Generation of strong optical field in soft X-ray region by using high-order harmonics

IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 1315-1328

  Takahashi, Eiji J ^a   Nabekawa, Yasuo ^a   Mashiko, Hiroki ^b   Hasegawa, Hirokazu ^a   Suda, Akira ^a   Midorikawa, Katsumi ^a  

^a RIKEN   (Japan)

^b SAITAMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Coherent soft X ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV); High order harmonic; Nonlinear optics; Phase matching; Ultrafast optics

Indexed keywords

COST EFFECTIVENESS; IONIZATION; LASER PULSES; LIGHT SOURCES; MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY; NONLINEAR OPTICS; SYNCHROTRON RADIATION; ULTRAFAST PHENOMENA;

COHERENT SOFT X-RAY AND EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET (XUV); HIGH-ORDER HARMONICS; PHASE MATCHING; ULTRAFAST OPTICS;

HARMONIC GENERATION;

EID: 13844322361     PISSN: 1077260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2004.838077     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. M. D. Perry and G. Mourou, "Terawatt to petawatt subpicosecond lasers," Science, vol. 264, pp. 917-924, 1994.
2. A. McPherson, G. Gibson, H. Jara, U. Johann, T. S. Luk, I. A. McInstyre, K. Boyer, and C. K. Rhodes, "Studies of multiphoton production of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation in the rare gases," J. Opt. Soc. B, vol. 4, pp. 595-601, 1987.
3. M. Ferray, A. L'Huillier, X. F. Li, L. A. Lompre, G. Mainfray, and C. Manus, "Multiple-harmonic conversion of 1064 nm radiation in rare gases," J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 21, pp. L31-L35, 1988.
4. X. F. Li, A. LfHuillier, M. Ferray, L. A. Lompre, and G. Mainfray, "Multiple-harmonic generation in rare gases at high laser intensity," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 39, pp. 5751-5761, 1989.
5. N. Sarukura, K. Hata, T. Adachi, R. Nodomi, M. Watanabe, and S. Watanabe, "Coherent soft-X-ray generation by the harmonics of an ultrahigh-power KrF laser," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 43, pp. 1669-1672, 1991.
6. J. K. Crane, M. D. Perry, S. Herman, and R. W. Falcone, "High-field harmonic generation in helium," Opt. Lett., vol. 17, pp. 1256-1258, 1992.
7. K. Kondo, N. Sarukura, K. Sajiki, and S. Watanabe, "High-order harmonic generation by ultrashort KrF and Ti:sapphire lasers," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 47, pp. R2480-R2483, 1993.
8. A. L'Huillier and P. Balcou, "High-order harmonic generation in rare gases with a 1-ps 1053-nm laser," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 70, pp. 774-777, 1993.
9. J. J. Macklin, J. D. Kmetec, and C. L. Gordon III, "High-order harmonic generation using intense femtosecond pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 70, pp. 766-769, 1993.
10. C.-G. Wahlstrom, J. Larsson, A. Persson, T. Starczewski, S. Svanberg, P. Salieres, P. Balcou, and A. L'Huillier, "High-order harmonic generation in rare gases with an intense short-pulse laser," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 48, pp. 4709-4720, 1993.
11. K. Miyazaki and H. Takada, "High-order harmonic generation in the tunneling regime," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 52, pp. 3007-3021, 1995.
12. Y. Nagata, K. Midorikawa, M. Obara, and K. Toyoda, "High-order harmonic generation by subpicosecond KrF excimer laser pulses," Opt. Lett., vol. 21, pp. 15-17, 1996.
13. S. G. Preston, A. Sanpera, M. Zepf, W. J. Blyth, C. G. Smith, J. S. Wark, M. H. Key, K. Burnett, M. Nakai, D. Neely, and A. A. Offenberger, "High-order harmonics of 248.6-nm KrF laser from helium and neon ions," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 53, pp. R31-R34, 1996.
14. T. D. Donnelly, T. Ditmire, K. Neuman, M. D. Perry, and R. W. Falcone, "High-order harmonic generation in atom clusters," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 76, pp. 2472-2475, 1996.
15. S. X. Hu and Z. Z. Xu, "Enhanced harmonic emission from ionized clusters in intense laser pulses," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 71, pp. 2605-2607, 1997.
16. M. Y. Ivanov and P. B. Corkum, "Generation of high-order harmonics from inertially confined molecular ions," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 48, pp. 580-590, 1993.
17. Y. Liang, S. Augst, S. L. Chin, Y. Beaudoin, and M. Chaker, "High harmonic generation in atomic and diatomic molecular gases using intense picosecond laser pulses-a comparison," J. Opt. Soc. B, vol. 27, pp. 5119-5130, 1993.
