in neotropical montane forests
    • Eds. S.P. Churchill, H. Balslev, E. Forero and J.L. Luteyn. The New York Botanical Garden, New York
    • Gentry, A.H. 1995. Patterns of diversity and floristic composition in neotropical montane forests. In Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical and Montane Forests. Eds. S.P. Churchill, H. Balslev, E. Forero and J.L. Luteyn. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, pp 103-126.
    • (1995) Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical and Montane Forests , pp. 103-126
    • Gentry, A.H.1
  • 45
    • 0020383043 scopus 로고
    • On the adaptive significance of leaf height in forest herbs
    • Givnish, T. 1982. On the adaptive significance of leaf height in forest herbs. Am. Nat. 120:353-381.
    • (1982) Am. Nat. , vol.120 , pp. 353-381
    • Givnish, T.1
  • 46
    • 0023490721 scopus 로고
    • Comparative studies of leaf form: Assessing the relative roles of selective pressures and phylogenetic constraints
    • Givnish, T. 1987. Comparative studies of leaf form: Assessing the relative roles of selective pressures and phylogenetic constraints. New Phytol. 106:131-160.
    • (1987) New Phytol. , vol.106 , pp. 131-160
    • Givnish, T.1
  • 47
    • 36849163553 scopus 로고
    • Shoot height, weight and standing crop in relation to density in monospecific plant stands
    • Gorham, E. 1979. Shoot height, weight and standing crop in relation to density in monospecific plant stands. Nature 279:148-150.
    • (1979) Nature , vol.279 , pp. 148-150
    • Gorham, E.1
  • 48
    • 0011434915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant water relations
    • Ed. M.J. Crawley. Blackwell Science, Cambridge
    • Grace, J. 1997. Plant water relations. In Plant Ecology. Ed. M.J. Crawley. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, pp 28-50.
    • (1997) Plant Ecology , pp. 28-50
    • Grace, J.1
  • 49
    • 0002702168 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the greatest height consistent with stability that a verticle pole or mast can be made, and the greatest height to which a tree of given proportions can grow
    • Greenhill, A.G. 1881. Determination of the greatest height consistent with stability that a verticle pole or mast can be made, and the greatest height to which a tree of given proportions can grow. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 4:65-73.
    • (1881) Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. , vol.4 , pp. 65-73
    • Greenhill, A.G.1
  • 50
    • 0000950678 scopus 로고
    • Relative growth-rate: Its range and adaptive significance in a local flora
    • Grime, J.P. and R. Hunt. 1975. Relative growth-rate: Its range and adaptive significance in a local flora. J. Ecol. 63:393-422.
    • (1975) J. Ecol. , vol.63 , pp. 393-422
    • Grime, J.P.1    Hunt, R.2
  • 52
    • 0035034140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure
    • Hacke U.G., J.S. Sperry, W.T. Pockman, S.D. Davis, K.A. McCulloch. 2001. Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure. Oecologia 126:457-461.
    • (2001) Oecologia , vol.126 , pp. 457-461
    • Hacke, U.G.1    Sperry, J.S.2    Pockman, W.T.3    Davis, S.D.4    McCulloch, K.A.5
  • 54
    • 0001193529 scopus 로고
    • A Darwinian approach to plant ecology
    • Harper, J. 1967. A Darwinian approach to plant ecology. J. Ecol. 55:247-270.
    • (1967) J. Ecol. , vol.55 , pp. 247-270
    • Harper, J.1
  • 56
    • 0015062860 scopus 로고
    • Description of the form of the tree-like body: Effects of branching angle and the branch length on the shape of the tree-like body
    • Honda, H. 1971. Description of the form of the tree-like body: Effects of branching angle and the branch length on the shape of the tree-like body. J. Theor. Biol. 31:331-338.
    • (1971) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.31 , pp. 331-338
    • Honda, H.1
  • 58
    • 0002563713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twigs, trees, and the dynamics of carbon in the landscape
    • Eds. J.H. Brown and G.B. West. Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Horn, H.S. 2000. Twigs, trees, and the dynamics of carbon in the landscape. In Scaling in Biology. Eds. J.H. Brown and G.B. West. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 199-220.
    • (2000) Scaling in Biology , pp. 199-220
    • Horn, H.S.1
  • 59
    • 0000881392 scopus 로고
    • Weitere quantitative untersuchungen uber sas wasserleitungssystem der pflanzen
    • Huber, B. 1928. Weitere quantitative untersuchungen uber sas wasserleitungssystem der pflanzen. Jb. Wiss. Bot. 67:877-959.
    • (1928) Jb. Wiss. Bot. , vol.67 , pp. 877-959
    • Huber, B.1
  • 60
    • 0003154124 scopus 로고
    • Observation and measurement of plant sap streams
    • Huber, B. 1932. Observation and measurement of plant sap streams. Ber. Dtsh. Bot. Ges. 50:89-109.
