The city as a context for scientific activity: Creating the Mediziner-Viertel in fin-de-siècle Vienna

Endeavour

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 39-44

  Rentetzi, Maria ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; NATURAL SCIENCES; SOCIAL ASPECTS; SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS;

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE;

SOCIAL SCIENCES;

AUSTRIA; CITY PLANNING; FEMALE; HISTORY; HUMAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; ORGANIZATION; REVIEW;

ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTES; AUSTRIA; CITY PLANNING; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; WOMEN;

EID: 1542321074     PISSN: 01609327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.01.013     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. The Chemistry and Physics Institutes were expelled into the 3rd district of the city. The medical faculty was housed in the Josephinum at Währingerstrasse, in the 9th district, and later moved to the old artillery industry in the corner of Schwarzspanierstrasse and Währingerstrasse, behind the Votivkirche. Only the Faculty of Theology had moved to Stadkonvikt, in Dr. Ignaz-Seipel Platz next to the Academy of Sciences in the inner city, where lectures on philosophy and law were also held. Wibiral, N. and Mikula, R. (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse Bild Einer Epoche. Band VIII. Heinrich von Ferstel, Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH, p. 44.
2. Schorske C. Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture. 1980;Vintage Books. p. 31.
3. On the architecture of Vienna's University, see Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse; Plassmeyer, P. (1999) Nineteenth century architecture: from classicism to the era of the Ringstrasse, 1790-1890. In Vienna: Art and Architecture (Toman, R., ed), pp. 144-215, Könemann.
4. On the architecture of Vienna's University, see Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse; Plassmeyer, P. (1999) Nineteenth century architecture: from classicism to the era of the Ringstrasse, 1790-1890. In Vienna: Art and Architecture (Toman, R., ed), pp. 144-215, Könemann.
5. See Plaschka, R.G. (1986) Universität 1884- Haus mit neuen Weichenstellungen. Die Universität Wien in den Herausforderungen der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts.' In 100 Jahre Universität am Ring: Wissenschaft und Forschung an der Universität Wien seit 1884 (Hamann, G. et al., eds), pp. 9-25, Schriftenreihe des Universitätsarchivs, Band 3, Universität Wien.
6. On the history of medicine in Vienna, see Fischer, I. (1938) Geschichte der Geselschaft der Ärtze in Wien 1837-1937, Verlag von Julius Springer; Neuburger, M. (1943) British Medicine and the Vienna School: Contacts and Parallels. London; Wyklicky, H. (1986) Zur Entwicklung der Medizinishen Forschung in Wien. In 100 Jahre Universität am Ring (Hamann, G. et al., eds), pp. 35-41; Wyklicky, H. (1990) Das Institut für Geschichte der Medizin der Universität, Wien, Universität Wien.
7. On the history of medicine in Vienna, see Fischer, I. (1938) Geschichte der Geselschaft der Ärtze in Wien 1837-1937, Verlag von Julius Springer; Neuburger, M. (1943) British Medicine and the Vienna School: Contacts and Parallels. London; Wyklicky, H. (1986) Zur Entwicklung der Medizinishen Forschung in Wien. In 100 Jahre Universität am Ring (Hamann, G. et al., eds), pp. 35-41; Wyklicky, H. (1990) Das Institut für Geschichte der Medizin der Universität, Wien, Universität Wien.
8. On the history of medicine in Vienna, see Fischer, I. (1938) Geschichte der Geselschaft der Ärtze in Wien 1837-1937, Verlag von Julius Springer; Neuburger, M. (1943) British Medicine and the Vienna School: Contacts and Parallels. London; Wyklicky, H. (1986) Zur Entwicklung der Medizinishen Forschung in Wien. In 100 Jahre Universität am Ring (Hamann, G. et al., eds), pp. 35-41; Wyklicky, H. (1990) Das Institut für Geschichte der Medizin der Universität, Wien, Universität Wien.
9. On the history of medicine in Vienna, see Fischer, I. (1938) Geschichte der Geselschaft der Ärtze in Wien 1837-1937, Verlag von Julius Springer; Neuburger, M. (1943) British Medicine and the Vienna School: Contacts and Parallels. London; Wyklicky, H. (1986) Zur Entwicklung der Medizinishen Forschung in Wien. In 100 Jahre Universität am Ring (Hamann, G. et al., eds), pp. 35-41; Wyklicky, H. (1990) Das Institut für Geschichte der Medizin der Universität, Wien, Universität Wien.
10. Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse, p. 49. As Jeffrey Johnson argues for the case of Germany, between 1866 and 1914 chemistry was the first among all disciplines in the philosophical faculties to acquire its own institute. The German chemical industry, particularly the coal-tar dye industry, and the demands from fields like pharmacy and medicine for workers with chemical training justified the government's investment. See Johnson, J. (1985) Academic chemistry in imperial Germany. Isis 76, 500-524. See also Meyer-Thurow, G. (1982) The industrialization of invention: a case study from the German chemical industry. Isis 73, 363-381. In the case of Vienna the situation was similar. The textile industry, the most prosperous industry in Austria, required chemists as well. See Schorske (1980) Fin-de-siècle Vienna, pp. 58-59; Okey, R. (2001) The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse, St. Martin's Press; Rosner, R. (2002) Organic chemistry in the Habsburg Empire between 1845-1865. Ambix 49, 112-126.
11. Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse, p. 49. As Jeffrey Johnson argues for the case of Germany, between 1866 and 1914 chemistry was the first among all disciplines in the philosophical faculties to acquire its own institute. The German chemical industry, particularly the coal-tar dye industry, and the demands from fields like pharmacy and medicine for workers with chemical training justified the government's investment. See Johnson, J. (1985) Academic chemistry in imperial Germany. Isis 76, 500-524. See also Meyer-Thurow, G. (1982) The industrialization of invention: a case study from the German chemical industry. Isis 73, 363-381. In the case of Vienna the situation was similar. The textile industry, the most prosperous industry in Austria, required chemists as well. See Schorske (1980) Fin-de-siècle Vienna, pp. 58-59; Okey, R. (2001) The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse, St. Martin's Press; Rosner, R. (2002) Organic chemistry in the Habsburg Empire between 1845-1865. Ambix 49, 112-126.
12. Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse, p. 49. As Jeffrey Johnson argues for the case of Germany, between 1866 and 1914 chemistry was the first among all disciplines in the philosophical faculties to acquire its own institute. The German chemical industry, particularly the coal-tar dye industry, and the demands from fields like pharmacy and medicine for workers with chemical training justified the government's investment. See Johnson, J. (1985) Academic chemistry in imperial Germany. Isis 76, 500-524. See also Meyer-Thurow, G. (1982) The industrialization of invention: a case study from the German chemical industry. Isis 73, 363-381. In the case of Vienna the situation was similar. The textile industry, the most prosperous industry in Austria, required chemists as well. See Schorske (1980) Fin-de-siècle Vienna, pp. 58-59; Okey, R. (2001) The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse, St. Martin's Press; Rosner, R. (2002) Organic chemistry in the Habsburg Empire between 1845-1865. Ambix 49, 112-126.
13. Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse, p. 49. As Jeffrey Johnson argues for the case of Germany, between 1866 and 1914 chemistry was the first among all disciplines in the philosophical faculties to acquire its own institute. The German chemical industry, particularly the coal-tar dye industry, and the demands from fields like pharmacy and medicine for workers with chemical training justified the government's investment. See Johnson, J. (1985) Academic chemistry in imperial Germany. Isis 76, 500-524. See also Meyer-Thurow, G. (1982) The industrialization of invention: a case study from the German chemical industry. Isis 73, 363-381. In the case of Vienna the situation was similar. The textile industry, the most prosperous industry in Austria, required chemists as well. See Schorske (1980) Fin-de-siècle Vienna, pp. 58-59; Okey, R. (2001) The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse, St. Martin's Press; Rosner, R. (2002) Organic chemistry in the Habsburg Empire between 1845-1865. Ambix 49, 112-126.
14. Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse, p. 49. As Jeffrey Johnson argues for the case of Germany, between 1866 and 1914 chemistry was the first among all disciplines in the philosophical faculties to acquire its own institute. The German chemical industry, particularly the coal-tar dye industry, and the demands from fields like pharmacy and medicine for workers with chemical training justified the government's investment. See Johnson, J. (1985) Academic chemistry in imperial Germany. Isis 76, 500-524. See also Meyer-Thurow, G. (1982) The industrialization of invention: a case study from the German chemical industry. Isis 73, 363-381. In the case of Vienna the situation was similar. The textile industry, the most prosperous industry in Austria, required chemists as well. See Schorske (1980) Fin-de-siècle Vienna, pp. 58-59; Okey, R. (2001) The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse, St. Martin's Press; Rosner, R. (2002) Organic chemistry in the Habsburg Empire between 1845-1865. Ambix 49, 112-126.
15. Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse, p. 49. As Jeffrey Johnson argues for the case of Germany, between 1866 and 1914 chemistry was the first among all disciplines in the philosophical faculties to acquire its own institute. The German chemical industry, particularly the coal-tar dye industry, and the demands from fields like pharmacy and medicine for workers with chemical training justified the government's investment. See Johnson, J. (1985) Academic chemistry in imperial Germany. Isis 76, 500-524. See also Meyer-Thurow, G. (1982) The industrialization of invention: a case study from the German chemical industry. Isis 73, 363-381. In the case of Vienna the situation was similar. The textile industry, the most prosperous industry in Austria, required chemists as well. See Schorske (1980) Fin-de-siècle Vienna, pp. 58-59; Okey, R. (2001) The Habsburg Monarchy: From Enlightenment to Eclipse, St. Martin's Press; Rosner, R. (2002) Organic chemistry in the Habsburg Empire between 1845-1865. Ambix 49, 112-126.
16. Michl, H. (1950) Geschichte des Studienfaches Chemie an der Universität Wien in der Letzten Hundert Jahren. PhD Thesis. University of Vienna.
17. Redtenbacher had been a student and close collaborator of Justus Liebig, director of Giessen's chemical laboratory and central figure in the development of German organic chemistry in the early-19th century. For a recent account of the Giesssen model of chemistry see Rocke, A. (2003) Origins and spread of the 'Giessen Model' in university science. Ambix 50, 90-115. On the architecture of the Chemistry Institute see Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse.
18. Redtenbacher had been a student and close collaborator of Justus Liebig, director of Giessen's chemical laboratory and central figure in the development of German organic chemistry in the early-19th century. For a recent account of the Giesssen model of chemistry see Rocke, A. (2003) Origins and spread of the 'Giessen Model' in university science. Ambix 50, 90-115. On the architecture of the Chemistry Institute see Wibiral and Mikula (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse.
19. Before Schneider accepted his position as director of the second Chemistry Laboratory, he was the director of the chemistry laboratory in the Josephinum, the medical school for military physicians. Schönfeld, T. and Ipser, H. (1996) Die Geschichte der Chemie an der Universität Wien und des Instituts für Anorganische Chemie. Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Wien.
20. Brinda-Konopik, N. (1992) Robert Wilhelm Bunsen und die Chemische Schule an der Universität Wien (Alma Mater Rudolphina). In Bunsentagung 1992 Wien, pp. 2-13, Fredinand Berger.
21. Cercignani C. Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms. 1998;Oxford University Press. p. 6.
22. Wibiral and Mikula. (1974) Die Wiener Ringstrasse, p. 61.
23. Meitner, L. (1964) Looking back. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 20, 2-7; Benndorf, H. (1926) Worte der Erinnerung an Franz Exner. Nachlass Exner, Archive, Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
24. Meitner, L. (1964) Looking back. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 20, 2-7; Benndorf, H. (1926) Worte der Erinnerung an Franz Exner. Nachlass Exner, Archive, Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
25. On the history of Vienna's Physics Institutes see Hittner, L. (1949) Geschichte des Studienfaches Physik an der Wiener Universität in der Letzten Hundert Jahren. PhD Thesis, University of Vienna; Lintner, K. and Schmid, E. (1965) Das II. Physikalisches Institut der Universität Wien. In Aufgaben der Universität Wien in Gegenwart und Zukunft Aufsätze zur 600-Jahrerer, Wien; Reiter, W. (2001) Vienna: a random walk in science. Physics in Perspective 3, 462-489; Rentetzi, M. (2003) Gender, Politics, and Radioactivity Research in Vienna, 1910-1938, PhD Thesis, Virginia Tech.
26. On the history of Vienna's Physics Institutes see Hittner, L. (1949) Geschichte des Studienfaches Physik an der Wiener Universität in der Letzten Hundert Jahren. PhD Thesis, University of Vienna; Lintner, K. and Schmid, E. (1965) Das II. Physikalisches Institut der Universität Wien. In Aufgaben der Universität Wien in Gegenwart und Zukunft Aufsätze zur 600-Jahrerer, Wien; Reiter, W. (2001) Vienna: a random walk in science. Physics in Perspective 3, 462-489; Rentetzi, M. (2003) Gender, Politics, and Radioactivity Research in Vienna, 1910-1938, PhD Thesis, Virginia Tech.
27. On the history of Vienna's Physics Institutes see Hittner, L. (1949) Geschichte des Studienfaches Physik an der Wiener Universität in der Letzten Hundert Jahren. PhD Thesis, University of Vienna; Lintner, K. and Schmid, E. (1965) Das II. Physikalisches Institut der Universität Wien. In Aufgaben der Universität Wien in Gegenwart und Zukunft Aufsätze zur 600-Jahrerer, Wien; Reiter, W. (2001) Vienna: a random walk in science. Physics in Perspective 3, 462-489; Rentetzi, M. (2003) Gender, Politics, and Radioactivity Research in Vienna, 1910-1938, PhD Thesis, Virginia Tech.
