Toxicological evaluation of expanded shredded tobacco stems

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 631-639

  Theophilus, Eugenia H ^a   Pence, Deborah H ^a   Meckley, Daniel R ^a   Higuchi, Mark A ^a   Bombick, Betsy R ^a   Borgerding, Michael F ^a   Ayres, Paul H ^a   Swauger, James E ^a  

^a R J REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cigarette; Expanded tobacco stems; In vitro; In vivo; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

TOBACCO SMOKE;

AMES TEST; ANALYTIC METHOD; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; EVALUATION; FEMALE; GENOTOXICITY; INHALATION; MALE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; RAT; SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE; SKIN TUMOR; TECHNOLOGY; TOBACCO; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; TOXICITY;

ANIMALS; CARCINOGENICITY TESTS; CHO CELLS; CRICETINAE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; MALE; MICE; MICE, INBRED SENCAR; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; PLANTS, TOXIC; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE; SKIN; SKIN NEOPLASMS; SMOKE; SMOKING; TOBACCO; TOBACCO INDUSTRY;

NICOTIANA TABACUM;

EID: 1542286196     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.11.008     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Avalos J.T., Lawlor T.E., Fowler K.W., Bombick B.R., Doolittle D.J. A comparison of the effectiveness of Salmonella strains for detecting mutagenicity of a cigarette smoke condensate. Environ. Molec. Mutagen. 37 Supplement. 32:2001;19.
2. Ayres P.H., Hayes J.R., Higuchi M.A., Mosberg A.T., Sagartz J.W. Subchronic inhalation by rats of mainstream smoke from a cigarette that primarily heats tobacco compared to a cigarette that burns tobacco. Inhal. Toxicol. 13:2001;149-186.
3. Bernstein L., Kaldor J., McCann J., Pike M.C. An empirical approach to the statistical analysis of mutagenesis data from the Salmonella test. Mutat. Res. 97:1982;267-281.
4. Bombick B.R., Murli H., Avalos J.T., Bombick D.W., Morgan W.T., Putnam K.P., Doolittle D.J. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 2. In vitro toxicology of mainstream smoke condensate. Food Chem. Toxicol. 36:1998;183-190.
5. Borgerding M.F., Bodnar J.A., Chung H.L., Mangan P.P., Morrison C.C., Risner C.H., Rodgers J.C., Simmons D.F., Uhrig M.S., Wendelboe F.N., Wingate D.E., Winkler L.S. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 1. Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food Chem. Toxicol. 36:1997;169-182.
6. Borgerding M.F., Perfetti T.A., Ralapati S. Determination of nicotine in tobacco, tobacco processing environments and tobacco products. Gorrod J.W., Jacob P. III Analytical Determination of Nicotine and Related Compounds and Their Metabolites. 1999;285-391 Elsevier, New York.
7. Borgerding, M.F., Bodnar, J.A., Wingate, D.E., 2000. The Massachusetts Benchmark Study. Final Report July 24, 2000. A Research Study Conducted by Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, Lorillard Tobacco Company, Philip Morris USA and R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company After Consultation With the Massachusetts Department of Public Health.
8. Boxman A.R. Unveiling the secrets of primary processing. Tobacco International. 194:1992;16-19.
9. Browne, C.L., 1990. The Design of Cigarettes. Hoechst Celanase Corporation, Charlotte, NC, pp. 50-51.
10. Chepiga T.A., Morton M.J., Murphy P.A., Avalos J.T., Bombick B.R., Doolittle D.J., Borgerding M.F., Swauger J.E. A comparison of the mainstream smoke chemistry and mutagenicity of a representative sample of the US cigarette market with two Kentucky reference cigarettes (K1R4F and K1R5F). Food Chem. Toxicol. 38:2000;949-962.
11. Coggins C.R.E., Ayres P.H., Mosberg A.T., Sagartz J.W., Hayes W.A. Comparative inhalation study in rats using cigarettes containing tobacco expanded with chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11) or hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123 (HCFC-123). Inhal. Toxicol. 5:1993;97-115.