    • (1932) Ber. Dtsh. Bot. Ges. , vol.50 , pp. 89-109
    • Huber, B.1
  • 61
    • 0000782829 scopus 로고
    • Weitere thermo-elektrische untersuchungen uber den transpirationsstrom der baume
    • Huber, B. and E. Schmidt. 1936. Weitere thermo-elektrische untersuchungen uber den transpirationsstrom der baume. Tharandt Forst. Jb. 87:369-412.
    • (1936) Tharandt Forst. Jb. , vol.87 , pp. 369-412
    • Huber, B.1    Schmidt, E.2
  • 62
    • 0000932039 scopus 로고
    • Ecology's law in search of a theory
    • Hutchings, M. 1983. Ecology's law in search of a theory. New Sci. 98:765-767.
    • (1983) New Sci. , vol.98 , pp. 765-767
    • Hutchings, M.1
  • 64
    • 0036009934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heat dissipation sensors of variable length for the measurement of sap flow in trees with deep sapwood
    • James, S.A., M.J. Clearwater, F.C. Meinzer et al. 2002. Heat dissipation sensors of variable length for the measurement of sap flow in trees with deep sapwood. Tree Physiol. 22:277-283.
    • (2002) Tree Physiol. , vol.22 , pp. 277-283
    • James, S.A.1    Clearwater, M.J.2    Meinzer, F.C.3
  • 65
    • 0000132882 scopus 로고
    • Modeling diurnal trends of leaf water potential in transpiring wheat
    • Jones, H.G. 1978. Modeling diurnal trends of leaf water potential in transpiring wheat. J. Appl. Ecol. 15:613-626.
    • (1978) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.15 , pp. 613-626
    • Jones, H.G.1
  • 67
    • 0018265176 scopus 로고
    • The theory of tree bole and branch form
    • King, D.A. and O.L. Louks. 1978. The theory of tree bole and branch form. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 15:141-165.
    • (1978) Radiat. Environ. Biophys. , vol.15 , pp. 141-165
    • King, D.A.1    Louks, O.L.2
  • 68
    • 0001313452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydraulic architecture and structure of Abies lasiocarpa seedlings in three alpine meadows of different moisture status in the eastern Olympic mountains, Washington, U.S.A.
    • Kuuluvainen, T., D.G. Sprugel and J.R. Brooks. 1996. Hydraulic architecture and structure of Abies lasiocarpa seedlings in three alpine meadows of different moisture status in the eastern Olympic mountains, Washington, U.S.A. Arct. Alp. Res. 28:60-64.
    • (1996) Arct. Alp. Res. , vol.28 , pp. 60-64
    • Kuuluvainen, T.1    Sprugel, D.G.2    Brooks, J.R.3
  • 69
    • 0015060039 scopus 로고
    • Trees and streams: The efficiency of branching patterns
    • Leopold, L.B. 1971. Trees and streams: The efficiency of branching patterns. J. Theor. Biol. 31:339-354.
    • (1971) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.31 , pp. 339-354
    • Leopold, L.B.1
  • 70
    • 0002379422 scopus 로고
    • Vascular differentiation in branch junctions of trees: Circular patterns and functional significance
    • Lev-Yadun, S. and R. Aloni. 1990. Vascular differentiation in branch junctions of trees: Circular patterns and functional significance. Trees 4:49-54.
    • (1990) Trees , vol.4 , pp. 49-54
    • Lev-Yadun, S.1    Aloni, R.2
  • 71
    • 0027101175 scopus 로고
    • The problem of pattern and scale in ecology
    • Levin, S. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943-1967.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1943-1967
    • Levin, S.1
  • 72
    • 0025665935 scopus 로고
    • The self-thinning rule: Dead or alive?
    • Lonsdale, W.M. 1990. The self-thinning rule: Dead or alive? Ecology 71:1373-1388.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 1373-1388
    • Lonsdale, W.M.1
  • 74
    • 0015933660 scopus 로고
    • Size and shape in biology
    • McMahon, T.A. 1973. Size and shape in biology. Science 179:1201-1204.
    • (1973) Science , vol.179 , pp. 1201-1204
    • McMahon, T.A.1
  • 75
  • 76
    • 0017071457 scopus 로고
    • Tree Structures: Deducing the principle of mechanical design
    • McMahon, T.A. and R.E. Kronauer. 1976. Tree Structures: Deducing the principle of mechanical design. J. Theor. Biol. 59:443-466.
    • (1976) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.59 , pp. 443-466
    • McMahon, T.A.1    Kronauer, R.E.2
  • 77
    • 0035114849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of water flux through tropical forest canopy trees: Do universal rules apply?
