Corporatism from the firm perspective: Employers and social policy in Denmark and Britain

British Journal of Political Science

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 127-148

  Martin, Cathie Jo ^a  

^a Boston University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 13444293324     PISSN: 00071234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007123405000062     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Gerhard Lembruch, 'Concertation and the Structure of Corporatist Networks', in John Goldethorp, ed., Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 60-80.
2. Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe Schmitter, 'From National Corporatism to Transnational Pluralism', Politics and Society, 19 (1991), 133-64; Michael Wallerstein, Miriam Golden and Peter Lange, 'Unions, Employers' Associations, and Wage-Setting Institutions in Northern and Central Europe, 1950-1992', Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 50 (1997), 379-401.
3. Wolfgang Streeck and Philippe Schmitter, 'From National Corporatism to Transnational Pluralism', Politics and Society, 19 (1991), 133-64; Michael Wallerstein, Miriam Golden and Peter Lange, 'Unions, Employers' Associations, and Wage-Setting Institutions in Northern and Central Europe, 1950-1992', Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 50 (1997), 379-401.
4. Martin Rhodes, 'The Political Economy of Social Pacts', in Paul Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 165-94; Per Kongshøj Madsen, 'The Danish Model of Flexicurity: A Paradise - With Some Snakes' (unpublished paper for ISSA/LMSP, 2000); Anton Hemerijck and Martin Schludi, 'Sequences of Policy Failures and Effective Policy Responses', in Fritz Scharpf and Vivien Schmidt, eds, Welfare and Work in the Open Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 125-228.
5. Martin Rhodes, 'The Political Economy of Social Pacts', in Paul Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 165-94; Per Kongshøj Madsen, 'The Danish Model of Flexicurity: A Paradise - With Some Snakes' (unpublished paper for ISSA/LMSP, 2000); Anton Hemerijck and Martin Schludi, 'Sequences of Policy Failures and Effective Policy Responses', in Fritz Scharpf and Vivien Schmidt, eds, Welfare and Work in the Open Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 125-228.
6. Martin Rhodes, 'The Political Economy of Social Pacts', in Paul Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 165-94; Per Kongshøj Madsen, 'The Danish Model of Flexicurity: A Paradise - With Some Snakes' (unpublished paper for ISSA/LMSP, 2000); Anton Hemerijck and Martin Schludi, 'Sequences of Policy Failures and Effective Policy Responses', in Fritz Scharpf and Vivien Schmidt, eds, Welfare and Work in the Open Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 125-228.
7. See also Robert Bennett, 'The Logic of Membership of Sectoral Business Associations', Review of Social Economy, 58 (2000), 17-42.
8. Kathleen Thelen, 'Varieties of Labor Politics in the Developed Democracies', in Peter Hall and David Soskice, eds, Varieties of Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 71-103.
9. Henceforth I use the term 'active social policy' to refer to programmes for either social assistance or unemployment insurance recipients, even though the latter are often served by labour market programmes. Social policy beneficiaries are often marginally linked to the labour force and present a greater challenge to firms behaving altruistically.
10. OECD, The OECD Jobs Study (Paris: OECD, 1994), pp. 48, 37; Neil Gilbert, 'From Entitlements to Incentives', International Social Security Review, 45 (1992), 5-17; John Martin, 'What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies', OECD Economic Studies, 30 (2000), 79-113, p. 92.
11. OECD, The OECD Jobs Study (Paris: OECD, 1994), pp. 48, 37; Neil Gilbert, 'From Entitlements to Incentives', International Social Security Review, 45 (1992), 5-17; John Martin, 'What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies', OECD Economic Studies, 30 (2000), 79-113, p. 92.
12. OECD, The OECD Jobs Study (Paris: OECD, 1994), pp. 48, 37; Neil Gilbert, 'From Entitlements to Incentives', International Social Security Review, 45 (1992), 5-17; John Martin, 'What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies', OECD Economic Studies, 30 (2000), 79-113, p. 92.
13. The plans borrow conceptually from diverse regimes. See Jonas Pontusson, 'Between Neo-Liberalism and the German Model', in Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck, eds, Political Economy of Modern Capitalism (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage: 1997), pp. 55-70; Scharpf and Schmidt, Welfare to Work in the Open Economy; Maurizio Fererra, Anton Hemerijck and Martin Rhodes, 'The Future of Social Europe' (Report for the Portuguese Presidency of the European Union, no date); Hilary Silver, 'Policies to Reinforce Social Cohesion in Europe', in José Figueiredo and Arjan de Haan, eds, Social Exclusion (Geneva: ILO Publications, 1998), pp. 38-73, especially pp. 38-9.
