Preclinical models of prostate cancer;Modèles précliniques de cancer de la prostate

Bulletin du Cancer

Volumn 92, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 129-141

  Fizazi, Karim ^a,b   Navone, Nora M ^a,b  

^a INSTITUT GUSTAVE ROUSSY   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Model; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; BONE METASTASIS; CANCER MODEL; CELL LINE; CELL STRAIN DU145; CELL STRAIN LNCAP; CELL STRAIN MDA PCA2B; CELL STRAIN PC3; CELL TRANSFORMATION; COCULTURE; DOG; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; LABORATORY; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; ORTHOTOPIC TRANSPLANTATION; OSTEOBLAST; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; ANIMAL; BONE TUMOR; DISEASE MODEL; MALE; METABOLISM; METASTASIS; MOUSE; PATHOLOGY; PROSTATE TUMOR; RAT; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; TUMOR CELL LINE; XENOGRAFT;

ANIMALS; BONE NEOPLASMS; CELL LINE, TUMOR; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOGS; HUMANS; MALE; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RATS; TRANSPLANTATION, HETEROLOGOUS;

EID: 14544307414     PISSN: 00074551     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Hill C, Doyon F. La fréquence des cancers en France: quoi de neuf depuis l'année dernière. Bull Cancer 2004; 91: 9-14.
2. Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, Thun M. Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J Clin 2001; 51: 15-36.
3. Bolla M, Collette L, Blank L, Warde P, Dubois JB, Mirimanoff RO, et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 103-6.
4. Pilepitch MV, Winter K, Lawton C, Krisch RE, Wolkov H, Movsas B, et al. Phase III trial of androgen adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy. Long term results of RTOG study 85-31. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22: 381.
5. Messing EM, Manola J, Sarosdy M, Wilding G, Crawford ED, Trump D. Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1781-8.
6. Immediate versus deferred treatment for advanced prostatic cancer: initial results of the Medical Research Council Trial. The Medical Research Council Prostate Cancer Working Party Investigators Group. Br J Urol 1997; 79: 235-46.
7. Eisenbetger MA, De Wit R, Berry W, Bodrogi I, Pluzanska A, Chi K, et al. A multicenter phase III comparison of docetaxel (D) + prednisone (P) and mitoxantrone (MTZ) + P in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2004; 23: 2; abstract 4.
8. Petrylak DP, Tangen C, Hussain M, Lara PN, Jones J, Talpin ME, et al. SWOG 99-16: Randomized phase III trial of docetaxel (D)/estramustine (E) versus mitoxantrone (M)/prednisone (P) in men with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPCA). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2004; 23: 2; abstract 3.
9. Dunning WF. Prostate cancer in the rat. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1963; 12: 351-69.
10. Lubaroff DM, Canfield L, Reynolds CW. The Dunning tumors. Prog Clin Biol Res 1980; 37: 243-63.
11. Isaacs JT, Isaacs WB, Feitz WF, Scheres J. Establishment and characterization of seven Dunning rat prostatic cancer cell lines and their use in developing methods for predicting metastatic abilities of prostatic cancers. Prostate 1986; 9: 261-81.
12. Isaacs JT, Weissman RM, Coffey DS, Scott WW. Concepts in prostatic cancer biology: Dunning R. 3327 H, HI, and AT tumors. Prog Clin Biol Res 1980; 37: 311-23.
13. Isaacs JT, Yu GW, Coffey DS. The characterization of a newly identified, highly metastatic variety of Dunning R 3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma system: the MAT LyLu tumor. Invest Urol 1981; 19: 20-3.
14. Quarmby VE, Beckman Jr. WC, Cooke DB, Lubahn DB, Joseph DR, Wilson EM, et al. Expression and localization of androgen receptor in the R. 3327 Dunning rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 735-9.
15. Yamazaki K, Lehr JE, Rhim JS, Pienta KJ. Establishment of immortalized Copenhagen rat prostate endothelial cell lines. In Vivo 1995; 9: 421-6.
16. Yamazaki K, Lehr JE, Rhim JS, Pienta KJ. Establishment of an immortalized Copenhagen rat bone marrow endothelial cell line. In Vivo 1996; 10: 459-62.
17. Noble RL. The development of prostatic adenocarcinoma in the Nb rat following prolonged sex hormone administration. Cancer Res 1977; 37: 1929.
