The role of public policies in reducing mental health status disparities for people of color

Health Affairs

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 51-64

  Alegría, Margarita ^a   Pérez, Debra Joy ^b   Williams, Sandra ^c  

^a CAMBRIDGE HEALTH ALLIANCE   (United States)

^b Interfaculty Program in Health Policy   (United States)

^c WELLESLEY COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH SERVICE; HOUSING; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MINORITY GROUP; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; POVERTY; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIOECONOMICS; SOCIOLOGY; STATISTICS; TAX; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; CHILD; EDUCATION, SPECIAL; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HOUSING; HUMANS; INCOME TAX; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; MINORITY GROUPS; POVERTY; SOCIAL CONDITIONS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SOCIOLOGY, MEDICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 1542575729     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: 02782715     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.22.5.51     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. J.M. Wallace, "The Social Ecology of Addiction: Race, Risk, and Resilience," Pediatrics 103, no. 5, Part 2 (1999): 1122-1127;
2. S.L. Buka, "Disparities in Health Status and Substance Use: Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Factors," Public Health Reports 117, no. 1 Supplement (2002): S118-S125;
3. and U.E. Reinhardt, P.S. Hussey, and G.F. Anderson, "Cross-National Comparisons of Health Systems Using OECD Data, 1999," Health Affairs (May/June 2002): 169-181.
4. S. Schwartz, E. Susser, and M. Susser, "A Future for Epidemiology," Annual Review of Public Health 20 (1999): 15-33.
5. R.C. Kessler et al., "Lifetime and Twelve-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey," Archives of General Psychiatry 51, no. 1 (1994): 8-19.
6. J.Y. Nazroo, "Rethinking the Relationship between Ethnicity and Mental Health: The British Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities," Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, no. 4 (1998): 145-148.
7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health, a Report of the Surgeon General (Rockville, Md.: DHHS, 2001).
8. Culture, Race, and Ethnicity: A Supplement to Mental Health, a Report of the Surgeon General ( 2001 Ibid.
9. U.S. Department of Justice, Youth Victimization: Prevalence and Implications, April 2003, www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/194972.pdf (6 June 2003).
10. DOJ, Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence, July 2000, www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/181867. pdf (6 June 2003).
11. Buka, "Disparities in Health Status and Substance Use";
12. and Wallace, "The Social Ecology of Addiction."
13. See, for example, Institute of Medicine, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (Washington: National Academies Press, 2002);
14. M. Alegría, "Inequalities in Use of Specialty Mental Health Services among Latinos, African Americans, and Non-Latino Whites," Psychiatric Services 53, no. 12 (2002): 1547-1555;
15. and T.A. LaViest, "Measuring Disparities in Health Care Quality and Service Utilization," in Guidance for the National Healthcare Disparities Report, ed. E.K. Swift (Washington: National Academies Press, 2002).
16. DHHS, Culture, Race, and Ethnicity.
17. National Center for Health Statistics, "Figure 1.3: Age-Sex-Adjusted Percent of Persons without Health Insurance Coverage, by Race/Ethnicity: All Ages, United States, Quarter One 2002," 25 October 2002, www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhis/released200209/figure01_3.htm (12 December 2002).
18. T. Fryers, D. Melzer, and R. Jenkins, "Social Inequalities and the Common Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Evidence," Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 38, no. 5 (2003): 229-237.
19. World Health Organization, Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope, World Health Report 2001, www. who.int/whr2001/2001/main/en/pdf/whr2001.en.pdf (6 June 2003).
20. R.G. Bratt, "A Withering Commitment," July/August 1997, www.nhi.org/online/issues/94/bratt.html (6 June 2003);
21. P. Pardini, "The History of Special Education," Rethinking Schools Online, Spring 2002, www. rethinkingschools.org/archive/16_03/Hist163. shtml (6 June 2003);
22. and Internal Revenue Service, "EITC Overview," www.irs.gov/individuals/article/0.d=96406,00.html (6 June 2003).
23. S. Newman, "The Housing and Neighborhood Conditions of Persons with Severe Mental Illness," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45, no. 4 (1994): 338-343;
24. and R.V. Burkhauser, "Minimum Wage: Reviewing Recent Evidence of Its Impact on Poverty," Testimony prepared for House Committee on Education and the Workforce, 27 April 1999, edworkforce.house.gov/hearings/106th/fc/ minwage42799/burkhauser.htm (6 June 2003).
