Therapeutic modulation of allergic airways disease with leukotriene receptor antagonists

QJM: An International Journal of Medicine

Volumn 98, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 171-182

  Currie, Graeme P ^b   Srivastava, P ^b   Dempsey, O J ^b   Lee, D K C ^a  

^a IPSWICH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b ABERDEEN ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BECLOMETASONE; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CETIRIZINE; CORTICOSTEROID; FLUTICASONE; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LEUKOTRIENE C4 SYNTHASE; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LORATADINE; MONTELUKAST; PEPTIDOLEUKOTRIENE; PLACEBO; PRANLUKAST; SALMETEROL; ZAFIRLUKAST; ZILEUTON;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADD ON THERAPY; ADRENAL SUPPRESSION; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTHRALGIA; ASTHMA; BRONCHODILATATION; CANDIDA; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG TRANSFORMATION; DRY NOSE; DYSPHONIA; EXERCISE INDUCED ASTHMA; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GROWTH RETARDATION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; LOEFFLER PNEUMONIA; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL RESEARCH; META ANALYSIS; MONOTHERAPY; NOSE IRRITATION; NOSE SEPTUM PERFORATION; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN BRUISING; SKIN DISEASE; SYMPTOM; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THRUSH; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 14944372985     PISSN: 14602725     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hci024     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Beasley R, Pearce N, Crane J. International trends in asthma mortality. Ciba Found Symp 1997; 206:140-50; discussion 50-6, 57-9.
2. Beasley R, Crane J, Lai CK, Pearce N. Prevalence and etiology of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:S466-72.
3. Bucknall CE, Slack R, Godley CC, Mackay TW, Wright SC. Scottish Confidential Inquiry into Asthma Deaths (SCIAD), 1994-6. Thorax 1999; 54:978-84.
4. Burr ML, Davies BH, Hoare A, Jones A, Williamson IJ, Holgate SK, Arthurs R, Hodges IG. A confidential inquiry into asthma deaths in Wales. Thorax 1999; 54:985-9.
5. Mitchell I, Tough SC, Semple LK, Green FH, Hessel PA. Near-fatal asthma: a population-based study of risk factors. Chest 2002; 121:1407-13.
6. Currie GP, Jackson CM, Lipworth BJ. Does bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma matter? J Asthma 2004; 41 247-58.
7. Corren J. Allergic rhinitis and asthma: how important is the link? J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99:S781-6.
8. Lundblad L. Allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma: a uniform airway disease? Allergy 2002; 57:969-71.
9. Reed CE, Marcoux JP, Welsh PW. Effects of topical nasal treatment on asthma symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 81 1042-7.
10. Henriksen JM, Wenzel A. Effect of an intranasally administered corticosteroid (budesonide) on nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130:1014-18.
11. Foresi A, Pelucchi A, Gherson G, Mastropasqua B, Chiapparino A, Testi R. Once daily intranasal fluticasone propionate (200 micrograms) reduces nasal symptoms and inflammation but also attenuates the increase in bronchial responsiveness during the pollen season in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98:274-82.
12. British guideline on the management of asthma. Thorax 2003; 58 Suppl 1:i1-94.
13. Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108 S147-334.
14. Pavord ID, Ward R, Woltmann G, Wardlaw AJ, Sheller JR, Dworski R. Induced sputum eicosanoid concentrations in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:1905-9.
15. Wenzel SE, Szefler SJ, Leung DY, Sloan SI, Rex MD, Martin RJ. Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma. Persistent inflammation associated with high dose glucocorticoids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:737-43.
16. Booth H, Richmond I, Ward C, Gardiner PV, Harkawat R, Walters EH. Effect of high dose inhaled fluticasone propionate on airway inflammation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152 45-52.
17. Currie GP, Haggart K, Lee DK, Fowler SJ, Wilson AM, Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Lipworth BJ. Effects of mediator antagonism on mannitol and adenosine monophosphate challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:783-8.
18. Lipworth BJ, Wilson AM. Montelukast and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Thorax 2001; 56:244.
19. Lipworth BJ. Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:941-55.
20. Lipworth BJ, Wilson AM. Dose-response to inhaled corticosteroids: benefits and risks. Sem Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 19:625-46.