28. On the history of Vienna's Physics Institutes see Hittner, L. (1949) Geschichte des Studienfaches Physik an der Wiener Universität in der Letzten Hundert Jahren. PhD Thesis, University of Vienna; Lintner, K. and Schmid, E. (1965) Das II. Physikalisches Institut der Universität Wien. In Aufgaben der Universität Wien in Gegenwart und Zukunft Aufsätze zur 600-Jahrerer, Wien; Reiter, W. (2001) Vienna: a random walk in science. Physics in Perspective 3, 462-489; Rentetzi, M. (2003) Gender, Politics, and Radioactivity Research in Vienna, 1910-1938, PhD Thesis, Virginia Tech.
29. Benndorf (1926) Worte der Erinnerung.
30. Stewart, L. (1999) Other centers of calculation, or, where the Royal Society did not count: commerce, coffee-houses and natural philosophy in early modern London. Brit. J. Hist. Sci. 32, 133-153; Levere, T. (2002) Public and private science at home and abroad: networks among chemists, physicians and industrialists in the 1780s. Endeavour 26, 107-112.
31. Stewart, L. (1999) Other centers of calculation, or, where the Royal Society did not count: commerce, coffee-houses and natural philosophy in early modern London. Brit. J. Hist. Sci. 32, 133-153; Levere, T. (2002) Public and private science at home and abroad: networks among chemists, physicians and industrialists in the 1780s. Endeavour 26, 107-112.
32. Heise U. Kaffee und Kaffeehaus: Die Geschichte des Kaffees. 2002;Insel Verlag.
33. Janik A., Toulmin S. Wittgenstein's Vienna. 1973;Touchtone. p. 34.
34. Przibram, K. (1959) Erinnerungen an ein altes physikalisches Institut. In Beiträge zur Physik und Chemie des 20. Jahrhunderts (Frisch, O.R. et al., eds), pp. 1-6, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, p. 1.
35. Tuma, R. (1990) Die österreichischen Studentinnen der Universität Wien (ab 1897). In 'Durch Erkenntnis zu Freiheit und Glück' Frauen an der Universität Wien (Heindl, W. and Tichy, M., eds), pp. 79-107, Schriftenreihe des Universitätsarchivs, Band 5, Universität Wien, p. 80. On the early feminist movement in Vienna see Anderson, H. (1992) Utopian Feminism: Women's Movements in fin-de-siècle Vienna, Yale University Press.
36. Tuma, R. (1990) Die österreichischen Studentinnen der Universität Wien (ab 1897). In 'Durch Erkenntnis zu Freiheit und Glück' Frauen an der Universität Wien (Heindl, W. and Tichy, M., eds), pp. 79-107, Schriftenreihe des Universitätsarchivs, Band 5, Universität Wien, p. 80. On the early feminist movement in Vienna see Anderson, H. (1992) Utopian Feminism: Women's Movements in fin-de-siècle Vienna, Yale University Press.
37. Bischof, B. (2000) Frauen am Wiener Institut für Radiumforschung, MA Thesis, University of Vienna; Rentetzi (2003) Gender, Politics and Radioactivity Research.
38. Bischof, B. (2000) Frauen am Wiener Institut für Radiumforschung, MA Thesis, University of Vienna; Rentetzi (2003) Gender, Politics and Radioactivity Research.
39. For example, during the 1920s the mathematician Walter Mayer, Privatdozent at the University of Vienna, owned a small café near the institute of mathematics at the Mediziner-Viertel. There, he introduced the mathematician Olga Taussky-Todd. She was also acquainted with the Vienna circle and attended the meetings of the mathematicians at Café Herrenhof in the inner city. Taussky-Todd, O. (1985) Olga Taussky-Todd: an autobiographical essay. In Mathematical People: Profiles and Interviews (Albers, D. and Alexaderson, G., eds), pp. 309-336, Birkhäuser, pp. 317-318. Also Café Schottentor, across the University, was then a meeting point of Vienna's scientific, political and artistic circles, including women such as the journalist and author Hilde Spiel. Herrberg, H. and Wagner, H. (2002) Wiener Melange: Frauen zwischen Salon und Kaffeehaus, Edition Ebersbach.
40. For example, during the 1920s the mathematician Walter Mayer, Privatdozent at the University of Vienna, owned a small café near the institute of mathematics at the Mediziner-Viertel. There, he introduced the mathematician Olga Taussky-Todd. She was also acquainted with the Vienna circle and attended the meetings of the mathematicians at Café Herrenhof in the inner city. Taussky-Todd, O. (1985) Olga Taussky-Todd: an autobiographical essay. In Mathematical People: Profiles and Interviews (Albers, D. and Alexaderson, G., eds), pp. 309-336, Birkhäuser, pp. 317-318. Also Café Schottentor, across the University, was then a meeting point of Vienna's scientific, political and artistic circles, including women such as the journalist and author Hilde Spiel. Herrberg, H. and Wagner, H. (2002) Wiener Melange: Frauen zwischen Salon und Kaffeehaus, Edition Ebersbach.