18. Pollard M. Spontaneous prostate adenocarcinomas in aged germfree Wistar rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973; 51: 1235.
19. Pugh TD, Chang C, Uemura H, Weindruch R. Prostatic localization of spontaneous early invasive carcinoma in Lobund Wistar rats. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 5766-70.
20. Isaacs JT. The aging ACI/Seg versus Copenhagen male rat as a model system for the study of prostatic carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 5785-96.
21. Minesita T, Yamaguchi K. An androgen-dependent mouse mammary tumor. Cancer Res 1964; 25: 1168.
22. Waters DJ, Sakr WA, Hayden DW, Lang CM, McKinney L, Murphy GP, et al. Workgroup 4: spontaneous prostate carcinoma in dogs and nonhuman primates. Prostate 1998; 36: 64-7.
23. Waters DJ, Hayden DW, Bell FW, Klausner JS, Qian J, Bostwick DG. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in dogs with spontaneous prostate cancer. Prostate 1997; 30: 92-7.
24. Eaton CL, Pierreoint CG. Growth of a spontaneous canine prostatic adenocarcinoma in vivo and in vitro: isolation and characterization of a neoplastic prostatic epithelial cell line, CPA1. Prostate 1988; 12: 129-43.
25. Anidjar M, Villette JM, Devauchelle P, Delisle F, Cotard JP, Billotey C, et al. In vivo model mimicking natural history of dog prostate cancer using DPC-1, a new canine prostate carcinoma cell line. Prostate 2001; 46: 2-10.
26. Thompson TC, Kadmon D, Timme TL, Merz VW, Egawa S, Krebs T, et al. Experimental oncogene induced prostate cancer. Cancer Surv 199; 11: 55-71.
27. Thompson TC, Park SH, Timme TL, Ren C, Eastham JA, Donehower LA, et al. Loss of p53 function leads to metastasis in rasCmyc initiated mouse prostate cancer. Oncogene 1995; 10: 869-79.
28. Thompson TC, Truong LD, Timme TL, Kadmon D, McCune BK, Flanders KC, et al. Transgenic models for the study of prostate cancer. Cancer 1993; 71: 1165-71.
29. Eastham JA, Stapleton AMF, Gousse AE, Timme TL, Yang G, Slawin KM, et al. Association of p53 mutations with metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 1111-8.
30. Nasu Y, Timme TL, Yang G, Bangma CH, Li L, Ren C, et al. Suppression of caveolin expression induces androgen sensitivity in metastatic androgen insensitive mouse prostate cancer cells. Naure Med 1998; 4: 1062-4.
31. Greenberg NM, DeMayo F, Finegold MJ, Medina D, Tilley WD, Aspinall JO, et al. Prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 3439-43.
32. Gingrich JR, Barrios RJ, Kattan MW, Nahm HS, Finegold MJ, Greenberg NM. Androgen independent prostate cancer progression in the TRAMP model. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 4687-91.
33. Huss WJ, Barrios RJ, Greenberg NM. SU5416 selectively impairs angiogenesis to induce prostate cancer-specific apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2: 611-6.
34. Gupta S, Adhami VM, Subbarayan M, MacLennan GT, Lewin JS, Hafeli UO, et al. Suppression of prostate carcinogenesis by dietary supplementation of celecoxib in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 3334-43.
35. Kasper S, Sheppard PC, Yan Y, Pettigrew N, Borowsky AD, Prins GS, et al. Development, progression, and androgen dependence of prostate tumors in probasin large T antigen transgenic mice: a model for cancer. Lab Invest 1998; 78: 1-14.
36. Cleutjens KB, Van der Korput HA, Ehten van Eekelen CC, Sikes RA, Fasciana C, Chung LW, et al. A 6-kb promoter fragment mimics in transgenic mice the prostate specific and androgen regulated expression of the endogenous prostate specific antigen gene in humans. Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11: 1256-65.
37. Maroulakou IG, Anver M, Garrett L, Green JE. Prostate and mammary adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice carrying a rat C3 (1) simian virus 40 large tumor antigen fusion gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 11236-40.
38. Huang J, Powell WC, Khodavirdi AC, Wu J, Makita T, Cardiff RD, et al. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in mice with conditional disruption of the retinoid X receptor alpha allele in the prostate epithelium. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 4812-9.