21. Lee DK, Robb FM, Sims EJ, Currie GP, McFarlane LC, Lipworth BJ. Systemic bioactivity of intranasal triamcinolone and mometasone in perennial allergic rhinitis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55 310-13.
22. Dempsey OJ. Leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy. Postgrad Med J 2000; 76:767-73.
23. Ducharme FM. Inhaled glucocorticoids versus leukotriene receptor antagonists as single agent asthma treatment: systematic review of current evidence. Br Med J 2003; 326:621.
24. Leff JA, Busse WW, Pearlman D, Bronsky EA, Kemp J, Hendeles L, Dockhorn R, Kundu S, Zhang J, Seidenberg BC, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339 147-52.
25. Lipworth BJ. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists. Lancet 1999; 353:57-62.
26. Laviolette M, Malmstrom K, Lu S, Chervinsky P, Pujet JC, Peszek I, Zhang J, Reiss TF. Montelukast added to inhaled beclomethasone in treatment of asthma. Montelukast/Beclomethasone Additivity Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:1862-8.
27. Tamaoki J, Kondo M, Sakai N, Nakata J, Takemura H, Nagai A, Takizawa T, Konno K. Leukotriene antagonist prevents exacerbation of asthma during reduction of high-dose inhaled corticosteroid. The Tokyo Joshi-Idai Asthma Research Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:1235-40.
28. Vaquerizo MJ, Casan P, Castillo J, Perpina M, Sanchis J, Sobradillo V, Valencia A, Verea H, Viejo JL, Villasante C, et al. Effect of montelukast added to inhaled budesonide on control of mild to moderate asthma. Thorax 2003; 58:204-10.
29. Bjermer L, Bisgaard H, Bousquet J, Fabbri LM, Greening AP, Haahtela T, Holgate ST, Picado C, Menten J, Dass SB, et al. Montelukast and fluticasone compared with salmeterol and fluticasone in protecting against asthma exacerbation in adults: one year, double blind, randomised, comparative trial. Br Med J 2003; 327:891.
30. Ilowite J, Webb R, Friedman B, Kerwin E, Bird SR, Hustad CM, Edelman JM. Addition of montelukast or salmeterol to fluticasone for protection against asthma attacks: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 92:641-8.
31. Eickelberg O, Roth M, Lorx R, Bruce V, Rudiger J, Johnson M, Block LH. Ligand-independent activation of the glucocorticoid receptor by beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists in primary human lung fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:1005-10.
32. Roth M, Johnson PR, Rudiger JJ, King GG, Ge Q, Burgess JK, Anderson G, Tamm M, Black JL. Interaction between glucocorticoids and beta2 agonists on bronchial airway smooth muscle cells through synchronised cellular signalling. Lancet 2002; 360:1293-9.
33. Currie GP, Bates CE, Lee DK, Jackson CM, Lipworth BJ. Effects of fluticasone plus salmeterol versus twice the dose of fluticasone in asthmatic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 59:11-15.
34. Currie GP, Lee DK, Haggart K, Bates CE, Lipworth BJ. Effects of montelukast on surrogate inflammatory markers in corticosteroid-treated patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:1232-8.
35. Fish JE, Israel E, Murray JJ, Emmett A, Boone R, Yancey SW, Rickard KA. Salmeterol powder provides significantly better benefit than montelukast in asthmatic patients receiving concomitant inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Chest 2001; 120:423-30.
36. Nelson HS, Nathan RA, Kalberg C, Yancey SW, Rickard KA. Comparison of inhaled salmeterol and oral zafirlukast in asthmatic patients using concomitant inhaled corticosteroids. MedGenMed 2001; 3:3.
37. Currie GP, Jackson CM, Ogston SA, Lipworth BJ. Airway-stabilizing effect of long-acting beta2-agonists as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids. Qjm 2003; 96:435-40.
38. Robinson DS, Campbell D, Barnes PJ. Addition of leukotriene antagonists to therapy in chronic persistent asthma: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 357 2007-11.
39. Green RH, Pavord ID. Leukotriene antagonists and symptom control in chronic persistent asthma. Lancet 2001; 357 1991-2.