    • Meinzer, F.C., G. Goldstein, J.L. Andrade. 2001. Regulation of water flux through tropical forest canopy trees: Do universal rules apply? Tree Physiol. 21:19-26.
    • (2001) Tree Physiol. , vol.21 , pp. 19-26
    • Meinzer, F.C.1    Goldstein, G.2    Andrade, J.L.3
  • 78
    • 0018783767 scopus 로고
    • A generalized law of self-thinning in plant populations
    • Miyanishi, K., A.R. Hoy and P.B. cavers. 1979. A generalized law of self-thinning in plant populations. J. Theor. Biol. 78:439-442.
    • (1979) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.78 , pp. 439-442
    • Miyanishi, K.1    Hoy, A.R.2    Cavers, P.B.3
  • 79
    • 0000593845 scopus 로고
    • Support costs of different branch designs: Effects of position, number, angle and deflection of laterals
    • Morgan, J. and M.G.R. Cannell. 1988. Support costs of different branch designs: Effects of position, number, angle and deflection of laterals. Tree Physiol. 4:303-313.
    • (1988) Tree Physiol. , vol.4 , pp. 303-313
    • Morgan, J.1    Cannell, M.G.R.2
  • 80
    • 0000696727 scopus 로고
    • Fractal dimension of vegetation and the distribution of arthropod body lengths
    • Morse, D.R., J.H. Lawton, J.H. Dodson and M.M. Williamson. 1985. Fractal dimension of vegetation and the distribution of arthropod body lengths. Nature 314:731-733.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.314 , pp. 731-733
    • Morse, D.R.1    Lawton, J.H.2    Dodson, J.H.3    Williamson, M.M.4
  • 81
    • 33444463807 scopus 로고
    • A relationship between circumference and weight in trees and its bearing on branching angles
    • Murray, C.D. 1927. A relationship between circumference and weight in trees and its bearing on branching angles. J. Gen. Physiol. 10:725-739.
    • (1927) J. Gen. Physiol. , vol.10 , pp. 725-739
    • Murray, C.D.1
  • 82
    • 0030635081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fractal geometry of bean root systems: Correlations between spatial and fractal dimension
    • Nielson, K.L., J.P. Lynch and H.N. Weiss. 1997. Fractal geometry of bean root systems: Correlations between spatial and fractal dimension. Am. J. Bot. 84:26-33.
    • (1997) Am. J. Bot. , vol.84 , pp. 26-33
    • Nielson, K.L.1    Lynch, J.P.2    Weiss, H.N.3
  • 83
    • 0021556240 scopus 로고
    • Size-related changes in the primary xylem anatomy of some early tracheophytes
    • Niklas, K.J. 1984. Size-related changes in the primary xylem anatomy of some early tracheophytes. Paleobiology 10:487-506.
    • (1984) Paleobiology , vol.10 , pp. 487-506
    • Niklas, K.J.1
  • 84
    • 0002165237 scopus 로고
    • The role of phyllotactic pattern as a developmental constraint on the interception of light by leaf surfaces
    • Niklas, K.J. 1988. The role of phyllotactic pattern as a developmental constraint on the interception of light by leaf surfaces. Evolution 40:1-16.
    • (1988) Evolution , vol.40 , pp. 1-16
    • Niklas, K.J.1
  • 86
    • 0000355888 scopus 로고
    • The allometry of plant reproductive biomass and stem diameter
    • Niklas, K.J. 1993. The allometry of plant reproductive biomass and stem diameter. Am. J. Bot. 80:461-467.
    • (1993) Am. J. Bot. , vol.80 , pp. 461-467
    • Niklas, K.J.1
  • 87
    • 0028308356 scopus 로고
    • Morphological evolution through complex domains of fitness
    • Niklas, K.J. 1994a. Morphological evolution through complex domains of fitness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91:6772-6779.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.91 , pp. 6772-6779
    • Niklas, K.J.1
  • 89
    • 0028080589 scopus 로고
    • Size-dependent variations in plant growth rates and the "3/4-power rule"
    • Niklas, K.J. 1994c. Size-dependent variations in plant growth rates and the "3/4-power rule". Am. J. Bot. 81:134-145.
    • (1994) Am. J. Bot. , vol.81 , pp. 134-145
    • Niklas, K.J.1
  • 90
    • 0030756772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of hypothetical developmental barriers and abrupt Changes on adaptive walks in a computer generated domain for early vascular land plants
    • Niklas, K.J. 1997a. Effects of hypothetical developmental barriers and abrupt Changes on adaptive walks in a computer generated domain for early vascular land plants. Paleobiology 23:63-67.
    • (1997) Paleobiology , vol.23 , pp. 63-67
    • Niklas, K.J.1
  • 91
    • 0030909795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size- and age-dependent variation in the properties of sap- and heartwood in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
    • Niklas, K.J. 1997b. Size- and age-dependent variation in the properties of sap- and heartwood in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) Ann. Bot. 79:473-478.