14. The plans borrow conceptually from diverse regimes. See Jonas Pontusson, 'Between Neo-Liberalism and the German Model', in Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck, eds, Political Economy of Modern Capitalism (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage: 1997), pp. 55-70; Scharpf and Schmidt, Welfare to Work in the Open Economy; Maurizio Fererra, Anton Hemerijck and Martin Rhodes, 'The Future of Social Europe' (Report for the Portuguese Presidency of the European Union, no date); Hilary Silver, 'Policies to Reinforce Social Cohesion in Europe', in José Figueiredo and Arjan de Haan, eds, Social Exclusion (Geneva: ILO Publications, 1998), pp. 38-73, especially pp. 38-9.
15. The plans borrow conceptually from diverse regimes. See Jonas Pontusson, 'Between Neo-Liberalism and the German Model', in Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck, eds, Political Economy of Modern Capitalism (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage: 1997), pp. 55-70; Scharpf and Schmidt, Welfare to Work in the Open Economy; Maurizio Fererra, Anton Hemerijck and Martin Rhodes, 'The Future of Social Europe' (Report for the Portuguese Presidency of the European Union, no date); Hilary Silver, 'Policies to Reinforce Social Cohesion in Europe', in José Figueiredo and Arjan de Haan, eds, Social Exclusion (Geneva: ILO Publications, 1998), pp. 38-73, especially pp. 38-9.
16. The plans borrow conceptually from diverse regimes. See Jonas Pontusson, 'Between Neo-Liberalism and the German Model', in Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck, eds, Political Economy of Modern Capitalism (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage: 1997), pp. 55-70; Scharpf and Schmidt, Welfare to Work in the Open Economy; Maurizio Fererra, Anton Hemerijck and Martin Rhodes, 'The Future of Social Europe' (Report for the Portuguese Presidency of the European Union, no date); Hilary Silver, 'Policies to Reinforce Social Cohesion in Europe', in José Figueiredo and Arjan de Haan, eds, Social Exclusion (Geneva: ILO Publications, 1998), pp. 38-73, especially pp. 38-9.
17. 'Danmarks Nationale Handlingsplan for Beskaeftigelse 1999' (Copenhagen: Arbejdesministeriet; Financeministeriet, May 1999); Jan Plovsing, Socialpolitik (Copenhagen: Handelshøjskolens Forlag, 1998); Robert Henry Cox, 'From Safety Net to Trampoline', Governance, 11 (1998), 397-414.
18. 'Danmarks Nationale Handlingsplan for Beskaeftigelse 1999' (Copenhagen: Arbejdesministeriet; Financeministeriet, May 1999); Jan Plovsing, Socialpolitik (Copenhagen: Handelshøjskolens Forlag, 1998); Robert Henry Cox, 'From Safety Net to Trampoline', Governance, 11 (1998), 397-414.
19. 'Danmarks Nationale Handlingsplan for Beskaeftigelse 1999' (Copenhagen: Arbejdesministeriet; Financeministeriet, May 1999); Jan Plovsing, Socialpolitik (Copenhagen: Handelshøjskolens Forlag, 1998); Robert Henry Cox, 'From Safety Net to Trampoline', Governance, 11 (1998), 397-414.
20. Anthony Giddens, The Third Way (Cambridge: Polity, 1998); Desmond King and Mark Wickham-Jones, 'Training Without the State', Policy and Politics, 26 (1998), 439-55.
21. Anthony Giddens, The Third Way (Cambridge: Polity, 1998); Desmond King and Mark Wickham-Jones, 'Training Without the State', Policy and Politics, 26 (1998), 439-55.
22. DfEE, United Kingdom Employment Action Plan (London: DfEE, 1999).
23. Stewart Wood, 'Labour Market Regimes Under Threat?' in Pierson, The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 368-409. The Danish public system still provides most training.
24. Oscar Molina and Martin Rhodes, 'Corporatism: The Past, Present, and Future of a Concept', Annual Review of Political Science, 5 (2002), 305-31.