12. CORESTA, 1969. Machine smoking of cigarettes and determination of crude and dry smoke condensates. Standard method 10. CORESTA Inform. Bull. 24-33.
13. Davis D.L., Nielsen M.T. Tobacco Production, Chemistry and Technology. 1999;Blackwell Science Ltd, Malden, MA. pp. 379-380.
14. deBethizy, J.D., Bombick, B.R., Bombick, D.W., Swauger, J.E., Doolittle, D.J., 1998. The use of short-term tests to evaluate progress toward reducing the toxicity of cigarette smoke. Report of Canada's Expert Committee on Cigarette Toxicity Reduction. September 21-22.
15. FR, 1967. Federal Trade Commission. Cigarettes. Testing for tar and nicotine. Federal Register, 32, 147, p. 11178.
16. Gaworski C.L., Heck J.D., Bennett M.B., Wenk M.L. Toxicologic evaluation of flavor ingredients added to cigarette tobacco. skin painting bioassay of cigarette smoke condensate in SENCAR mice Toxicology. 139:1999;1-17.
17. Healy M.J.R. The disciplining of medical data. British Medical Bulletin. 24:1968;210-214.
18. ILAR Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. 1996;National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
19. ISO, 2000. Cigarettes-routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine-definitions and standard conditions, ISO 3308. International Organization for Standardization.
20. Maron D.M., Ames B.N. Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Kilbey B.J., Legator M., Nichols W., Ramel C. 1984;93-140 Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures, Elsvier Science Publishers BV.
21. McKee R.H., Nicolich M.J., Scala R.A., Lewis S.C. Estimation of epidermal carcinogenic potency. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 15:1990;320-328.
22. Mosberg A.T., Coggins C.R.E., Ayres P.H., Sagartz J.W., Hayes A.W. Comparative inhalation study in rats using cigarettes containing tobacco expanded with CFC-11 or HCFC-123. Toxicologist. 12:1992;358.
23. NCI, 1976, 1977, 1980. National Cancer Institute. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes, Reports 1-5. Smoking and Health Program, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institute of Health, Washington, DC, USA.
24. Norman, A., Jones, E.C., 1998. The history of cigarette design. In: Recent Advances in Tobacco Science - Responding to Changes in Our Industry. Tobacco Science Research Conference, Atlanta, GA, September 13-16, 24, 4.
25. Perry P., Wolff S. New Giemsa method for the differential staining of sister chromatids. Nature. 251:1974;156-158.
26. Pillsbury H.C., Bright C.C., O'Connor K.J., Irish F.W. Tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke. J. AOAC. 52:1969;458-462.
27. RJRT, 1988. Chemical and Biological Studies. New Cigarette Prototypes that Heat Instead of Burn Tobacco. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 88-92564. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, NC.
28. Siegel S. Non-Parametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. 1956;McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
29. Steele R.H., Payne V.M., Fulp C.W., Rees D.C., Lee C.K., Doolittle D.J. A comparison of the mutagenicity of mainstream cigarette smoke condensates from a representative sample of the US cigarette market with a Kentucky reference cigarette (K1R4F). Mutat. Res. 342:1995;179-190.
30. Swauger J.E., Steichen T.J., Murphy P.A., Kinsler S. An analysis of the mainstream smoke chemistry of samples of the US cigarette market acquired between 1995 and 2000. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 35:2002;142-156.
31. US FDA Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food. Food and Drug Administration. 1982;Bureau of Foods, Washington, DC.
32. US FDA Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food, Redbook II. Food and Drug Administration. 1993;Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, DC.
33. Yahagi T., Degawa M., Seino Y., Matsushima T., Nagao M., Sugimura T., Hashimoto Y. Mutagenicity of carcinogenic azo dyes and their derivatives. Cancer Lett. 1:1975;91-96.