18. C. Spielmann, N. H. Burnett, S. Sartania, R. Koppitsch, M. Schnurer, C. Kan, M. Lenzner, P. Wobrauschek, and F. Krausz, "Coherent 0.5-keV X-ray emission from helium driven by a sub-10-fs laser," Science, vol. 278, pp. 661-664, 1997.
19. Z. Chang, A. Rundquist, H. Wang, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, "Generation of coherent soft X rays at 2.7 nm using high harmonics," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 79, pp. 2967-2970, 1997.
20. M. Schnurer, C. Spielmann, P. Wobrauschek, C. Streli, N. H. Burnett, C. Kan, K. Ferencz, R. Koppitsch, Z. Cheng, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, "Generation of coherent X-rays in the water window using 5-femtosecond laser pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 80, pp. 3236-3293, 1998.
21. T. Ditmire, J. K. Crane, H. Nguyen, L. B. DaSilva, and M. D. Perry, "Energy-yield and conversion-efficiency measurements of high-order harmonic radiation," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 51, pp. R902-R905, 1995.
22. P. Salieres, A. L'Huillier, and M. Lewenstein, "Coherence control of high-order harmonics," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 74, pp. 3776-3779, 1995.
23. A. Rundquist, C. G. Durfee III, Z. Chabg, C. Herne, S. Backus, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, "Phase-matched generation of coherent soft X-rays," SCIENCE, vol. 280, pp. 1412-1415, 1998.
24. Y. Tamaki, Y. Nagata, M. Obara, and K. Midorikawa, "Phase-matched high-order-harmonic generation in a gas-filled hollow fiber," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 59, pp. 4041-4044, 1999.
25. E. Constant, D. Garzella, P. Breger, M. Mevel, C. Dorrer, C. L. Blanc, F. Salin, and P. Agostini, "Optimizing high harmonic generation in absorbing gases: Model and experiment," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 82, pp. 1668-1671, 1999.
26. Y. Tamaki, J. Itatani, Y. Nagata, M. Obara, and K. Midorikawa, "Highly efficient, phase-matched high-harmonic generation by a self-guided laser beam," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 82, pp. 1422-1425, 1999.
27. C. G. Durfee III, A. R. Rundquist, S. Backus, C. Herne, M. M. Murnaneand, and H. C. Kapteyn, "Phase matching of high-order harmonics in hollow waveguides," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 2187-2190, 1999.
28. Y. Tamaki, J. Itatani, M. Obara, and K. Midorikawa, "Optimization of conversion efficiency and spatial quality of high-order harmonic generation," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 62, p. 063 802, 2000.
29. C. Bartels, S. Backus, E. Zeek, L. Misoguti, G. Vdovin, I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, and H. C. Kapteyn, "Shaped-pulse optimization of coherent emission of high-harmonic soft X-rays," Nature (London), vol. 406, pp. 164-166, 2000.
30. D. Yoshitomi, J. Nees, N. Miyamoto, T. Sekikawa, T. Kanai, G. Mourou, and S. Watanabe, "Phase-matched enhancements of high-harmonic soft X-rays by adaptive wave-front control with a genetic algorithm," Appl. Phys. B., vol. 78, pp. 275-280, 2004.
31. P. Salieres, L. L. Deroff, T. Auguste, P. Monot, P. d'Oliveira, D. Campo, J. F. Hergott, H. Merdi, and B. Carre, "Frequency-domain interferometry in the XUV with high-order harmonics," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 5483-5486, 1999.
32. Y. Kobayashi, T. Sekikawa, Y. Nabekawa, and S. Watanabe, "27-fs extreme ultraviolet pulse generation by high-order harmonics," Opt. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 64-66, 1998.
33. D. Descamps, L. Roos, C. Delfin, A. L'Huillier, and C. G. Wahlstrom, "Two- and three-photon ionization of rare gases using femtosecond harmonic pulses generated in a gas medium," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 64, p. 031 404, 2001.
34. M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, C. Spielmann, G. A. Reider, N. Milosevic, T. Brabec, P. Corkum, U. Heinzmanns, M. Dreschers, and F. Krausz, "Attosecond metrology," Nature (London), vol. 414, pp. 509-513, 2001.
35. T. Sekikawa, A. Kosuge, T. Kanai, and S. Watanabe, "Autocorrelation measurement of isolated attosecond extreme ultraviolet harmonic pulses," in Proc. Conf. Lasers Electro-Optics (CLEO), San Francisco, CA, May 2004.
36. J. Peatross, J. L. Chaloupka, and D. D. Meyerhofer, "High-order harmonic generation with an annular laser beam," Opt. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 942-944, 1994.