25. Philippe Schmitter, 'Interest Intermediation and Regime Governability in Contemporary Western Europe and North America', in Suzanne Berger, ed., Organizing Interests in Western Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
26. Colin Crouch, Industrial Relations and European State Traditions (New York: Oxford Press, 1993); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1992); Graham Wilson, Business and Politics (Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House, 1990); Andrew Henley and Euclid Tsakalotos, 'Corporatism and the European Labour Market after 1992', British Journal of Industrial Relations, 30 (1992), 567-86, esp pp. 566-8; Arend Lijphart and Markus Crepaz,'Corporatism and Consensus Democracy in Eighteen Countries', British Journal of Political Science, 21 (1991), 235-56; Søren Winter and Peter May, 'Information, Interests, and Environmental Regulation', Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4 (2002), 115-42.
27. Colin Crouch, Industrial Relations and European State Traditions (New York: Oxford Press, 1993); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1992); Graham Wilson, Business and Politics (Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House, 1990); Andrew Henley and Euclid Tsakalotos, 'Corporatism and the European Labour Market after 1992', British Journal of Industrial Relations, 30 (1992), 567-86, esp pp. 566-8; Arend Lijphart and Markus Crepaz,'Corporatism and Consensus Democracy in Eighteen Countries', British Journal of Political Science, 21 (1991), 235-56; Søren Winter and Peter May, 'Information, Interests, and Environmental Regulation', Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4 (2002), 115-42.
28. Colin Crouch, Industrial Relations and European State Traditions (New York: Oxford Press, 1993); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1992); Graham Wilson, Business and Politics (Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House, 1990); Andrew Henley and Euclid Tsakalotos, 'Corporatism and the European Labour Market after 1992', British Journal of Industrial Relations, 30 (1992), 567-86, esp pp. 566-8; Arend Lijphart and Markus Crepaz,'Corporatism and Consensus Democracy in Eighteen Countries', British Journal of Political Science, 21 (1991), 235-56; Søren Winter and Peter May, 'Information, Interests, and Environmental Regulation', Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4 (2002), 115-42.
29. Colin Crouch, Industrial Relations and European State Traditions (New York: Oxford Press, 1993); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1992); Graham Wilson, Business and Politics (Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House, 1990); Andrew Henley and Euclid Tsakalotos, 'Corporatism and the European Labour Market after 1992', British Journal of Industrial Relations, 30 (1992), 567-86, esp pp. 566-8; Arend Lijphart and Markus Crepaz,'Corporatism and Consensus Democracy in Eighteen Countries', British Journal of Political Science, 21 (1991), 235-56; Søren Winter and Peter May, 'Information, Interests, and Environmental Regulation', Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4 (2002), 115-42.
30. Colin Crouch, Industrial Relations and European State Traditions (New York: Oxford Press, 1993); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1992); Graham Wilson, Business and Politics (Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House, 1990); Andrew Henley and Euclid Tsakalotos, 'Corporatism and the European Labour Market after 1992', British Journal of Industrial Relations, 30 (1992), 567-86, esp pp. 566-8; Arend Lijphart and Markus Crepaz,'Corporatism and Consensus Democracy in Eighteen Countries', British Journal of Political Science, 21 (1991), 235-56; Søren Winter and Peter May, 'Information, Interests, and Environmental Regulation', Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4 (2002), 115-42.
31. Colin Crouch, Industrial Relations and European State Traditions (New York: Oxford Press, 1993); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1992); Graham Wilson, Business and Politics (Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House, 1990); Andrew Henley and Euclid Tsakalotos, 'Corporatism and the European Labour Market after 1992', British Journal of Industrial Relations, 30 (1992), 567-86, esp pp. 566-8; Arend Lijphart and Markus Crepaz,'Corporatism and Consensus Democracy in Eighteen Countries', British Journal of Political Science, 21 (1991), 235-56; Søren Winter and Peter May, 'Information, Interests, and Environmental Regulation', Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4 (2002), 115-42.
32. Walter Korpi, 'Social Policy and Distributional Conflict in the Capitalist Democracies', West European Politics, 3 (1980), 296-315; Francis Castles, The Social Democratic Image of Society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978); Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance; and Cathie Jo Martin, Stuck in Neutral (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
33. Walter Korpi, 'Social Policy and Distributional Conflict in the Capitalist Democracies', West European Politics, 3 (1980), 296-315; Francis Castles, The Social Democratic Image of Society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978); Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance; and Cathie Jo Martin, Stuck in Neutral (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
34. Walter Korpi, 'Social Policy and Distributional Conflict in the Capitalist Democracies', West European Politics, 3 (1980), 296-315; Francis Castles, The Social Democratic Image of Society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978); Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance; and Cathie Jo Martin, Stuck in Neutral (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
35. Walter Korpi, 'Social Policy and Distributional Conflict in the Capitalist Democracies', West European Politics, 3 (1980), 296-315; Francis Castles, The Social Democratic Image of Society (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978); Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance; and Cathie Jo Martin, Stuck in Neutral (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
36. Duane Swank and Cathie Jo Martin, 'Employers and the Welfare State', Comparative Political Studies, 34 (2001), 889-923.