25. F. North et al., "Explaining Socioeconomic Differences in Sickness Absence: The Whitehall II Study," British Medical Journal 306, no. 306 (1993): 361-366;
26. L. Syme, B. Lefkowitz, and B.K. Krimgold, "Incorporating Socioeconomic Factors into U.S. Health Policy: Addressing the Barriers," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2002): 113-118;
27. and N.E. Adler and K. Newman, "Socioeconomic Disparities and Health: Pathways and Policies," Health Affairs (Mar/Apr 2002): 60-76.
28. W.W. Eaton et al., "Socioeconomic Status and Depressive Syndrome: The Role of Inter- and Intra-Generational Mobility, Government Assistance, and Work Environment," Journal of Health and Social Behavior (September 2001): 277-294;
29. and Syme et al., "Incorporating Socioeconomic Factors into U.S. Health Policy."
30. M.J. Chartier, J.R. Walker, and M.B. Stein, "Social Phobia and Potential Childhood Risk Factors in a Community Sample," Psychological Medicine 31, no. 2 (2001): 307-315.
31. I.H. Yen and S.L. Syme, "The Social Environment and Health: A Discussion of the Epidemiologic Literature," Annual Review of Public Health 20 (1999): 287-308.
32. IOM, "Understanding Health and Its Determinants," chap. 2 in Improving Health in the Community: A Role for Performance Monitoring, 1997, www.nap.edu/openbook/0309055342/html/40.html (6 June 2003)
33. J. Thorton, "Estimating a Health Production Function for the U.S.: Some New Evidence," Applied Economics 34, no. 1 (2002): 59-62.
34. J.B. McKinlay and LD. Marceau, "A Tale of Three Tails," American Journal of Public Health 89, no. 3 (1999): 295-298.
35. T. Blackman and J. Harvey, "Housing Renewal and Mental Health: A Case Study," Journal of Mental Health (October 2001): 571-583;
36. and S. Goldston, "Cost Analysis and Primary Prevention: A Sound Idea Whose Time Has Come," Journal of Mental Health 7, no. 5 (1998): 505-518.
37. C.E. Holzer et al., "The Increased Risk for Specific Psychiatric Disorders among Persons of Low Socioeconomic Status," American Journal of Psychiatry 6, no. 4 (1986): 259-271;
38. D.P. Dohrenwend, "Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorders: The Causation-Selection Issue," Science 21, no. 255 (1992): 946-952;
39. Kessler et al., "Lifetime and Twelve-Month Prevalence";
40. and M. Alegría et al., "Income Differences in Persons Seeking Outpatient Treatment for Mental Disorders: A Comparison of the United States with Ontario and the Netherlands," Archives of General Psychiatry 57, no. 4 (2000): 383-391.
41. Dohrenwend, "Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorders."
42. C. Grootaert, "Social Capital The Missing Link?" in Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life, ed. E.M. Uslaner (London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2001), 9-29.
43. V.A. Freedman and L.G. Martin, "The Role of Education in Explaining and Forecasting Trends in Functional Limitations among Older Americans," Demography 36, no. 4 (1999): 461-473;
44. and Wallace, "The Social Ecology of Addiction."
45. Blackman and Harvey, "Housing Renewal and Mental Health."
46. Newman, "The Housing and Neighborhood Conditions."
47. C.E. Ross and J. Mirowsky, "Refining the Association between Education and Health: The Effects of Quantity, Credential, and Selectivity," Demography 36, no. 4 (1999): 445-460.
48. Chartier et al., "Social Phobia and Potential Childhood Risk Factors";
49. and M.M. Wagner, "Outcomes for Youths with Serious Emotional Disturbance in Secondary School and Early Adulthood," Critical Issues for Children and Youths 5, no. 2 (1995): 90-112.
50. Freedman and Martin, "The Role of Education."
51. G.C. Murphy and J.A. Athanasou, "The Effect of Unemployment on Mental Health," Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology 72, no. 1 (1999): 83-99.