39. Navone NM, Logothetis CJ, Von Eschenbach AC, Troncoso P. Model systems of prostate cancer: uses and limitations. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1999; 17: 361-71.
40. Van Bokhoven A, Varella-Garcia M, Korch C, Johannes WU, Smith EE, Miller HL, et al. Molecular characterization of human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Prostate 2003; 57: 205-25.
41. Horoszewicz JS, Leong SS, Kawinski E, Karr JP, Rosenthal H, Chu TM, et al. LNCaP model of human prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Res 1983; 43: 1809-18.
42. Passaniti A, Isaacs JT, Haney JA, Adler SW, Cujdik TJ, Long PV, et al. Stimulation of human prostatic carcinoma tumor growth in athymic mice and control of migration in culture by extracellular matrix. Int J Cancer 1992; 51: 318-24.
43. Gleave M, Hsieh JT, Gao CA, Von Eschenbach AC, Chung LW. Acceleration of human prostate cancer growth in vivo by factors produced by prostate and bone fibroblasts. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 3753-61.
44. Veldscholte J, Ris Staplers C, Kuiper GGJM, Jenster G, Berrevoets C, Classen E, et al. A mutation in the ligand binding domain of the androgen receptor of human LNCaP cells affects steroid binding characteristics and response to antiandrogens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173: 534-401
45. Wilding G, Chen M, Gelmann E. Aberrant response in vitro of hormone responsive prostate cancer cells to antiandrogens. Prostate 1989; 14: 103-15.
46. Kokontis J, Kiyoshi L, Hiipakka RA, Kiao S. Expression and function of normal and LNCaP androgen receptors in androgen insensitive human prostatic cancer cells. Altered hormone and antihormone specificity in gene transactivation. Receptor 1991; 1: 271-80.
47. Wu HC, Hsieh JT, Gleave ME, Brown NM, Pathak S, Chung LW. Derivation of androgen independent human LNCaP prostatic cancer cell sublines: role of bone stromal cells. Int J Cancer 1994; 57: 406-12.
48. Wu TT, Sikes RA, Cui Q, Thalmann GN, Kao C, Murphy CF, et al. Establishing human prostate cancer cell xenografts in bone: induction of osteoblastic reaction by prostate-specific antigen-producing tumors in athymic and SCID/bg mice using LNCap and lineage-derived metastatic sublines. Int J Cancer 1998; 77: 887-94.
49. Thalmann GN, Anezinis PE, Chang SM, Zhau HE, Kim EE, Hopwood VL, et al. Androgen-independent cancer progression and bone metastasis in the LNCaP model of human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 2577-81.
50. Kaighn ME, Shankar N, Ohnuki Y, Lechner F, Jones LW. Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC.3). Invest Urol 1979; 17: 16-23.
51. Stone KR, Mickey DD, Wunderli H, Mickey GH, Paulson DF. Isolation of a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU145). Int J Cancer 1978; 21: 274-81.
52. Iizumi T, Yazaki T, Kanoh S, Kondo I, Koiso K. Establishment of a new prostatic carcinoma cell line (TSU. Pr1). J Urol 1987; 137: 1304-6.
53. Zhau HY, Chang SM, Chen BQ, Wang Y, Zhang H, Kao C, et al. Androgen-repressed phenotype in human prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 15152-7.
54. Scher HI, Kelly WK. Flutamide withdrawal syndrome: its impact on clinical trials in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1566-72.
55. Navone NM, Olive M, Ozen M, Davis R, Troncoso P, Tu SM, et al. Establishment of two human prostate cancer cell lines derived from a single bone metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 2493-500.
56. Navone NM, Rodriquez-Vargas MC, Benedict WF, Troncoso P, McDonnell TJ, Zhou JH, et al. TabBO: a model reflecting common molecular features of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 1190-7.
57. Zhao XY, Boyle B, Krishnan AV, Navone NM, Peehl DM, Feldman D. Two mutations identified in the androgen receptor of the new human prostate cancer cell line MDA PCa 2a. J Urol 1999; 162: 2192-9.
58. Zhao XY, Malloy PJ, Krishnan AV, Swami S, Navone NM, Peehl DM, et al. Glucocorticoids can promote androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells through a mutated androgen receptor. Nature Med 2000; 6: 703-6. Erratum in Nature Med 2000; 6: 939.