40. Jenkins C, Costello J, Hodge L. Systematic review of prevalence of aspirin induced asthma and its implications for clinical practice. Br Med J 2004; 328:434.
41. Christie PE, Tagari P, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Charlesson S, Chee P, Arm JP, Lee TH. Urinary leukotriene E4 concentrations increase after aspirin challenge in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:1025-9.
42. Knapp HR, Sladek K, Fitzgerald GA. Increased excretion of leukotriene E4 during aspirin-induced asthma. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 119:48-51.
43. Cowburn AS, Sladek K, Soja J, Adamek L, Nizankowska E, Szczeklik A, Lam BK, Penrose JF, Austen FK, Holgate ST, et al. Overexpression of leukotriene C4 synthase in bronchial biopsies from patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma. J Clin Invest 1998; 101 834-46.
44. Dahlen SE, Malmstrom K, Nizankowska E, Dahlen B, Kuna P, Kowalski M, Lumry WR, Picado C, Stevenson DD, Bousquet J, et al. Improvement of aspirin-intolerant asthma by montelukast, a leukotriene antagonist: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:9-14.
45. Israel E, Fischer AR, Rosenberg MA, Lilly CM, Callery JC, Shapiro J, Cohn J, Rubin P, Drazen JM. The pivotal role of 5-lipoxygenase products in the reaction of aspirin-sensitive asthmatics to aspirin. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148:1447-51.
46. Dahlen B, Kumlin M, Margolskee DJ, Larsson C, Blomqvist H, Williams VC, Zetterstrom O, Dahlen SE. The leukotriene-receptor antagonist MK-0679 blocks airway obstruction induced by inhaled lysine-aspirin in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. Eur Respir J 1993; 6:1018-26.
47. Christie PE, Smith CM, Lee TH. The potent and selective sulfidopeptide leukotriene antagonist, SK&F 104353, inhibits aspirin-induced asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144:957-8.
48. Anderson SD, Brannan JD. Exercise-induced asthma: is there still a case for histamine? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109 771-3.
49. Reiss TF, Hill JB, Harman E, Zhang J, Tanaka WK, Bronsky E, Guerreiro D, Hendeles L. Increased urinary excretion of LTE4 after exercise and attenuation of exercise-induced bronchospasm by montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist. Thorax 1997; 52 1030-5.
50. Meltzer SS, Hasday JD, Cohn J, Bleecker ER. Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm by zileuton: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:931-5.
51. Bronsky EA, Kemp JP, Zhang J, Guerreiro D, Reiss TF. Dose-related protection of exercise bronchoconstriction by montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene-receptor antagonist, at the end of a once-daily dosing interval. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 62:556-61.
52. Kemp JP, Dockhorn RJ, Shapiro GG, Nguyen HH, Reiss TF, Seidenberg BC, Knorr B. Montelukast once daily inhibits exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in 6- to 14-year-old children with asthma. J Pediatr 1998; 133:424-8.
53. Ramage L, Lipworth BJ, Ingram CG, Cree IA, Dhillon DP. Reduced protection against exercise induced bronchoconstriction after chronic dosing with salmeterol. Respir Med 1994; 88:363-8.
54. Haberal I, Corey JP. The role of leukotrienes in nasal allergy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129:274-9.
55. Rachelefsky GS. National guidelines needed to manage rhinitis and prevent complications. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 82 296-305.
56. Busse WW. The role of leukotrienes in asthma and allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26:868-79.
57. Meltzer EO. Role for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy in asthma and their potential role in allergic rhinitis based on the concept of 'one linked airway disease'. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 84:176-85; quiz 185-7.
58. Quraishi SA, Davies MJ, Craig TJ. Inflammatory responses in allergic rhinitis: traditional approaches and novel treatment strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2004; 104:S7-15.
59. Lipworth BJ. Emerging role of antileukotriene therapy in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:1813-21.
60. Donnelly AL, Glass M, Minkwitz MC, Casale TB. The leukotriene D4-receptor antagonist, ICI 204,219, relieves symptoms of acute seasonal allergic rhinitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151 1734-9.