    • (1997) Ann. Bot. , vol.79 , pp. 473-478
    • Niklas, K.J.1
  • 92
    • 0035956999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invariant scaling relationships for interspecific plant biomass production rates and body size
    • Niklas, K.J. and B.J. Enquist. 2001. Invariant scaling relationships for interspecific plant biomass production rates and body size. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98:2922-2927.
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.98 , pp. 2922-2927
    • Niklas, K.J.1    Enquist, B.J.2
  • 93
    • 0036232028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the vegetative biomass partitioning of seed plant leaves, stems, and roots
    • Niklas, K.J. and B.J. Enquist. 2002. On the vegetative biomass partitioning of seed plant leaves, stems, and roots. Am. Nat. 159:482-497.
    • (2002) Am. Nat. , vol.159 , pp. 482-497
    • Niklas, K.J.1    Enquist, B.J.2
  • 94
    • 84976156310 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical and photosynthetic constraints on the evolution of plant shape
    • Niklas, K.J. and V. Kerchner. 1984. Mechanical and photosynthetic constraints on the evolution of plant shape. Paleobiology 10:79-101.
    • (1984) Paleobiology , vol.10 , pp. 79-101
    • Niklas, K.J.1    Kerchner, V.2
  • 95
    • 0024196394 scopus 로고
    • Theory of growth geometry of plants and self-thinning of plant populations: Geometric similarity, elastic similarity, and different growth modes of plant parts
    • Norberg, R.A. 1988. Theory of growth geometry of plants and self-thinning of plant populations: Geometric similarity, elastic similarity, and different growth modes of plant parts. Am. Nat. 131:220-256.
    • (1988) Am. Nat. , vol.131 , pp. 220-256
    • Norberg, R.A.1
  • 96
    • 0011385877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic wood anatomy of tree and subtree species of Nepalese Rhododendron (Ericaceae) and characterization of shrub species
    • Noshiro, S. and M. Suzuki. 2001. Ontogenetic wood anatomy of tree and subtree species of Nepalese Rhododendron (Ericaceae) and characterization of shrub species. Am. J. Bot. 88:560-569.
    • (2001) Am. J. Bot. , vol.88 , pp. 560-569
    • Noshiro, S.1    Suzuki, M.2
  • 97
    • 0024910554 scopus 로고
    • The self-thinning rule: Another interpretation of Weller's results
    • Osawa, A. and S. Suigita. 1989. The self-thinning rule: Another interpretation of Weller's results. Ecology 70:279-283.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 279-283
    • Osawa, A.1    Suigita, S.2
  • 98
    • 0029158707 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of hydraulic architecture of wood plants of differing phylogeny and growth form with special reference to free standing and hemi-epiphytic Ficus species from Panama
    • Patino, S., M.T. Tyree and H. Herre. 1995. Comparison of hydraulic architecture of wood plants of differing phylogeny and growth form with special reference to free standing and hemi-epiphytic Ficus species from Panama. New Phytol. 129:125-134.
    • (1995) New Phytol. , vol.129 , pp. 125-134
    • Patino, S.1    Tyree, M.T.2    Herre, H.3
  • 99
    • 77957291323 scopus 로고
    • Growth studies. VI. On the relative sizes of growing plant organs
    • Pearsall, W.H. 1927. Growth studies. VI. On the relative sizes of growing plant organs. Ann. Bot. 41:549-556.
    • (1927) Ann. Bot. , vol.41 , pp. 549-556
    • Pearsall, W.H.1
  • 101
    • 0029163891 scopus 로고
    • Use of averages versus total biomass in self-thinning relationships
    • Petraitis, P.S. 1995. Use of averages versus total biomass in self-thinning relationships. Ecology 76:656-658.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 656-658
    • Petraitis, P.S.1
  • 102
    • 0033106199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of a near-polar latitude forest from the New Zealand Jurassic
    • Pole, M. 1999. Structure of a near-polar latitude forest from the New Zealand Jurassic. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 147:121-139.
    • (1999) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.147 , pp. 121-139
    • Pole, M.1
  • 103
    • 0000414443 scopus 로고
    • The principle of adequate design
    • Ed. R. Rosen. Academic Press, New York
    • Rashevsky, N. 1973. The principle of adequate design. In Foundations of Mathematical Biology. Vol. III. Ed. R. Rosen. Academic Press, New York, pp 143-175.
    • (1973) Foundations of Mathematical Biology , vol.3 , pp. 143-175
    • Rashevsky, N.1
  • 104
    • 0027337013 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of vascular plants in relation to quantitative functioning of dead water conducting cells and stomata
    • Raven, J.A. 1993. The evolution of vascular plants in relation to quantitative functioning of dead water conducting cells and stomata. Biol. Rev. 68:337-363.