52. P.A. Simmons, "Changes in Minority Homeownership during the 1990s," September 2001, www.fannie maefoundation.org/programs/ census_notes_7.shtml (18 July 2003).
53. M.A. Turner, S. Popkin, and M. Cunningham, Section 8 Mobility and Neighborhood Health: Emerging Issues and Policy Challenges, April 2000, www.urban.org/community/sec8_mobility.html (11 November 2002).
54. National Center for Education Statistics, "The Nation's Report Card: Science Highlights 2000," 2000, nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/ main2000/2002452.pdf (18 June 2003);
55. NCES, "The Nation's Report Card: Mathematics Highlights 2000," 2000, nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2000/2001518.pdf (18 June 2003);
56. and NCES, "The Nation's Report Card: Fourth-Grade Reading Highlights 2000," 2000, nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2001513 (18 June 2003).
57. NCES, The Condition of Education 2002, 2002, nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/ 2002025.pdf (18 June 2003).
58. U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty in the United States: 2001, September 2002, www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p60-219.pdf (30 July 2003);
59. and Money Income in the United States, 2001, September 2002, www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p60-218.pdf (30 July 2003).
60. S. Haider, "Earnings Instability and Earnings Inequality of Males in the United States: 1967-1991," Journal of Labor Economics 19, no. 4 (2001): 799-836.
61. A. Diez-Roux, F. Nieto, and C. Muntaner, "Neighborhood Environments and Coronary Heart Disease: A Multilevel Analysis," American Journal of Epidemiology 146, no. 1 (1997): 48-63;
62. D.G. Smith et al., "Individual Social Class, Area-Based Deprivation, Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, and Mortality: The Renfrew and Paisley Study," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 52, no. 1 (1998): 399-405;
63. and D.R. Williams and C. Collins, "Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health," Public Health Reports 116, no. 5 (2001): 404-416.
64. M. Ferrada-Noli, "Health and Socioeconomic Indicators in Psychiatric Catchment Areas with Divergent Suicide Rates," Psychological Reports 81, no. 2 (1997): 611-619;
65. R.J. Sampson, S.W. Raudenbush, and F. Earls, "Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy," Science 277, no. 5328 (1997): 918-924;
66. and F. Furstenberg and M.E. Hughes, "The Influence of Neighborhoods on Children's Development: A Theoretical Perspective and a Research Agenda," in Neighborhood Poverty, Vol. 2: Policy Implications in Studying Neighborhoods, ed. J. Brooks-Gunn, G. Duncan, and J.L. Aber (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997), 23-47.
67. S. Newman, "The Effects of Independent Living on Persons with Chronic Mental Illness: An Assessment of the Section 8 Certificate Program," Milbank Quarterly 72, no. 1 (1994): 171-199.
68. D. Devine, "Persons with Disabilities Assisted under the Section 8 Mainstream Set-Aside Program," Washington D.C. City-Scape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 5, no. 1 (2000): 231-235.
69. S.J. Popkin, L.E. Harris, and M.K. Cunningham, Families in Transition: A Qualitative Analysis of the MTO Experience Final Report (Washington: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2002), 1, 118.
70. Turner et al., Section 8 Mobility.
71. M. Finkel and L. Buron, Study on Section 8 Voucher Success Rates, Volume 1: Quantitative Study of Success Rates in Metropolitan Areas, November 2001, www.huduser.org/publications/pdf/sec8success.pdf (chaps. 2-3) (18 July 2003).
72. Turner et al., Section 8 Mobility.
73. Popkin et al., Families in Transition.
74. L.F. Katz, J.R. Kling, and J.B. Liebman, "Moving to Opportunity in Boston: Early Results of a Randomized Mobility Experiment," Quarterly Journal of Economics 116, no. 2 (2001): 607-654.
75. Popkin et al., Families in Transition;
76. and Turner et al., Section 8 Mobility.
77. Katz et al., "Moving to Opportunity in Boston."
78. Katz Moving to Opportunity in Boston Ibid.
79. Popkin et al., Families in Transition.
80. Turner et al., Section 8 Mobility.
81. Finkel and Buron, Study on Section 8 Voucher Success Rates.
82. J. Hartung and J. Henig, "Housing Vouchers and Certificates as a Vehicle for Deconcentrating the Poor: Evidence from the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area," Urban Affairs Review 32, no. 3 (1997): 403-419.