59. Zhao XY, Malloy PJ, Krishnan AV, Swami S, Navone NM, Peehl DM, et al. Glucocorticoids can promote androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells through a mutated androgen receptor. Nature Med 2000; 6: 703-6. Erratum in Nature Med 2000; 6: 939.
60. Jenster G. The role of the androgen receptor in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Semin Oncol 1999; 26: 407-21.
61. Feldman BJ, Feldman D. The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1: 34-45.
62. Lee YG, Korenchuk S, Lehr J, Whitney S, Vessela R, Pienta KJ. Establishment and characterization of a new human prostatic cancer cell line: DuCaP. In Vivo 2001; 15: 157-62.
63. Korenchuk S, Lehr JE, MClean L, Lee YG, Whitney S, Vessella R, et al. VCaP, a cell-based model system of human prostate cancer. In Vivo 2001; 15: 163-8.
64. Yasunaga Y, Nakamura K, Ewing CM, Isaacs WB, Hukku B, Rhim JS. A novel human cell culture model for the study of familial prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 5969-73.
65. Degeorges A, Hoffschir F, Cussenot O, Gauville C, Le Duc A, Dutrillaux B, et al. Recurrent cytogenetic alterations of prostate carcinoma and amplification of c-myc or epidermal growth factor receptor in subclones of immortalized PNT1 human prostate epithelial cell line. Int J Cancer 1995; 62: 724-31.
66. Lang SH, Stower M, Maitland NJ. In vitro modelling of epithelial and stromal interactions in non-malignant and malignant prostates. Br J Cancer 2000; 82: 990-7.
67. Mitchell S, Abel P, Ware M, Stamp G, Lalani E. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of commonly used human prostatic cell lines. BJU Int 2000; 85: 932-44.
68. Avances C, Georget V, Terouanne B, Orio F, Cussenot O, Mottet N, et al. Human prostatic cell line PNT1A, a useful tool for studying androgen receptor transcriptional activity and its differential subnuclear localization in the presence of androgens and antiandrogens. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 184: 13-24.
69. Orio F, Terouanne B, Georget V, Lumbroso S, Avances C, Siatka C, et al. Potential action of IGF-1 and EGF on androgen receptor nuclear transfer and transactivation in normal and cancer human prostate cell lines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 198: 105-14.
70. Hoehn W, Schroedet FH, Reimann JF, Joebsis AC, Hetmanek P. Human prostatic adenocarcinoma: some characteristics of serially transplantable line in nude mice (PC 82). Prostate 1980; 1: 95-100.
71. Pretlow TG, Wolman SR, Micale MA, Pelley RJ, Kursh ED, Resnick MI, et al. Xenografts of primary human prostatic carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 394-8.
72. Tan J, Sharief Y, Hamil KG, Gregory CW, Zang DY, Sar M, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone activates mutant androgen receptors expressed in the androgen dependent human prostate cancer xenografts CWR22 and LNCaP cells. Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11: 450-9.
73. Nagabhushan M, Miller CM, Pretlow TP, Giaconia JM, Edgehouse NL, Schwartz S, et al. CWR22: the first human prostate cancer xenografts with strongly androgen-dependent and relapsed strains both in vivo and in soft agar. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 3042-6.
74. Mousses S, Bubendorf L, Wagnet U, Hostetter G, Kononen J, Cornelison R, et al. Clinical validation of candidate genes associated with prostate cancer progression in the CWR22 model system using tissue microarrays. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 1256-60.
75. Ellis WJ, Vessella RL, Buhler KR, Bladou F, True LD, Bigler SA, et al. Characterization of a novel androgen sensitive, prostate specific antigen producing prostate carcinoma xenograft: LuCaP 23. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: 1039-48.
76. Corey E, Quinn JE, Bladou F, Brown LG, Roudier MP, Brown JM, et al. Establishment and characterization of osseous prostate cancer models: intratibial injection of human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2002; 52: 20-33.
77. Klein KA, Reiter RE, Redula J, Moradi H, Zhu XL, Brothman AR, et al. Progression of metastatic human prostate cancer to androgen independence in immunodeficient SCID mice. Nat Med 1997; 3: 402-8.