61. Tkachyk SJ. New treatments for allergic rhinitis. Can Fam Physician 1999; 45:1255-60.
62. Shirasaki H, Asakura K, Narita S, Kataura A. The effect of a cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist, ONO-1078 (pranlukast) on agonist- and antigen-induced nasal microvascular leakage in guinea pigs. Rhinology 1998; 36:62-5.
63. Yamasaki ML, Sasaki K, Mizutani N, Nabe T, Sakura Y, Matsumoto T, Ashida Y, Kohno S. Pharmacological characterization of the leukocyte kinetics after intranasal antigen challenge in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. Inflamm Res 2001; 50:474-82.
64. Ueda T, Takeno S, Furukido K, Hirakawa K, Yajin K. Leukotriene receptor antagonist pranlukast suppresses eosinophil infiltration and cytokine production in human nasal mucosa of perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2003; 112:955-61.
65. Ciprandi G, Frati F, Marcucci F, Sensi L, Tosca MA, Milanese M, Ricca V. Nasal cytokine modulation by montelukast in allergic children: a pilot study. Allerg Immunol (Paris) 2003; 35 295-9.
66. Fujita M, Nakagawa N, Yonetomi Y, Takeda H, Kawabata K, Ohno H. Cysteinyl leukotrienes induce nasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis via a receptor-mediated mechanism in guinea pigs. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997; 75:355-62.
67. Fujita M, Yonetomi Y, Shimouchi K, Takeda H, Aze Y, Kawabata K, Ohno H. Involvement of cysteinyl leukotrienes in biphasic increase of nasal airway resistance of antigen-induced rhinitis in guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 369:349-56.
68. Fujita M, Yonetomi Y, Takeda H, Nakagawa N, Kawabata K, Ohno H. Effects of a specific cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist, pranlukast, on antigen-induced cysteinyl leukotriene-mediated rhinitis in guinea pigs. Jpn J Pharmacol 1997; 75:347-53.
69. Yamasaki M, Mizutani N, Sasaki K, Nabe T, Matsumoto T, Ashida Y, Kohno S. Involvement of thromboxane A2 and peptide leukotrienes in early and late phase nasal blockage in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. Inflamm Res 2001; 50:466-73.
70. Narita S, Asakura K, Shirasaki H, Kataura A. Effects of a cysteinyl leukotriene antagonist, ONO-1078 (pranlukast), on total airway resistance after antigen challenge in sensitized guinea pigs. Inflamm Res 1997; 46:143-6.
71. Numata T, Konno A, Yamakoshi T, Hanazawa T, Terada N, Nagata H. Comparative role of peptide leukotrienes and histamine in the development of nasal mucosal swelling in nasal allergy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999; 108:467-73.
72. Mizutani N, Nabe T, Imai A, Sakurai H, Takenaka H, Kohno S. Markedly increased nasal blockage by intranasal leukotriene D4 in an experimental allergic rhinitis model: contribution of dilated mucosal blood vessels. Jpn J Pharmacol 2001; 86:170-82.
73. Philip G, Malmstrom K, Hampel FC, Weinstein SF, LaForce CF, Ratner PH, Malice MP, Reiss TF. Montelukast for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial performed in the spring. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1020-8.
74. van Adelsberg J, Philip G, LaForce CF, Weinstein SF, Menten J, Malice MP, Reiss TF. Randomized controlled trial evaluating the clinical benefit of montelukast for treating spring seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 90:214-22.
75. van Adelsberg J, Philip G, Pedinoff AJ, Meltzer EO, Ratner PH, Menten J, Reiss TF. Montelukast improves symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis over a 4-week treatment period. Allergy 2003; 58:1268-76.
76. Piatti G, Ceriotti L, Cavallaro G, Ambrosetti U, Mantovani M, Pistone A, Centanni S. Effects of zafirlukast on bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Pharmacol Res 2003; 47:541-7.
77. Meltzer EO, Malmstrom K, Lu S, Prenner BM, Wei LX, Weinstein SF, Wolfe JD, Reiss TF. Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:917-22.
78. Nayak AS, Philip G, Lu S, Malice MP, Reiss TF. Efficacy and tolerability of montelukast alone or in combination with loratadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial performed in the fall. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 88:592-600.