    • (1993) Biol. Rev. , vol.68 , pp. 337-363
    • Raven, J.A.1
  • 105
    • 0023488049 scopus 로고
    • Transport processes and water relations
    • Raven, J.A. and L.L. Handley. 1987. Transport processes and water relations. New Phytol. 106:217-233.
    • (1987) New Phytol. , vol.106 , pp. 217-233
    • Raven, J.A.1    Handley, L.L.2
  • 106
    • 0001636197 scopus 로고
    • Plant resource allocation
    • Reiss, M. 1989. Plant resource allocation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4:379.
    • (1989) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.4 , pp. 379
    • Reiss, M.1
  • 108
    • 0027090948 scopus 로고
    • The applicability of the pipe model theory for the prediction of foliage biomass in trees from natural, untreated black spruce stands
    • Robichaud, E. and I.R. Methven. 1992. The applicability of the pipe model theory for the prediction of foliage biomass in trees from natural, untreated black spruce stands. Can. J. For. Res. 22:1118-1123.
    • (1992) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.22 , pp. 1118-1123
    • Robichaud, E.1    Methven, I.R.2
  • 109
    • 0000187878 scopus 로고
    • Foliar weight and area related to current sapwood area in oak
    • Rogers, R. and T.M. Hinckley. 1979. Foliar weight and area related to current sapwood area in oak. For. Sci. 25:298-303.
    • (1979) For. Sci. , vol.25 , pp. 298-303
    • Rogers, R.1    Hinckley, T.M.2
  • 110
    • 0002048380 scopus 로고
    • Net primary productivity of terrestrial communities: Prediction from climatological data
    • Rosenzweig, M.L. 1968. Net primary productivity of terrestrial communities: Prediction from climatological data. Am. Nat. 102:67-74.
    • (1968) Am. Nat. , vol.102 , pp. 67-74
    • Rosenzweig, M.L.1
  • 111
    • 0030887816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydraulic limits to tree height and tree growth: What keeps trees from growing beyond a certain height?
    • Ryan, M.G. and B.J. Yoder. 1997. Hydraulic limits to tree height and tree growth: What keeps trees from growing beyond a certain height? BioScience 47:235-242.
    • (1997) BioScience , vol.47 , pp. 235-242
    • Ryan, M.G.1    Yoder, B.J.2
  • 112
    • 85007727395 scopus 로고
    • A heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stem of intact plants
    • Sakurantani, T. 1981. A heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stem of intact plants. J. Agric. Meteorol. 37:9-17.
    • (1981) J. Agric. Meteorol. , vol.37 , pp. 9-17
    • Sakurantani, T.1
  • 114
    • 0029887483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mathematical description of water flow through plant tissues
    • Schulte, P.J. and D.G. Costa. 1996. A mathematical description of water flow through plant tissues. J. Theor. Biol. 180:61-70.
    • (1996) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.180 , pp. 61-70
    • Schulte, P.J.1    Costa, D.G.2
  • 115
    • 0022193107 scopus 로고
    • Canopy transpiration and water fluxes in the xylem of the trunk of Larix and Picea trees - A comparison of xylem flow, porometer and cuvette measurements
    • Schulze, E.-D., J. Čermák, R. Matyssek, M. Penka, R. Zimmermann, F. Vasicek, W. Gries and J. Kučera. 1985. Canopy transpiration and water fluxes in the xylem of the trunk of Larix and Picea trees - A comparison of xylem flow, porometer and cuvette measurements. Oecologia 66:475-483.
    • (1985) Oecologia , vol.66 , pp. 475-483
    • Schulze, E.-D.1    Čermák, J.2    Matyssek, R.3    Penka, M.4    Zimmermann, R.5    Vasicek, F.6    Gries, W.7    Kučera, J.8
  • 116
    • 0028257520 scopus 로고
    • Relationships among maximal stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition: A global ecology scaling exercise
    • Schulze, E.-D., F.M. Kelliher, C. Korner, J. Lloyd and R. Leuning. 1994. Relationships among maximal stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition: A global ecology scaling exercise. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25:629-660.
    • (1994) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.25 , pp. 629-660
    • Schulze, E.-D.1    Kelliher, F.M.2    Korner, C.3    Lloyd, J.4    Leuning, R.5
  • 118
    • 0001053744 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative analysis of plant form - The pipe model theory. I. Basic analysis
    • Shinozaki, K., K. Yoda, K. Hozumi and T. Kira. 1964. A quantitative analysis of plant form - The pipe model theory. I. Basic analysis. Jpn. J. Ecol. 14:97-105.
    • (1964) Jpn. J. Ecol. , vol.14 , pp. 97-105
    • Shinozaki, K.1    Yoda, K.2    Hozumi, K.3    Kira, T.4
  • 119
    • 0011431188 scopus 로고
    • The relation between body size and organ size in plants
    • Sinnott, E.W. 1921. The relation between body size and organ size in plants. Am. Nat. 55:385-403.
