Risk-benefit analysis of ethanol fuel blends in the U.S

International Sugar Journal

Volumn 106, Issue 1263, 2004, Pages 151-166

  Williams, Pamela R D ^a  

^a CARDNO CHEMRISK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATION; CONVENTIONAL GASOLINE; DRINKING WATER SOURCES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL; PEROXYACETYL NITRATES; RISK-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; WATER QUALITY IMPACT;

AIR QUALITY; ALTERNATIVE FUELS; BENZENE; CHEMICAL DETECTION; ETHANOL FUELS; HEALTH RISKS; WATER QUALITY;

ETHANOL;

EID: 14144254471     PISSN: 00208841     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Anderson, L. G., Wolfe, P., Barrell, R. A., and Lanning, J. A. (1995). The effects of oxygenated fuels on the atmospheric concentrations of carbon monoxide and aldehydes in Colorado. In F. S. Sterrett (Ed.), Alternative Fuels and the Environment pp. 75-102. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
2. Born, G. L., Lucas, S. V., Scott, R. D., DeFries, T. H., and Sandeep, K. (1994). Effect of use of low oxygenate gasoline blends upon emissions from California vehicles. Final Report. Contract No. A932-159. Prepared for California Air Resources Board and South Coast Air Quality Management District. Radian Corporation (Austin, TX) and Automotive Testing Laboratories (East Liberty, OH).
3. CARB (California Air Resources Board) (1998). Proposed determination pursuant to health and safety code section 43830(g) of the ozone forming potential of elevated RVP gasoline containing 10 percent ethanol. California Environmental Protection Agency.
4. Cal-EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency (1998). MTBE briefing paper. Sacramento, CA.
5. Cal-EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency (1999). Health and environmental assessment of the use of ethanol as a fuel oxygenate. California Air Resources Board, State Water Resources Control Board, and Cal-EPA's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment December.
6. Cal-EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency) (2000). Addendum to Volume5 of Health and environmental assessment of the use of ethanol as a fuel oxygenate. Cal-EPA's Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. February 15.
7. Cal-EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency) (2001). Environmental assessment of the use of ethanol as a fuel oxygenate: Subsurface fate and transport of gasoline containing ethanol. Report to the California State Water Resources Control Board, Cal-EPA. UCRL-AR-145380.
8. Corseuil, H. X., Hunt, C. S. Santos, R. C. E, and Alvarez, P. J. J. (1998). The influence of the gasoline oxygenate ethanol on aerobic and anaerobic BTX biodegradation. Water Research 32:2065-2072.
9. Da Silva, M. L. B., and Alvarez, P. J. J. (2002). Effects of ethanol versus MTBE on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene natural attenuation in aquifer columns. Journal of Environmental Engineering 128(9):862-867.
10. Deeb, R. A., Sharp, J. O., Stocking, A., McDonald, S., West, K A., Laugier, M., Alvarez, P. J. J., Kavanaugh, M. C, and Alvarez-Cohen, L. (2002) Impact of ethanol on benzene plume lengths: Microbial and modeling studies. Journal of Environmental Engineering 128(9):868-875.
11. Delzcr, G. C, Grady, S. J., Zogorski, J.S., Rowe, B.L., and Koch, B. (2001). National survey of MTBE, other ether oxygenates, and other VOCs in community drinking-water sources. AWWARF abstract. Project 2507. U.S. Geological Survey, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology.
12. GAO (General Accounting Office) (2001). Environmental protection: Improved inspections and enforcement would better ensure the safety of under- ground storage tanks. Report to Congressional requesters. GAO-01-464. Washington, DC.
13. Gaffney, J. S., and Marley, N.A. (1994). Potential impacts on air quality of the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel. Final Report. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Contract No. DE-AC36-83CH10093. September.
14. Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Martin, R. S., Dixon, R. W., Reyes, L. G., and Popp, C. J. (1997). Potential air quality effects of using ethanol-gasoline fuel blends: A field study in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Environmental Science and Technology 31(11):3053-3061.
15. Gorse, R. A. Jr., Benson, J. D., Burns, V. R., Hochhauser, A. M., Koehl, W. J., Painter, L. J., Reuter, R. M., and Rippon, B. H. (1991). Toxic air pollutant vehicle exhaust emissions with reformulated gasolines, pp. 1-28. SAE Technical Paper Series No. 912324. International fuels and lubricants meeting and exposition, Toronto, Canada, October 7-10, 1991.
16. Grady, S. J., and Casey, G. D. (2001). Occurrence and distribution of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking water in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, 1993-98. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4228.