78. VanWeerden WM, de Ridder CM, Verdaasdonk CL, Romijn JC, Van der Kwast TH, Schroder FH, et al. Development of seven new human prostate tumor xenografts models and their histopathological characterization. Am J Pathol 1996; 149: 1055-62.
79. de Pinieux G, Legrier ME, Poirson-Bichat F, Courty Y, Bras-Goncalves R, Dutrillaux AM, et al. Clinical and experimental progression of a new model of human prostate cancer and therapeutic approach. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 753-64.
80. Legrier ME, de Pinieux G, Boye K, Arvelo F, Judde JG, Fontaine JJ, et al. Mucinous differentiation features associated with hormonal escape in a human prostate cancer xenograft. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 720-7.
81. Oudard S, Legrier ME, Boye K, Bras-Goncalves R, de Pinieux G, et al. Activity of docetaxel with or without estramustine phosphate versus mitoxantrone in androgen dependent and independent human prostate cancer xenografts. J Urol 2003; 169: 1729-34.
82. Stephenson RA, Dinney CP, Gohji K, Ordonez NG, Killion JJ, Fidler JJ. Metastatic model for human prostate cancer using orthotopic implantation in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 951-7.
83. Pettaway CA, Pathak S, Greene G, Tamirez E, Wilson MR, Killion JJ, et al. Selection of highly metastatic variants of different human prostate carcinomas using orthotopic implantation in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: 1627-36.
84. Rembrink K, Romijn JC, Van der Kwast TH, Rubben H, Schroder FH. Orthotopic implantation of human prostate cancer cell lines: a clinically relevant animal model for metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 1997; 31: 168-74.
85. Sato N, Gleave ME, Bruchovsky N, Rennie PS, Beraldi E, Sullivan LD. A metastatic and androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer model using intraprostatic inoculation of LNCaP cells in SCID mice. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 1584-9.
86. Wang X, An Z, Geller J, Hoffman RM. High-malignancy orthotopic nude mouse model of human prostate cancer LNCaP. Prostate 1999; 39: 182-6.
87. An Z, Wang X, Geller J, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM. Surgical orthotopic implantation allows high lung and lymph node metastatic expression of human prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3 in nude mice. Prostate 1998; 34: 169-74.
88. Fizazi K, Sikes CR, Kim J, Yang J, Martinez LA, Olive MC, et al. High efficacy of docetaxel in preclinical models of advanced prostate cancer with and without androgen deprivation and estramustine. Anticancer Res 2004; 24: 2897-904.
89. Fizazi K, Martinez LA, Sikes CR, Johnston DA, Stephens LC, McDonnell TJ, et al. The association of p21 (WAF-1/CIP1) with progression to androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 775-81.
90. Harada M, Shimizu A, Nakamura Y, Nemoto R. Role of the vertebral venous system in metastatic spread of cancer cells to the bone. In: Karr JP, Yamanaka H, eds. Prostate cancer and bone metastasis. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.
91. Pollard M, Luckert PH. Effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate on the osteolytic and osteoplastic effects of rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Int 1985; 75: 949-54.
92. Pollard M, Luckert PH, Scheu J. Effects of diphosphonate and x-rays on bone lesions induced in rats by prostate cancer cells. Cancer 1988; 61: 2027-32.
93. Geldof AA, Rao BR. Prostatic tumor (R3327) skeletal metastasis. Prostate 1990; 16: 279-90.
94. Sun YC, Geldof AA, Newling DW, Rao BR. Progression delay of prostate tumor skeletal metastasis effects by bisphosphonates. J Urol 1992; 148: 1270-3.
95. Wang M, Stearns ME. Isolation and characterization of PC-3 human prostatic tumor sublines which preferentially metastasize to select organs in SCID mice. Differentiation 1991; 48: 115-25.
96. Dumont P, Petein M, Lespagnard L, Tueni E, Coune A. Unusual behaviour of the LNCaP prostate tumour xenografted in nude mice. In Vivo 1993; 7: 167-70.
97. Rosol TJ, Tannehill-Gregg SH, LeRoy BE, Mandl S, Contag CH. Animal models of bone metastasis. Cancer 2003; 97: 748-57.
98. Haq M, Goltzman D, Tremblay G, Brodt P. Rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells disseminate to bone and adhere preferentially to bone marrow-derived endothelial cells. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 4613-9.