79. Pullerits T, Praks L, Ristioja V, Lotvall J. Comparison of a nasal glucocorticoid, antileukotriene, and a combination of antileukotriene and antihistamine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:949-55.
80. Kurowski M, Kuna P, Gorski P. Montelukast plus cetirizine in the prophylactic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: influence on clinical symptoms and nasal allergic inflammation. Allergy 2004; 59:280-8.
81. Lee DK, Jackson CM, Soutar PC, Fardon TC, Lipworth BJ. Effects of single or combined histamine H1-receptor and leukotriene CysLT1-receptor antagonism on nasal adenosine mono phosphate challenge in persistent allergic rhinitis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 57 714-19.
82. Lee DK, Haggart K, Currie GP, Anderson SD, Lipworth BJ. The effects of histamine and leukotriene receptor antagonism on nasal mannitol challenge in allergic rhinitis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55:639-42.
83. Wilson AM, Orr LC, Sims EJ, Lipworth BJ. Effects of monotherapy with intra-nasal corticosteroid or combined oral histamine and leukotriene receptor antagonists in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:61-8.
84. Wilson AM, Sims EJ, Orr LC, Coutie WJ, White PS, Gardiner Q, Lipworth BJ. Effects of topical corticosteroid and combined mediator blockade on domiciliary and laboratory measurements of nasal function in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 87 344-9.
85. Di Lorenzo G, Pacor ML, Pellitteri ME, Morici G, Di Gregoli A, Lo Bianco C, Ditta V, Martinelli N, Candore G, Mansueto P, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial comparing fluticasone aqueous nasal spray in mono-therapy, fluticasone plus cetirizine, fluticasone plus montelukast and cetirizine plus montelukast for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:259-67.
86. Saengpanich S, deTineo M, Naclerio RM, Baroody FM. Fluticasone nasal spray and the combination of loratadine and montelukast in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129:557-62.
87. Wilson AM, Orr LC, Sims EJ, Dempsey OJ, Lipworth BJ. Antiasthmatic effects of mediator blockade versus topical corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1297-301.
88. Sanak M, Pierzchalska M, Bazan-Socha S, Szczeklik A. Enhanced expression of the leukotriene C(4) synthase due to overactive transcription of an allelic variant associated with aspirin-intolerant asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:290-6.
89. Sampson AP, Siddiqui S, Buchanan D, Howarth PH, Holgate ST, Holloway JW, Sayers I. Variant LTC(4) synthase allele modifies cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis in eosinophils and predicts clinical response to zafirlukast. Thorax 2000; 55 (Suppl. 2):S28-31.
90. Asano K, Shiomi T, Hasegawa N, Nakamura H, Kudo H, Matsuzaki T, Hakuno H, Fukunaga K, Suzuki Y, Kanazawa M, et al. Leukotriene C4 synthase gene A(-444)C polymorphism and clinical response to a CYS-LT(1) antagonist, pranlukast, in Japanese patients with moderate asthma. Pharmacogenetics 2002; 12:565-70.
91. Currie GP, Lima JJ, Sylvester JE, Lee DK, Cockburn WJ, Lipworth BJ. Leukotriene C4 synthase polymorphisms and responsiveness to leukotriene antagonists in asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 56 422-6.
92. Roberts JA, Bradding P, Britten KM, Walls AF, Wilson S, Gratziou C, Holgate ST, Howarth PH. The long-acting beta2-agonist salmeterol xinafoate: effects on airway inflammation in asthma. Eur Respir J 1999; 14:275-82.
93. Gardiner PV, Ward C, Booth H, Allison A, Hendrick DJ, Walters EH. Effect of eight weeks of treatment with salmeterol on bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory indices in asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:1006-11.
94. Holt S, Suder A, Weatherall M, Cheng S, Shirtcliffe P, Beasley R. Dose-response relation of inhaled fluticasone propionate in adolescents and adults with asthma: meta-analysis. Bmj 2001; 323 253-6.
95. Kamada AK, Szefler SJ, Martin RJ, Boushey HA, Chinchilli VM, Drazen JM, Fish JE, Israel E, Lazarus SC, Lemanske RF. Issues in the use of inhaled glucocorticoids. The Asthma Clinical Research Network. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1739-48.