37. R. W. Falcone and I. Bokor, "Dichroic beam splitter for extreme-ultraviolet and visible radiation," Opt. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 21-23, 1983.
38. J. L. Krause, K. J. Schafer, and K. C. Kulander, "Calculation of photoemission from atoms subject to intense laser fields," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 45, pp. 4998-5010, 1992.
39. E. A. J. Marcatili and R. A. Schmeltzer, Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 43, p. 1783, 1964.
40. S. Kazamias, D. Douillet, F. Weihe, C. Valentin, A. Rousse, S. Sebban, G. Grillon, F. Auge, D. Hulin, and P. Balcou, "Global optimization of high harmonic generation," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 90, p. 193 901, 2003.
41. [Online], Available: http://www.udt.com/
42. M. Krumrey, E. Tegeler, R. Goebel, and R. Kohler, "Self-calibration of the same silicon photodiode in the visible and soft X-ray ranges," Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 66, pp. 4736-4737, 1995.
43. B. L. Henke, E. M. Gullikson, and J. C. Davis, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data, vol. 54, 1993.
44. F. R. Powell, P. W. Vedder, J. F. Lindblom, and S. F. Powell, "Thin film filter performance for extreme ultraviolet and X-ray applications," Opt. Eng., vol. 29, pp. 614-624, 1990.
45. Y.-M. Yiu, K. D. Bonin, and T. J. McIlrath, "Two-photon resonant upconversion in xenon," Opt. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 268-270, 1982.
46. T. Togashi, Y. Nabekawa, T. Sekikawa, and S. Watanabe, "Generation of milliwatt narrow-bandwidth vacuum ultraviolet radiation by an all-solid-state tunable high-average-power laser system," Opt. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 831-833, 2001.
47. K. D. Bonin and T. J. McIlrath, "Generation of tunable coherent radiation below 1000 Aring by four-wave mixing in krypton," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 2, pp. 527-534, 1985.
48. X-ray Form Factor, Attenuation and Scattering Tables in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [Online]. Available: http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/FFast/html/form.html
49. E. Takahashi, Y. Nabekawa, T. Otsuka, M. Obara, and K. Midorikawa, "Generation of highly coherent submicrojoule soft x rays by high-order harmonics," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 66, p. 021802(R), 2002.
50. E. Takahashi, Y. Nabekawa, M. Nurhuda, and K. Midorikawa, "Generation of high-energy high-order harmonics by use of a long interaction medium," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 20, pp. 158-165, 2003.
51. E. Takahashi, N. Nabekawa, and K. Midorikawa, "Generation of 10-μJ coherent extreme-ultraviolet light by use of high-order harmonics," Opt. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 1920-1922, 2000.
52. J.-F. Hergott, M. Kovacev, H. Merdji, C. Hubert, Y. Mairesse, E. Jean, P. Breger, P. Agostini, B. Carre, and P. Salières, "Extreme- ultraviolet high-order harmonic pulses in the microjoule range," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 66, p. 021 801(R), 2002.
53. C. Dolle, C. Reinhardt, P. Simon, and B. Wellegehausen, "Generation of 100 μJ pulses at 82.8 nm by frequency tripling of sub-picosecond KrF laser radiation," Appl. Phys. B, vol. 75, pp. 629-634, 2002.
54. D. Yoshitomi, T. Shimizu, T. Sekikawa, and S. Watanabe, "Generation and focusing of submilliwatt-average-power 50-nm pulses by the fifth harmonic of a KrF laser," Opt. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 2170-2172, 2002.
55. K. Kuroda, T. Kaneko, and S. Itabashi, "Efficient extraction window for high-throughput X-ray lithography beamlines," Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 66, pp. 2151-2153, 1995.
56. W. T. Silfvast, M. Klosner, G. M. Shimkaveg, H. Bender, G. D. Kubiak, and N. Fornaciari, Proc. SPIE, vol. 3676, 1999, p. 272.
57. D. A. Tichenor, G. D. Kubiak, M. E. Malinowski, R. H. Stulen, S. J., Haney, K. W. Berger, L. A. Brown, R. R. Freeman, W. M. Manifield, Ó. R. Wood II, D. M. Tennant, J. E. Bjorkholm, A. A. MacDowell, J. Bokor, T. E. Jewell, D. L. White, D. L. Windt, and W. K. Waskiewicz, "Diffraction- limited soft-X-ray projection imaging using a laser plasma source," Opt. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 1557-1559, 1991.
58. S. Ranc, G. Cheriaux, S. Ferre, J.-P. Rousseau, and J.-P. Chambaret, Appl. Phys. B, vol. 70, pp. S181-S187, 2000.
59. E. Takahashi, V. Tosa, Y. Nabekawa, and K. Midorikawa, "Experimental and theoretical analyzes of a correlation between pump-pulse propagation and harmonic yield in a long-interaction medium," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 68, p. 023 808, 2003.