37. Markus Crepaz, 'Corporatism in Decline?' Comparative Political Studies, 25 (1992), 139-68; Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, 'Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 107-45; Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics In the Global Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Torben Iversen, 'The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 45-79; Vivien Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Sofia Pérez, 'From Decentralization to Reorganization', Comparative Politics, 32 (2000), 437-58; Jesper Due, Joergen Steen Madsen, Garsten Stroeby Jensen and Lars Kjerulf Petersen, The Survival of the Danish Model (Copenhagen: DJOEF Publishing, 1994).
38. Markus Crepaz, 'Corporatism in Decline?' Comparative Political Studies, 25 (1992), 139-68; Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, 'Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 107-45; Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics In the Global Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Torben Iversen, 'The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 45-79; Vivien Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Sofia Pérez, 'From Decentralization to Reorganization', Comparative Politics, 32 (2000), 437-58; Jesper Due, Joergen Steen Madsen, Garsten Stroeby Jensen and Lars Kjerulf Petersen, The Survival of the Danish Model (Copenhagen: DJOEF Publishing, 1994).
39. Markus Crepaz, 'Corporatism in Decline?' Comparative Political Studies, 25 (1992), 139-68; Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, 'Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 107-45; Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics In the Global Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Torben Iversen, 'The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 45-79; Vivien Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Sofia Pérez, 'From Decentralization to Reorganization', Comparative Politics, 32 (2000), 437-58; Jesper Due, Joergen Steen Madsen, Garsten Stroeby Jensen and Lars Kjerulf Petersen, The Survival of the Danish Model (Copenhagen: DJOEF Publishing, 1994).
40. Markus Crepaz, 'Corporatism in Decline?' Comparative Political Studies, 25 (1992), 139-68; Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, 'Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 107-45; Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics In the Global Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Torben Iversen, 'The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 45-79; Vivien Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Sofia Pérez, 'From Decentralization to Reorganization', Comparative Politics, 32 (2000), 437-58; Jesper Due, Joergen Steen Madsen, Garsten Stroeby Jensen and Lars Kjerulf Petersen, The Survival of the Danish Model (Copenhagen: DJOEF Publishing, 1994).
41. Markus Crepaz, 'Corporatism in Decline?' Comparative Political Studies, 25 (1992), 139-68; Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, 'Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 107-45; Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics In the Global Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Torben Iversen, 'The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 45-79; Vivien Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Sofia Pérez, 'From Decentralization to Reorganization', Comparative Politics, 32 (2000), 437-58; Jesper Due, Joergen Steen Madsen, Garsten Stroeby Jensen and Lars Kjerulf Petersen, The Survival of the Danish Model (Copenhagen: DJOEF Publishing, 1994).
42. Markus Crepaz, 'Corporatism in Decline?' Comparative Political Studies, 25 (1992), 139-68; Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, 'Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 107-45; Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics In the Global Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Torben Iversen, 'The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 45-79; Vivien Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Sofia Pérez, 'From Decentralization to Reorganization', Comparative Politics, 32 (2000), 437-58; Jesper Due, Joergen Steen Madsen, Garsten Stroeby Jensen and Lars Kjerulf Petersen, The Survival of the Danish Model (Copenhagen: DJOEF Publishing, 1994).
43. Markus Crepaz, 'Corporatism in Decline?' Comparative Political Studies, 25 (1992), 139-68; Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, 'Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 107-45; Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics In the Global Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Torben Iversen, 'The Dynamics of Welfare State Expansion', in Pierson, ed., The New Politics of the Welfare State, pp. 45-79; Vivien Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Sofia Pérez, 'From Decentralization to Reorganization', Comparative Politics, 32 (2000), 437-58; Jesper Due, Joergen Steen Madsen, Garsten Stroeby Jensen and Lars Kjerulf Petersen, The Survival of the Danish Model (Copenhagen: DJOEF Publishing, 1994).
44. Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks, 'The Making of a Polity', in Herbert Kitschelt, Peter Lange, Gary Marks and John Stephens, eds, Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Justin Greenwood, Jurgen Grote and Karsten Ronit, eds, Organized Interests and the European Community (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1992); but also see Justin Greenwood, Inside the EU Business Associations (New York: Palgrave, 2002); David Coen, 'The Evolution of the Large Firm as a Political Actor in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy, 4 (1997), 91-108; Peter Munk Christiansen and Hilmar Rommetvedt, 'From Corporatism to Lobbyism?' Scandinavian Political Studies, 22 (1999), 195-220;
45. Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks, 'The Making of a Polity', in Herbert Kitschelt, Peter Lange, Gary Marks and John Stephens, eds, Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Justin Greenwood, Jurgen Grote and Karsten Ronit, eds, Organized Interests and the European Community (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1992); but also see Justin Greenwood, Inside the EU Business Associations (New York: Palgrave, 2002); David Coen, 'The Evolution of the Large Firm as a Political Actor in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy, 4 (1997), 91-108; Peter Munk Christiansen and Hilmar Rommetvedt, 'From Corporatism to Lobbyism?' Scandinavian Political Studies, 22 (1999), 195-220;
46. Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks, 'The Making of a Polity', in Herbert Kitschelt, Peter Lange, Gary Marks and John Stephens, eds, Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Justin Greenwood, Jurgen Grote and Karsten Ronit, eds, Organized Interests and the European Community (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1992); but also see Justin Greenwood, Inside the EU Business Associations (New York: Palgrave, 2002); David Coen, 'The Evolution of the Large Firm as a Political Actor in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy, 4 (1997), 91-108; Peter Munk Christiansen and Hilmar Rommetvedt, 'From Corporatism to Lobbyism?' Scandinavian Political Studies, 22 (1999), 195-220;
47. Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks, 'The Making of a Polity', in Herbert Kitschelt, Peter Lange, Gary Marks and John Stephens, eds, Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Justin Greenwood, Jurgen Grote and Karsten Ronit, eds, Organized Interests and the European Community (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1992); but also see Justin Greenwood, Inside the EU Business Associations (New York: Palgrave, 2002); David Coen, 'The Evolution of the Large Firm as a Political Actor in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy, 4 (1997), 91-108; Peter Munk Christiansen and Hilmar Rommetvedt, 'From Corporatism to Lobbyism?' Scandinavian Political Studies, 22 (1999), 195-220;
48. Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks, 'The Making of a Polity', in Herbert Kitschelt, Peter Lange, Gary Marks and John Stephens, eds, Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Justin Greenwood, Jurgen Grote and Karsten Ronit, eds, Organized Interests and the European Community (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1992); but also see Justin Greenwood, Inside the EU Business Associations (New York: Palgrave, 2002); David Coen, 'The Evolution of the Large Firm as a Political Actor in the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy, 4 (1997), 91-108; Peter Munk Christiansen and Hilmar Rommetvedt, 'From Corporatism to Lobbyism?' Scandinavian Political Studies, 22 (1999), 195-220;
49. On the question of corporatist involvement in tripartite and collective bargaining processes, see Franz Traxler,'Employers and Employer Organisations in Europe', Industrial Relations Journal, 31 (2000), 308-16; Tiziano Treu, Participation in Public Policy-Making (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992); Hugh Mosley, Tiziana Keller and Stefan Speckesser, The Role of the Social Partners in the Design and Implementation of Active Measures (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1998); Mikkel Mailand, Den danske model lokalt og regionalt (Copenhagen: Copenhagen University FAOS, 2000); Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard, The Politics of Institutional Control (Aarhus: Forlag Politica, 1997).
50. On the question of corporatist involvement in tripartite and collective bargaining processes, see Franz Traxler,'Employers and Employer Organisations in Europe', Industrial Relations Journal, 31 (2000), 308-16; Tiziano Treu, Participation in Public Policy-Making (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992); Hugh Mosley, Tiziana Keller and Stefan Speckesser, The Role of the Social Partners in the Design and Implementation of Active Measures (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1998); Mikkel Mailand, Den danske model lokalt og regionalt (Copenhagen: Copenhagen University FAOS, 2000); Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard, The Politics of Institutional Control (Aarhus: Forlag Politica, 1997).