    • (1921) Am. Nat. , vol.55 , pp. 385-403
    • Sinnott, E.W.1
  • 121
    • 84981619008 scopus 로고
    • Water flow and water storage in Agave deserti: Osmotic implications of crassulacean acid metabolism
    • Smith, J.A.C., P.J. Schulte and P.S. Nobel. 1987. Water flow and water storage in Agave deserti: Osmotic implications of crassulacean acid metabolism. Plant Cell Environ. 10:639-648.
    • (1987) Plant Cell Environ. , vol.10 , pp. 639-648
    • Smith, J.A.C.1    Schulte, P.J.2    Nobel, P.S.3
  • 122
    • 0000604286 scopus 로고
    • The effect of reduced hydraulic conductance on stomatal conductance and xylem cavitation
    • Sperry, J.S., N.N. Alder and S.E. Eastlack 1993. The effect of reduced hydraulic conductance on stomatal conductance and xylem cavitation. J. Exp. Bot. 44:1075-1082.
    • (1993) J. Exp. Bot. , vol.44 , pp. 1075-1082
    • Sperry, J.S.1    Alder, N.N.2    Eastlack, S.E.3
  • 124
    • 0023520329 scopus 로고
    • Lianas as structural parasites: The Bursera simaruba example
    • Stevens, G.C. 1987. Lianas as structural parasites: The Bursera simaruba example. Ecology 68:77-81.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 77-81
    • Stevens, G.C.1
  • 125
    • 0000499724 scopus 로고
    • Fractal analysis of plant root systems
    • Tatsumi, J.A., A. Yamauchi and Y. Kono. 1989. Fractal analysis of plant root systems. Ann. Bot. 64:499-503.
    • (1989) Ann. Bot. , vol.64 , pp. 499-503
    • Tatsumi, J.A.1    Yamauchi, A.2    Kono, Y.3
  • 126
    • 0037932972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptotic height as a predictor of growth and allometric characterizations in Malaysian rain forest trees
    • Thomas, S.C. 1996a. Asymptotic height as a predictor of growth and allometric characterizations in Malaysian rain forest trees. Am. J. Bot. 83:556-566.
    • (1996) Am. J. Bot. , vol.83 , pp. 556-566
    • Thomas, S.C.1
  • 127
    • 0029660406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive allometry in Malaysian rain forest trees: Biomechanics versus optimal allocation
    • Thomas, S.C. 1996b. Reproductive allometry in Malaysian rain forest trees: Biomechanics versus optimal allocation. Evol. Ecol. 10:517-530.
    • (1996) Evol. Ecol. , vol.10 , pp. 517-530
    • Thomas, S.C.1
  • 128
    • 0011385878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thompson D'A.W. 1942
    • Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1116 p.
    • Thompson, D'A.W. 1942. On Growth and Form. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1116 p.
    • On Growth and Form
  • 130
    • 0031041541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: Theoretical considerations
    • Tilman, D., C.L. Lehman and K.T. Thomson. 1997. Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: Theoretical considerations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94:1857-1861.
    • (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.94 , pp. 1857-1861
    • Tilman, D.1    Lehman, C.L.2    Thomson, K.T.3
  • 131
    • 0011480661 scopus 로고
    • Growth of the photosynthetic area of Citrus
    • Turrell, F.M. 1961. Growth of the photosynthetic area of Citrus. Bot. Gaz. 122:284-298.
    • (1961) Bot. Gaz. , vol.122 , pp. 284-298
    • Turrell, F.M.1
  • 132
    • 0000189075 scopus 로고
    • A dynamic model for water flow in a single tree: Evidence that models must account for hydraulic architecture
    • Tyree, M.T. 1988. A dynamic model for water flow in a single tree: Evidence that models must account for hydraulic architecture. Tree Physiol. 4:195-217.
    • (1988) Tree Physiol. , vol.4 , pp. 195-217
    • Tyree, M.T.1
  • 133
    • 0001298584 scopus 로고
    • Hydraulic conductivity of branch junctions in three temperate tree species
    • Tyree, M.T. and J.D. Alexander. 1993. Hydraulic conductivity of branch junctions in three temperate tree species. Trees 7:156-159.
    • (1993) Trees , vol.7 , pp. 156-159
    • Tyree, M.T.1    Alexander, J.D.2
  • 134
    • 84986927503 scopus 로고
    • The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants
    • Tyree, M.T. and F.W. Ewers. 1991. The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants. New Phytol. 119:345-360.