99. Lehr JE, Pienta KJ. Preferential adhesion of prostate cancer cells to a human bone marrow endothelial cell line. J Natl Cancer Int 1998; 90: 118-23.
100. Cooper CR, McLean L, Mucci NR, Poncza P, Pienta KJ. Prostate cancer cell adhesion to quiescent endothelial cells is not mediated by beta-1 integrin subunit. Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 4159-62.
101. Cooper CR, McLean L, Walsh M, Taylor J, Hayasaka S, Bhatia J, et al. Preferential adhesion of prostate cancer cells to bone is mediated by binding to bone marrow endothelial cells as compared to extracellular matrix components in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 4839-47.
102. Taichman RS, Cooper C, Keller ET, Pienta KJ, Taichman NS, McCauley LK. Use of the stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCR4 pathway in prostate cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 1832-7.
103. Nemeth JA, Harb JF, Barroso Jr. U, He Z, Grignon DJ, Cher ML. Severe combined immunodeficient-hu model of human prostate cancer metastasis to human bone. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1987-93.
104. LeRoy BE, Bahnson RR, Rosol TJ. Canine prostate induces new bone formation in mouse calvaria: A model of osteoinduction by prostate tissue. Prostate 2002; 50: 104-11.
105. Soos G, Jones RF, Haas GP, Wang CY. Comparative intraosseal growth of human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 in the nude mouse. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 4253-8.
106. Quinn JE, Buhler KR, Brown JM, Brown L, Vessella RL. A model for prostate carcinoma bone metastastis: direct intrabone injection of prostate carcinoma xenografts. Cancer suppl 2000; 88: 3100.
107. Yang J, Fizazi K, Peleg S, Sikes CR, Raymond AK, Jamal N, et al. Prostate cancer cells induce osteoblast differentiation through a Cbfa1-dependent pathway. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 5652-9.
108. Fizazi K, Yang J, Peleg S, Sikes CR, Kreimann EL, Daliani D, et al. Prostate cancer cells-osteoblast interaction shifts expression of growth/survival-related genes in prostate cancer and reduces expression of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 2587-97.
109. Thalmann GN, Sikes RA, Wu TT, Degeorges A, Chang SM, Ozen M, et al. LNCaP progression model of human prostate cancer: androgen-independence and osseous metastasis. Prostate 2000; 44: 91-103.
110. Polychronakos C, Janthly U, Lehoux JG, Koutsilieris M. Mitogenic effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factors on PA-III rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells: characterization of the receptors involved. Prostate 1991; 19: 313-21.
111. Koutsilieris M, Polychronakos C. Proteinolytic activity against IGF-binding proteins involved in the paracrine interactions between prostate adenocarcinoma cells and osteoblasts. Anticancer Res 1992; 12: 905-10.
112. Koutsilieris M, Frenette G, Lazure C, Lehoux JG, Govindan MV, Polychronakos C. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator: a paracrine factor regulating the bioavailability of IGFs in PA-III cell-induced osteoblastic metastases. Anticancer Res 1993; 13: 481-6.
113. Canalis E, McCarthy T, Centrella M. Isolation and characterization of insulin-like growth factor I (somatomedin-C) from cultures of fetal rat calvariae. Endocrinology 1988; 122: 22-7.
114. Simpson E, Harrod J, Eilon G, Jacobs JW, Mundy GR. Identification of a messenger ribonucleic acid fraction in human prostatic cancer cells coding for a novel osteoblast-stimulating factor. Endocrinology 1985; 117: 1615-20.
115. Perkel VS, Mohan S, Herring SJ, Baylink DJ, Linkhart TA. Human prostatic cancer cells, PC3, elaborate mitogenic activity which selectively stimulates human bone cells. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6902-7.
116. Rabbani SA, Desjardins J, Bell AW, Banville D, Mazar A, Henkin J, et al. An amino-terminal fragment of urokinase isolated from a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) is mitogenic for osteoblast-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173: 1058-64.
117. Campbell PG, Novak JF. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) inhibits IGF action on human osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 1991; 149: 293-300.
118. Koutsilieris M, Sourla A, Pelletier G, Doillon CJ. Three-dimensional type I collagen gel system for the study of osteoblastic metastases produced by metastatic prostate cancer. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 1823-32.