17. Grosjean, D., Miquel, A. H., and Tavares, T.M. (1990). Urban air pollution in Brazil: Acetaldehyde and other carbonyls. Atmospheric Environment 24B(1):101-106.
18. Grosjean, E., Grosjean, D., Gunawardena, R., and Rasmussen, R. A. (1998). Ambient concentrations of ethanol and methyl tert-butyl ether in Porto Alegre, Brazil, March 1996-April 1997. Environmental Science and Technology 32:736-742.'
19. Hirsch, R. (2001). Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Issues concerning the use of MTBE in reformulated gasoline: An update. Associate Director for Water, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. November 1.
20. Hunt, C. S., Alvarez, P. J. J., Ferreira, R. S., and Corseuil, H. X. (1997). Effect of ethanol on aerobic BTX degradation. In In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation: Volume 1. Papers from the Fourth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, New Orleans, April 28-May 1, 1997.
21. Knepper, J. C, Koehl, W. J., Benson, J. D., Burns, V. R., Gorse, R.A. Jr., Hochhauser, A. M., Leppard, W. R., Rapp, L. A., and Reuter. R. M. (1993). Fuel effects in auto/oil high emitting vehicles. SAE Technical Paper Series No. 930137. SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, March 1-5.
22. Main, H. H., Roberts, P. T., Reiss, R. (1998). Analysis of photochemical assessment monitoring station (PAMS) data to evaluate a reformulated gasoline (RFG) effect. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. Santa Rosa, CA: Sonoma Technology, Inc.
23. Main, H. H. (2002). Evaluation of control program effectiveness. Prepared for Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management. Petaluma, CA: Sonoma Technology, Inc.
24. Malcolm Pirnie (1998). Evaluation of the fate and transport of ethanol in the environment. Prepared for the American Methanol Institute. Oakland, CA: Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.
25. Mayotte, S. G, Lindhjem, C. E., Rao, V., and Skiar. M. S. (1994a). Reformulated gasoline effects on exhaust emissions: Phase 1: Initial investigation of oxygenate, volatility, distillation, and sulfur effects. SAE Technical Paper Series No. 941973.
26. Mayotte, S. C, Lindhjem, C. E., Rao, V., and Skiar. M. S. (1994b). Reformulated gasoline effects on exhaust emissions: Phase 2: Continued investigation of the effects of fuel oxygenate content, oxygenate type, volatility, sulfur, olefins, and distillation parameters. SAE Technical Paper Series No. 941974.
27. Miller, T. (2002). Testimony before the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials. MTBE contamination in groundwater Identifying and addressing the problem. Chief of National Water Quality Assessment Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. May 21.
28. Molson, J. W., Barker, J., and Schirmer, M. (2000). Modeling the impact of ethanol on the persistence of BTEX compounds in gasoline-contaminated groundwater. A publication of the California MTBE Research Partnership. Published by the National Water Research Institute, Fountain Valley, CA. NWRI-00-01.
29. Most, W. J. (1989). Coordinating research council study of winter exhaust emissions with gasoline/oxygenate blends. No.892091. In SAE International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition, Baltimore, Maryland, September 25-28.
30. NEIWPCC (New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission) (2001). Health, environmental, and economic impacts of adding ethanol to gasoline in the Northeast states, Volume 3: Water resources and associated health impacts. Lowell, MA: New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission. July (final).
31. NESCAUM (Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management) (1998). Relative cancer risk of reformulated gasoline and conventional gasoline sold in the Northeast Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management. August.
32. NESCAUM (Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management) (1999). RFG/MTBE: Findings and recommendations. Boston, MA: NESCAUM. August.
33. NESCAUM (Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management) (2001). Health, environmental, and economic impacts of adding ethanol to gasoline in the Northeast states, final (July). Volume 2: Air quality, health, and economic impacts. Boston, MA: NESCAUM.
34. NRC (National Research Council) (1999). Ozone-forming potential of reformulated gasoline. Committee on ozone-forming potential of reformulated gasoline. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences National Academy Press.
35. NSTC (National Science and Technology Committee) (1997). Interagency assessment of oxygenated fuels. Washington, DC: NSTC Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) and Interagency Oxygenated Fuels Assessment Steering Committee, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) through the CENR of the Executive Office of the President.