    • (1991) New Phytol. , vol.119 , pp. 345-360
    • Tyree, M.T.1    Ewers, F.W.2
  • 135
    • 0002337466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydraulic architecture of woody tropical plants
    • Eds. S.S. Mulkey, R.L. Chazdon and A.P. Smith. Chapman and Hall, New York
    • Tyree, M.T. and F.W. Ewers. 1996. Hydraulic architecture of woody tropical plants. In Tropical Forest Plant Ecophysiology. Eds. S.S. Mulkey, R.L. Chazdon and A.P. Smith. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 217-243.
    • (1996) Tropical Forest Plant Ecophysiology , pp. 217-243
    • Tyree, M.T.1    Ewers, F.W.2
  • 136
    • 0001311315 scopus 로고
    • Do woody plants operate near the point of catastrophic xylem disfunction caused by dynamic water stress? Answers from a model
    • Tyree, M.T. and J.S. Sperry. 1988. Do woody plants operate near the point of catastrophic xylem disfunction caused by dynamic water stress? Answers from a model. Plant Physiol. 88:574-580.
    • (1988) Plant Physiol. , vol.88 , pp. 574-580
    • Tyree, M.T.1    Sperry, J.S.2
  • 138
    • 0000091085 scopus 로고
    • Water transport in plants as a catenary process
    • Van den Honert, T.H. 1948. Water transport in plants as a catenary process. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 3:146-153.
    • (1948) Discuss. Faraday Soc. , vol.3 , pp. 146-153
    • Van den Honert, T.H.1
  • 139
    • 0020470508 scopus 로고
    • Application of the pipe model theory to predict canopy leaf area
    • Waring, R.H., P.E. Schroeder and R. Oren. 1982. Application of the pipe model theory to predict canopy leaf area. Can. J. For. Res. 12:556-560.
    • (1982) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.12 , pp. 556-560
    • Waring, R.H.1    Schroeder, P.E.2    Oren, R.3
  • 140
    • 0023488306 scopus 로고
    • A re-evaluation of the -3/2 power rule of plant self-thinning
    • Weller, D.E. 1987. A re-evaluation of the -3/2 power rule of plant self-thinning. Ecol. Monogr. 57:23-43.
    • (1987) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.57 , pp. 23-43
    • Weller, D.E.1
  • 141
    • 0024531420 scopus 로고
    • The interspecific size-density relationship among crowded plant stands and its implications for the -3/2 power rule of self-thinning
    • Weller, D.E. 1989. The interspecific size-density relationship among crowded plant stands and its implications for the -3/2 power rule of self-thinning. Am. Nat. 133:20-41.
    • (1989) Am. Nat. , vol.133 , pp. 20-41
    • Weller, D.E.1
  • 142
    • 0001183791 scopus 로고
    • Will the real self-thinning rule please stand up? - A reply to Osawa and Sugita
    • Weller, D.E. 1990. Will the real self-thinning rule please stand up? - A reply to Osawa and Sugita. Ecology 71:1204-1207.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 1204-1207
    • Weller, D.E.1
  • 143
    • 0000534050 scopus 로고
    • The self-thinning rule: Dead or unsupported? - A reply to Lonsdale
    • Weller, D.E. 1991. The self-thinning rule: Dead or unsupported? - A reply to Lonsdale. Ecology 72:747-750.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 747-750
    • Weller, D.E.1
  • 144
    • 0030932272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology
    • West, G.B., J.H. Brown and B.J. Enquist. 1997. A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276:122-126.
    • (1997) Science , vol.276 , pp. 122-126
    • West, G.B.1    Brown, J.H.2    Enquist, B.J.3
  • 145
    • 0033549841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general model for the structure, function, and allometry of plant vascular systems
    • West, G.B., J.H. Brown and B.J. Enquist. 1999a. A general model for the structure, function, and allometry of plant vascular systems. Nature 400:664-667.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 664-667
    • West, G.B.1    Brown, J.H.2    Enquist, B.J.3
  • 146
    • 0033522952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fourth dimension of life: Fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms
    • West, G.B., J.H. Brown and B.J. Enquist. 1999b. The fourth dimension of life: Fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms. Science 284:1677-1679.
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 1677-1679
    • West, G.B.1    Brown, J.H.2    Enquist, B.J.3
  • 147
    • 0035846161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general model for ontogenetic growth
    • West, G.B., J.H. Brown and B.J. Enquist. 2001. A general model for ontogenetic growth. Nature 413:628-631.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.413 , pp. 628-631
    • West, G.B.1    Brown, J.H.2    Enquist, B.J.3
  • 148
    • 0001199775 scopus 로고
    • The self-thinning rule
    • Westoby, M. 1984. The self-thinning rule. Adv. Ecol. Res. 14:167-225.
    • (1984) Adv. Ecol. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 167-225
    • Westoby, M.1
  • 149
    • 0019522908 scopus 로고
    • The allometric interpretation of the self-thinning rule
    • White, J. 1981. The allometric interpretation of the self-thinning rule. J. Theor. Biol. 89:475-500.
