An analysis of the health benefits associated with the use of MTBE reformulated gasoline and oxygenated fuels in reducing atmosphere concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds

Risk Analysis

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 683-691

  Spitzer, Hugh L ^a  

^a Environmental Network   (United States)

Author keywords

Health benefits; MTBE; Reformulated gasoline; VOCs

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; BENZENE; BUTADIENE; ETHERS; FORMALDEHYDE; GAS EMISSIONS; GASOLINE; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOLUENE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; XYLENE;

ACETALDEHYDE; ETHYLBENZENE; METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER; OXYFUELS; REFORMULATED GASOLINE;

HEALTH RISKS;

1,3 BUTADIENE; ACETALDEHYDE; BENZENE; CARBON MONOXIDE; ETHYLBENZENE; FORMALDEHYDE; FUEL; GASOLINE; TERT BUTYL METHYL ETHER; TOLUENE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND; XYLENE;

AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; HEALTH; HUMAN; MODEL; NONHUMAN; PREDICTION; SUMMER; WINTER;

ACETALDEHYDE; AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; BENZENE; BENZENE DERIVATIVES; BUTADIENES; CARCINOGENS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FORECASTING; FORMALDEHYDE; GASOLINE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION; METHYL ETHERS; NEOPLASMS; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY; SEASONS; SOLVENTS; TOLUENE; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; VEHICLE EMISSIONS; VOLATILIZATION; XYLENES;

EID: 0031409481     PISSN: 02724332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb01275.x     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. U.S. Congress, "Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990," Public Law 101-549 (November 15, 1990).
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study," Report No. EPA 420-R-93-005 (USEPA, Office of Mobile Sources, Emission Planning and Strategies Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan, April, 1993).
3. American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists, Draft Documentation for Proposed Change in Benzene TLV-TWA (American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, May 1995).
4. D. J. Paustenbach, R. D. Bass, and P. Price, "Benzene Toxicity and Risk Assessment, 1972-1992: Implications for Future Regulation," Environ. Health Perspect. 101(Suppl. 6), 177-200 (1993).
5. National Toxicology Program, NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,3-Butadiene in B6C3F1 Mice, NTP TR 288. NTP 83-071. NIH Pub. No. 84-2544 (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1984).
6. P. E. Owen, J. R. Glaister, I. F. Gaunt, and D. H. Pullinger, "Inhalation Toxicity Studies with 1,3-Butadiene. 3. Two-Year Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Study in Rats," Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 48, 407-413 (1987).
7. D. Turnbull, J. V. Rodricks, and S. M. Brett, "Assessment of the Potential Risk to Workers from Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene," Environ. Health Perspect. 86, 159-171 (1990).
8. W. D. Kerns, M. L. Pavkov, D. J. Donofrio, E. J. Gralla, and J. A. Swenberg, "Carcinogenicity of Formaldehyde in Rats and Mice After Long-Term Inhalation Exposure," Cancer Res. 43, 4382-4392 (1983).
9. H. D'A. Heck, M. Casanova, W. H. Steinhagen, J. I. Everitt, E. T. Morgan, and J. A. Popp, "Formaldehyde Toxicity DNA Crosslinking Studies in Rats and Nonhuman Primates," in V. J. Feron and M. C. Bosland, (eds.), Nasal Carcinogenesis in Rodents: Relevance to Human Health Risk (Pudoc Wagenigen, The Netherlands, 1989), pp. 159-164.
10. E. J. Calabrese and E. M. Kenyon, Air Toxics and Risk Assessment (Lewis, Chelsea, Michigan, 1991).
11. National Research Council, Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1981).
12. Z. Bardodej and E. Bardodejova, "Biotransformation of Ethyl-benzene, Styrene and Alpha-Methylstyrene in Man," Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J 31, 206-209 (1970).
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Assessment Document for Toluene, EPA-600/8-82-008F (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, 1983).
14. G. J. Rosenthal and C. A. Snyder, "Modulation of the Immune Response to Listeria Monocytogenes by Benzene Inhalation," Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 80, 502-510 (1985).
15. T. J. Kulle, L. R. Sauder, J. R. Hebel, D. J. Green, and M. D. Chatham, "Formaldehyde Dose-Response in Healthy Nonsmokers," J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 37, 919-924 (1987).
16. I. Andersen, G. R. Lundqvist, L. Mølhave, et al., "Human Response to Controlled Levels of Toluene in Six-Hour Exposures," Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 9, 405-418 (1983).
17. K. W. Nelson, J. F. Ege, M. Ross, et al., "Sensory Response to Certain Industrial Solvent Vapors," J. Ind Hyg. Toxicol. 25, 282-285 (1943).
18. S. Erdal, S. Brown, H. Gong, Jr., W. Linn, and R. Rykowski, "Projection of Health Benefits from Ambient Zone Reduction Related to the Use of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) in the Reformulated Gasoline Program," Risk Anal. 17, 693-704 (1997).
19. S. Erdal and S. Ayres, "Carbon Monoxide Health Risks and Benefits Analysis for Fuels Oxygenated with MTBE," Risk Anal. 17, xxx-xxx (1997).
20. W. Piel, personal communication regarding five-city survey by Core Laboratories, ARCO Chemical Company, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania (1995).
21. American Automobile Manufacturers Association, "Annual Fuel Survey: Winter 1994-1995" (American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Washington, D.C., January 1995)
22. L. G. Anderson, P. Wolfe, R. Barrell, and J. Lanning, "The Effects of Using Oxygenated Fuels on the Atmospheric Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide and Aldehydes in Denver," Presented at the Meeting of the American Chemical Society/Division of Environmental Chemistry, Denver (March 28-April 2, 1993).
23. American Petroleum Institute, A Study to Characterize Air Concentrations of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) at Service Stations in the Northeast, Publication No. 4619 (American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1995).
24. Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services, An Investigation of Health Concerns Attributed to Reformulated Gasoline Use in Southeastern Wisconsin, Final Report (Wisconsin DHSS, Bureau of Public Health, Environmental Epidemiology and Prevention, Madison, May 30, 1995).
25. R. Hartle, "Exposure to Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether and Benzene Among Service Station Attendants and Operators," Environ. Health Perspect 101(Suppl. 6), 23-26 (1993).
26. D. C. Shikiya, C. S. Liu, M. I. Khan, J. Juarros, and W. Barcikowski, In-Vehicle Air Toxics Characterization Study in the South Coast Air Basin (South Coast Air Quality Management District, El Monte, California, 1989).
27. A. Wilson et al., Air Toxics Microenvironmental Exposure and Monitoring Study (South Coast Air Quality Management District, El Monte, California, 1991).
28. S. Pettersen and T. Rehn, "Determination of the Odor Threshold for Formaldehyde," Hygien Miljo 10, 53-59 (1977).
29. J. Rader, "Irritative Effects of Formaldehyde in Laboratory Halls," Dissertation, University of Wurzberg, Wurzberg, Germany (1977).
30. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists), "Formaldehyde," in Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, Vol. 2 (American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, 1992), pp. 664-688.
31. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists), "Notice of Intended Change: Formaldehyde," Appl. Occup Environ. Hyg. 7, 852-874 (1992).
32. Health Effects Institute, Research Priorities for Mobile Air Toxics (Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA 1993), 130 pp.
33. E. P. Cronkite, R. T. Drew, T. Inoue, Y. Hirabayashi, and J. E. Bullis, "Hematotoxicity and Carcinogenicity of Inhaled Benzene," Environ Health Perspect. 82, 97-108 (1989).
34. National Reformulation Hotline, personal communication, Arlington, Virginia (August 16, 1995).