-
3
-
-
0025196897
-
-
R. G. Arnold, M. R. Hoffmann, T. J. DiChristina, F. W. Picardal, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 2811 (1990).
-
(1990)
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
, vol.56
, pp. 2811
-
-
Arnold, R.G.1
Hoffmann, M.R.2
DiChristina, T.J.3
Picardal, F.W.4
-
9
-
-
0342460594
-
-
F. Caccavo Jr., P. C. Schamberger, K. Keiding, P. H. Nielsen, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 3837 (1997).
-
(1997)
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
, vol.62
, pp. 3837
-
-
Caccavo F., Jr.1
Schamberger, P.C.2
Keiding, K.3
Nielsen, P.H.4
-
22
-
-
0343036853
-
-
note
-
S. oneidensis (American Type Culture Collection no. 700550) was transformed with plasmid pSMC2, which codes for a constitutive, intracellular, green fluorescent protein (44). Transformed cells were grown in an anaerobic chamber (Coy Laboratory Products, Ann Arbor, MI) to midlogarithmic phase at room temperature as previously described (4) in a defined medium supplemented with 15 mM lactate and 2 mM ferric citrate (4). 23. Glass beads (Polysciences, Warrington, PA) were cleaned with hydrogen peroxide (30% solution), rinsed with ultrapure water, and functionalized with amino groups by incubation in a solution of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (5 to 10% in acetone) for 6 hours. Previous studies have shown that linker molecules such as amino-silane have no effect on the measured bacterium-mineral interactions (19, 20). Cultured cells were rinsed three times in an anaerobic solution of 10 mM sodium chloride and were linked to functionalized glass beads by spinning the cell-bead mixture at 7000g for 2 min. A single bacteria-coated bead was then attached to a cantilever with epoxy (19). Scanning laser confocal microscopy was used to verify bacterial coverage of the probe by imaging the green fluorescent signal emitted from cells (19, 20). The viability of cells was assessed by inoculating an agar plate with a biologically active force probe after the force measurements.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
0343472686
-
-
note
-
It is difficult to quantify the area of contact between a force probe and a sample surface. Three-dimensional confocal microscopy measurements of biologically active force probes, as described previously (79, 20), suggest that a single bacterium made contact with the mineral during force measurements.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
0342602625
-
-
note
-
The region of constant compliance was not used to determine deflection, because it would have resulted in an overestimate of the measured forces because of the fact that the cells were more compliant than the cantilever (20, 45).
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
0027540056
-
-
J. P. Cleveland, S. Manne, D. Bocek, P. K. Hansma, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 403 (1993).
-
(1993)
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
, vol.64
, pp. 403
-
-
Cleveland, J.P.1
Manne, S.2
Bocek, D.3
Hansma, P.K.4
-
30
-
-
0035863705
-
-
I. Sokolov, D. S. Smith, G. S. Henderson, Y. A. Gorby, F. G. Ferris, Environ. Sci. Tech. 35, 341 (2001).
-
(2001)
Environ. Sci. Tech.
, vol.35
, pp. 341
-
-
Sokolov, I.1
Smith, D.S.2
Henderson, G.S.3
Gorby, Y.A.4
Ferris, F.G.5
-
31
-
-
0003856480
-
-
Wiley, New York, ed. 3
-
W. Stumm, J. J. Morgan, Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters (Wiley, New York, ed. 3, 1996), pp 534-540.
-
(1996)
Aquatic Chemistry: Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters
, pp. 534-540
-
-
Stumm, W.1
Morgan, J.J.2
-
35
-
-
0343908429
-
-
note
-
On the basis of transmission electron microscopy and freeze-substitution analyses, extracellular polysaccharide, a common macromolcule on the surface of many bacteria, has not been detected on the cell wall of 5. oneidensis (A. Korenevsky and T. Beveridge, unpublished data).
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
0031011695
-
-
M. Rief, M. Gautel, F. Oesterhelt, J. M. Fernandez, H. E. Gaub, Science 276, 1109 (1997).
-
(1997)
Science
, vol.276
, pp. 1109
-
-
Rief, M.1
Gautel, M.2
Oesterhelt, F.3
Fernandez, J.M.4
Gaub, H.E.5
-
40
-
-
0343472685
-
-
H. Bohr, S. Brunak, Eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
-
J.-J. Karlsson, A. Kadziola, A. Rasmussen, T. E. Rostrup, J. Ulstrup, in Protein Folds: A Distance-Based Approach, H. Bohr, S. Brunak, Eds. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996), pp. 56-67.
-
(1996)
Protein Folds: A Distance-Based Approach
, pp. 56-67
-
-
Karlsson, J.-J.1
Kadziola, A.2
Rasmussen, A.3
Rostrup, T.E.4
Ulstrup, J.5
-
42
-
-
0342602624
-
-
note
-
Future studies will use biological force microscopy with mutants incapable of producing and/or secreting cell wall biomolecules such as the 150-kD protein.
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
0030657633
-
-
G. V. Bloemberg, G. A. O'Toole, B. J. J. Lugtenberg, R. Kolter, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 4543 (1997).
-
(1997)
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
, vol.63
, pp. 4543
-
-
Bloemberg, G.V.1
O'Toole, G.A.2
Lugtenberg, B.J.J.3
Kolter, R.4
-
45
-
-
0342602620
-
-
note
-
We thank B. Lower, C. Myers, J. Banfield, and the anonymous reviewers for constructive comments; G. O'Toole for providing plasmid pSMC2; and J. Tak for support. This manuscript is dedicated to B. Diehl. Mineral samples were provided by the Virginia Tech Geological Sciences Museum. Financial support was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy and the NSF.
-
-
-
|