60. M. Schnurer, Z. Cheng, M. Hentschel, G. Tempea, P. Kalman, T. Brabec, and F. Krausz, "Absorption-limited generation of coherent ultrashort soft-X-ray pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 83, pp. 722-725, 1999.
61. Center for X-Ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [On-line]. Available: http://www-cxro.lbl.gov/
62. E. J. Takahashi, private communication.
63. E. J. Takahashi, H. Hasegawa, N. Nabekawa, and K. Midorikawa, "High-throughput, high-damage-threshold broadband beam splitter for high-order harmonics in the extreme-ultraviolet region," Opt. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 507-509, 2004.
64. E. J. Takahashi, Y. Nabekawa, and K. Midorikawa, "Low-divergence coherent soft X-ray source at 13 nm by high-order harmonics," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 84, pp. 4-6, 2004.
65. Y. Nagata, K. Midorikawa, S. Kubodera, M. Obara, H. Tashiro, and K. Toyoda, "Soft-X-ray amplification of the lyman- alpha transition by optical-field-induced ionization," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 71, pp. 3774-3777, 1993.
66. S. Sebban, R. Haroutunian, P. Balcou, G. Grillon, A. Rousse, S. Kazamias, T. Marin, J. P. Rousseau, L. Notebaert, M. Pittman, J. P. Chambaret, A. Antonetti, D. Hulin, D. Ros, A. Klisnick, A. Carillon, P. Jaegle, G. Jamelot, and J. F. Wyart, "Saturated amplification of a collisionally pumped optical-field-ionization soft X-ray laser at 41.8 nm," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 86, pp. 3004-3007, 2001.
67. A. V. Vinogradov, N. N. Zorev, I. V. Kozhevikov, S. I. Sagitov, and A. G. Tur'yanskii, "X-ray scattering by highly polished surface," Sov. Phys. JETP, vol. 67, pp. 1631-1638, 1988.
68. E. D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solid. San Diego, CA: Academic, 1985.
69. D. Attwood, Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999.
70. S. Ichimaru, H. Takenaka, T. Ohchi, and E. M. Gullikson, "The soft X-ray reflectivities and heated resistance of Mg/SiC multilayer for the wavelength around 30 nm," in Abstract 64th Autumn Meeting Japan Soc. Applied Physics, 2003, p. 615.
71. Y. A. Uspenskii, V. E. Levashov, A. V. Vinogradov, A. I. Fedorenko, V. V. Kondratenko, Y. P. Pershin, E. N. Zubarev, and V. Y. Fedotov, "High-reflectivity multilayer mirrors for a vacuum-ultraviolet interval of 35-50 nm," Opt. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 771-773, 1998.
72. Y. Tamaki, J. Itatani, M. Obara, and K. Midorikawa, "Highly coherent soft X-ray generation by macroscopic phase matching of high-order harmonics," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 40, pp. L1154-L1156, 2001.
73. R. A. Bartels, A. Paul, H. Green, H. C. Kapteyn, M. M. Murnane, S. Backus, I. P. Christov, Y. Liu, D. Attwood. and C. Jacobsen, "Generation of spatially coherent light at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths," Science, vol. 297, pp. 376-378, 2002.
74. D. G. Lee, J. J. Park, J. H. Sung, and C. H. Nam, "Wave-front phase measurements of high-order harmonic beams by use of point-diffraction interferometry," Opt. Lett., vol. 28, pp. 480-482, 2003.
75. C. Valentin, D. Douillet, S. Kazamias, T. Lefrou, G. Grillon, F. Auge, G. Mullot, P. Balcou, P. Mercere, and P. Zeitoun, "Imaging and quality assessment of high-harmonic focal spot," Opt. Lett., vol. 28, pp. 1049-1051, 2003.
76. M. Moszynski, T. Ludziejewski, D. Wolski, W. Klamra, and L. O. Norlin, "Properties of the YAG:Ce scintillator," Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, vol. 345, pp. 461-467, 1994.
77. A. E. Siegman and S. W. Townsend, "Output beam propagation and beam quality from a multimode stable-cavity laser," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 29, pp. 1212-1217, 1993.
78. + as a nonlinear optical effect in the soft-X-ray region," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 65, p. 043405, 2002.
79. K. Nakajima and L. A. A. Nikolpoulos, "Use of helium double ionization for autocorrelation of an XUV pulse," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 66, p. 041 402(R), 2002.
80. A. D. Bandrauk and S. Chelkowski, "Dynamic imaging of nuclear wave functions with ultrashort UV laser pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 87, p. 273004, 2001.
81. U. Saalmann and J.-M. Rost, "Ionization of clusters in strong X-ray laser pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 89, p. 143401, 2002.