83. M. Bopp and C. Minder, "Mortality by Education in German-Speaking Switzerland, 1990-1997: Results from the Swiss National Cohort," International Journal of Epidemiology 32, no. 3 (2003): 346-354.
84. R.V. Bijl et al., "The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS): Objectives and Design," Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, no. 12 (1998): 581-586.
85. D.P. Goldman and J.P. Smith, "Can Patient Self-Management Help Explain the SES Health Gradient?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) 99, no. 16 (2002): 10929-10934.
86. National Council on Disability, Back to School on Civil Rights, 25 January 2000, www.ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/pdf/backtoschool.pdf (18 June 2003).
87. P. Robertson et al., "An Update of Participation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Special Education: The Need for a Research and Policy Agenda," Bilingual Special Education Perspective 14, no. 1 (1994): 3-9.
88. T. Parrish, "Racial Disparities in Identification, Funding, and Provision of Special Education," in Racial Inequity in Special Education, ed. D.J. Losen and G. Orfield (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Education Press, 2002).
89. NCD, Back to School on Civil Rights.
90. Office of Special Education Programs, U.S. Department of Education, "Twenty-third Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act," 2001, www.ed.gov/offices/ OSERS/OSEP/Products/OSEP2001AnlRpt/ (6 June 2003).
91. D.J. Losen and G. Orfield, "Introduction," in Racial Inquiry in Special Education, ed. Losen and Orfield, xv-xxxvii.
92. Civil Rights Project at Harvard University, "Racial Disparities in Special Education: National Trends," 2002, www.civilrightsproject.harvard. edu/resources/specialed/racial_disparities.pdf (22 November 2002).
93. Losen and Orfield, "Introduction."
94. Wagner, "Outcomes for Youths."
95. W.G. Albee and K. Ryan, "An Overview of Primary Prevention," Journal of Mental Health 7, no. 5 (1998): 441-449.
96. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, "A Profile of the Working Poor, 2000," Report 957, March 2002, www.bls.gov/cps/cpswp2000. htm (18 June 2003).
97. M.E. Enchautegui, "Low-Skilled Immigrants and the Changing American Labor Market," Population and Development Review 24, no. 4 (1998): 811-824.
98. V.J. Hotz, C.H. Mullin, and J.K. Scholz, "The Earned Income Tax Credit and Labor Market Participation of Families on Welfare," January 2001, www.jcpr.org/wpfiles/hotz_mullin_scholz_final.pdf (18 July 2003).
99. V.J. Hotz, C.H. Mullin, and J.K. Scholz, The Earned Income Tax Credit and Labor Market Participation of Families on Welfare Ibid.;
100. and D. Neumark and W. Wascher, "Using the EITC to Help Poor Families: New Evidence and a Comparison with Minimum Wage," National Tax Journal 54, no. 2 (2001): 281-317.
101. D. Neumark and W. Wascher, "State-Level Estimates of Minimum Wage Effects: New Evidence and Interpretations from Disequilibrium Methods," Journal of Human Resources 37, no. 1 (2002): 35-62.
102. T.M. Smeeding et al., "The EITC: Expectation, Knowledge, Use, and Economic and Social Mobility," National Tax Journal 53 (2000): 1187-1219;
103. and R. Greenstein, "Welfare Reform's Hidden Ally," American Prospect 13, no. 13 (2002): A35-A36.
104. R.V. Burkhauser, "Beyond Stereotypes: Targeting Public Policy toward the Doubly Disabled," American Enterprise 3, no. 5 (1992): 60-69.
105. Hotz et al., "The Earned Income Tax Credit."
106. K. Porter et al., Strengths of the Saftey Net: How the EITC, Social Security, and Other Government Programs Affect Poverty (Washington: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2002).
107. K.R. Phillips, "The Earned Income Tax Credit: Knowledge Is Money," Political Science Quarterly 116, no. 3 (2001): 413-424.
108. President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, "Interim Report of the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health," 2003, www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/reports/Interim_Report. htm (18 July 2003)
109. J. Wildman, "Modelling Health, Income, and Income Inequality: The Impact of Income Inequality on Health and Health Inequality," Journal of Health Economics 22, no. 4 (2003): 521-538.