36. Powers, S. E., Rice, D., Dooher, B., and Alvarez, P.J.J. (2001a). Will ethanol-blended gasoline affect groundwater quality? Environmental Science and Technology 35:24A-30A.
37. Powers, S. E., Hunt, C. S., Heermann, S. E., Corseuil, H. X., Rice, D., and Alvarez. J. J. (2001b). The transport and fate of ethanol and BTEX in groundwater contaminated by gasohol. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 31:79-123.
38. Reuter, R. M., Benson, J. D., Burns, V. R., Gorse, R.A. Jr., Hochhauser, A. M., Koehl, W. J., Painter, L. J., Rippon, B. H., and Rutherford. J. A. (1992). Effects of oxygenated fuels and RVP on automotive emissions - Auto/oil air quality improvement program. SAE Technical Paper Series No. 920326, pp. 391-412.
39. Schifter, I., Vera, M., Diaz, L., Guzman, E., Ramos, F., and Lopez-Salinas, E. (2001). Environmental implications of the oxygenation of gasoline with ethanol in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Environmental Science and Technology 35(10):1893-1901.
40. Spitzer, H. L. (1997). An analysis of the health benefits associated with the use of MTBE reformulated gasoline and oxygenated fuels in reducing atmospheric concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds. Risk Analysis 17:683-691.
41. Squillace, P. J., Zogorski, J. S., Wilber, W. G., and Price, C. V. (1996). Preliminary assessment of the occurrence and possible sources of MTBE in groundwater in the United States, 1993-1994. Environmental Science and Technology 30:1721-1730.
42. Squillace, P. J., Moran, M. J., Lapham, W. W., Price, C. V., Clawges, R. M., and Zogorski, J. S. (1999). Volatile organic compounds in untreated ambient groundwater of the United States, 1985-1995. Environmental Science and Technology 33:4176-4187.
43. Stump, F. D, Knapp, K. T., and Ray. W. D. (1990). Seasonal impact of blending oxygenated organics with gasoline on motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 40(6):872-880.
44. Stem, B. R., and Tardiff, R. G. (1997). Risk characterization of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) in tap water. Risk Analysis 17:727-743.
45. Tanner, R. L., Miguel, A. H., de Andrade, J.B., Gaffney, J. S., and Streit. G. E. (1988). Atmospheric chemistry of aldehydes: Enhanced peroxyacetyl nitrate formation from ethanol-fueled vehicular emissions. Environmental Science and Technology 22(9):1026-1034.
46. UC (University of California). (1998). Health and Environmental Assessment of MTBE. Report to the Governor and Legislature of the State of California sponsored by SB521. Five Volumes, 874 pp. Submitted through the University of California (UC) Toxic Substances Research and Teaching Program SB521 MTBE Research Program. November 12. Davis, California.
47. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1997). Drinking water advisory: Consumer acceptability advisory and health effects analysis on methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MtBE). Washington, DC: Office of Water. EPA/822/F-97/008.
48. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1999). Achieving clean air and clean water The report of the blue ribbon panel on oxygenates in gasoline. EPA 420-R-99-1021 September 15.
49. USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) (2001). MTBE and other volatile organic compounds-new findings and implications on the quality of source waters used for drinking-water supplies. FS-105-201 October.
50. Ulrich, G. (1999). The fate and transport of ethanol-blended gasoline in the environment, a literature review and transport modeling. Prepared for the Governors' Ethanol Coalition, Lincoln, Nebraska. Norman, OK: Surbec-ART Environmental L.L.C.
51. Williams, P.R.D., Scott, P.K., Sheehan, P.J., and Paustenbach, DJ. (2000). A probabilistic assessment of household exposures to MTBE in California drinking water. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 6(5), 827-849.
52. Williams, P.R.D. (2001). MTBE in California drinking water: An analysis of patterns and trends. Journal of Environmental Forensics. 2, 75-85.
53. Williams, P.R.D., Benton, L., Warmerdam, J., and Sheehan, P. (2002). Comparative risk analysis of six volatile organic compounds in California drinking water. Environmental Science and Technology. 36, 4721-4728
54. Williams, P.R.D., and Sheehan, P. (2002). Overview of MTBE and TBA exposures and health risk in the U.S. Contaminated Soil and Sediment and Water. 93-103.
55. Williams, P.R.D., Cushing, C, and Sheehan, P. (2003a). Data available for evaluating the risks and benefits of MTBE and ethanol as alternative fuel oxygenates. Risk Analysis. 23, 1085-1115.
56. Williams, P.R.D., Benton, L., and Sheehan, P. (2003b). MTBE in California's drinking water: A comparison of groundwater versus surface water sources. Journal of Environmental Forensics. 4, 175-189.
57. Williams, P.R.D., Benton, L., and Sheehan, P. (2004). The risk of MTBE relative to other VOCs in public drinking water in California. Risk Analysis. In Press.