    • (1981) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.89 , pp. 475-500
    • White, J.1
  • 150
    • 0002617725 scopus 로고
    • The thinning rule and its application to mixtures of plant populations
    • Ed. J. White. Academic Press, New York
    • White, J. 1985. The thinning rule and its application to mixtures of plant populations. In Studies on Plant Demography: A Festschrift for John L. Harper. Ed. J. White. Academic Press, New York, pp 291-309.
    • (1985) Studies on Plant Demography: A Festschrift for John L. Harper , pp. 291-309
    • White, J.1
  • 151
    • 0002248837 scopus 로고
    • The bifurcation ratio as an indicator of adaptive strategy in woody plant species
    • Whitney, G.G. 1976. The bifurcation ratio as an indicator of adaptive strategy in woody plant species. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 103:67-72.
    • (1976) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. , vol.103 , pp. 67-72
    • Whitney, G.G.1
  • 152
    • 0002012824 scopus 로고
    • Dimension and production relations of trees and shrubs in the brookhaven forest, New York
    • Whittaker, R.H. and G.M. Woodwell. 1968. Dimension and production relations of trees and shrubs in the brookhaven forest, New York. J. Ecol. 57:1-25.
    • (1968) J. Ecol. , vol.57 , pp. 1-25
    • Whittaker, R.H.1    Woodwell, G.M.2
  • 153
    • 0003220402 scopus 로고
    • Hydraulic resistance in Acer saccharum shoots and its influence on leaf water potential and transpiration
    • Yang, S. and M.T. Tyree. 1993. Hydraulic resistance in Acer saccharum shoots and its influence on leaf water potential and transpiration. Tree Physiol. 12:231-242.
    • (1993) Tree Physiol. , vol.12 , pp. 231-242
    • Yang, S.1    Tyree, M.T.2
  • 154
    • 0028076377 scopus 로고
    • Hydraulic architecture of Acer saccharum and A. rubrum: Comparison of branches to whole trees and the contribution of leaves to hydraulic resistance
    • Yang, S. and M.T. Tyree. 1994. Hydraulic architecture of Acer saccharum and A. rubrum: Comparison of branches to whole trees and the contribution of leaves to hydraulic resistance. J. Exp. Bot. 45:179-186.
    • (1994) J. Exp. Bot. , vol.45 , pp. 179-186
    • Yang, S.1    Tyree, M.T.2
  • 155
    • 0000349121 scopus 로고
    • Self-thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivated and natural conditions
    • Yoda, K., T. Kira, H. Ogawa and K. Hozumi. 1963. Self-thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivated and natural conditions. J. Biol. Osaka City Univ. 14:107-129.
    • (1963) J. Biol. Osaka City Univ. , vol.14 , pp. 107-129
    • Yoda, K.1    Kira, T.2    Ogawa, H.3    Hozumi, K.4
  • 156
    • 0002336559 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the total amount of respiration in woody organs of trees and forest communities
    • Yoda, K., K. Shinozaki, H. Ogawa, K. Hozumi and T. Kira. 1965. Estimation of the total amount of respiration in woody organs of trees and forest communities. J. Biol. Osaka City Univ. 16:15-26.
    • (1965) J. Biol. Osaka City Univ. , vol.16 , pp. 15-26
    • Yoda, K.1    Shinozaki, K.2    Ogawa, H.3    Hozumi, K.4    Kira, T.5
  • 157
    • 0001171004 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the 3/2 power law of self-thinning
    • Zeide, B. 1987. Analysis of the 3/2 power law of self-thinning. For. Sci. 33:517-537.
    • (1987) For. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 517-537
    • Zeide, B.1
  • 158
    • 0000765319 scopus 로고
    • Self-thinning and stand density
    • Zeide, B. 1991. Self-thinning and stand density. For. Sci. 37:517-523.
    • (1991) For. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 517-523
    • Zeide, B.1
  • 159
    • 0001260387 scopus 로고
    • Hydraulic architecture of some diffuseporous trees
    • Zimmermann, M.H. 1978a. Hydraulic architecture of some diffuseporous trees. Can. J. Bot. 56:2286-2295.
    • (1978) Can. J. Bot. , vol.56 , pp. 2286-2295
    • Zimmermann, M.H.1
  • 160
    • 0000051333 scopus 로고
    • Structural requirements for optimal water conduction in tree stems
    • Eds. P.B. Tomlinson and M.H. Zimmermann. Cambridge University Press, New York
    • Zimmermann, M.H. 1978b. Structural requirements for optimal water conduction in tree stems. In Tropical Trees as Living Systems. Eds. P.B. Tomlinson and M.H. Zimmermann. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 517-532.
    • (1978) Tropical Trees as Living Systems , pp. 517-532
    • Zimmermann, M.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.