51. On the question of corporatist involvement in tripartite and collective bargaining processes, see Franz Traxler,'Employers and Employer Organisations in Europe', Industrial Relations Journal, 31 (2000), 308-16; Tiziano Treu, Participation in Public Policy-Making (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992); Hugh Mosley, Tiziana Keller and Stefan Speckesser, The Role of the Social Partners in the Design and Implementation of Active Measures (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1998); Mikkel Mailand, Den danske model lokalt og regionalt (Copenhagen: Copenhagen University FAOS, 2000); Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard, The Politics of Institutional Control (Aarhus: Forlag Politica, 1997).
52. On the question of corporatist involvement in tripartite and collective bargaining processes, see Franz Traxler,'Employers and Employer Organisations in Europe', Industrial Relations Journal, 31 (2000), 308-16; Tiziano Treu, Participation in Public Policy-Making (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992); Hugh Mosley, Tiziana Keller and Stefan Speckesser, The Role of the Social Partners in the Design and Implementation of Active Measures (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1998); Mikkel Mailand, Den danske model lokalt og regionalt (Copenhagen: Copenhagen University FAOS, 2000); Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard, The Politics of Institutional Control (Aarhus: Forlag Politica, 1997).
53. On the question of corporatist involvement in tripartite and collective bargaining processes, see Franz Traxler,'Employers and Employer Organisations in Europe', Industrial Relations Journal, 31 (2000), 308-16; Tiziano Treu, Participation in Public Policy-Making (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992); Hugh Mosley, Tiziana Keller and Stefan Speckesser, The Role of the Social Partners in the Design and Implementation of Active Measures (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1998); Mikkel Mailand, Den danske model lokalt og regionalt (Copenhagen: Copenhagen University FAOS, 2000); Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard, The Politics of Institutional Control (Aarhus: Forlag Politica, 1997).
54. Broad institutional structures of government, the permeability of the political process, institutional frameworks for business-government relations and policy legacies all influence how employers engage in the political process. See Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson, 'Business Power and Social Policy', Politics & Society, 30 (2002), 277-325; Theda Skocpol, 'Introduction', in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); John Campbell and Ove Kaj Pedersen, The Rise of Neoliberalism and Institutional Analysis (Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001).
55. Broad institutional structures of government, the permeability of the political process, institutional frameworks for business-government relations and policy legacies all influence how employers engage in the political process. See Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson, 'Business Power and Social Policy', Politics & Society, 30 (2002), 277-325; Theda Skocpol, 'Introduction', in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); John Campbell and Ove Kaj Pedersen, The Rise of Neoliberalism and Institutional Analysis (Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001).
56. Broad institutional structures of government, the permeability of the political process, institutional frameworks for business-government relations and policy legacies all influence how employers engage in the political process. See Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson, 'Business Power and Social Policy', Politics & Society, 30 (2002), 277-325; Theda Skocpol, 'Introduction', in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985); John Campbell and Ove Kaj Pedersen, The Rise of Neoliberalism and Institutional Analysis (Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001).
57. Cathie J. Martin, Shifting the Burden (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Peter Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Bodil Damgaard, Kommunerne, virksomhederne og den aktive socialpolitik (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 2000).
58. Cathie J. Martin, Shifting the Burden (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Peter Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Bodil Damgaard, Kommunerne, virksomhederne og den aktive socialpolitik (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 2000).
59. Cathie J. Martin, Shifting the Burden (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Peter Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Bodil Damgaard, Kommunerne, virksomhederne og den aktive socialpolitik (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 2000).
60. Michael Porter, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors (New York: The Free Press, 1980); Lester Salamon and John Siegfried, 'Economic Power and Political Influence', American Political Science Review, 68 (1974), 1026-43; Colin Gordon,'New Deal, Old Deck', Politics and Society 19 (1991), 165-207.
61. Michael Porter, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors (New York: The Free Press, 1980); Lester Salamon and John Siegfried, 'Economic Power and Political Influence', American Political Science Review, 68 (1974), 1026-43; Colin Gordon,'New Deal, Old Deck', Politics and Society 19 (1991), 165-207.
62. Michael Porter, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors (New York: The Free Press, 1980); Lester Salamon and John Siegfried, 'Economic Power and Political Influence', American Political Science Review, 68 (1974), 1026-43; Colin Gordon,'New Deal, Old Deck', Politics and Society 19 (1991), 165-207.
63. Brian Burgoon, 'Globalization and Welfare Compensation', International Organization, 55 (2001), 509-51.
64. Alex Hicks and Duane Swank, 'Politics, Institutions, and Social Welfare Spending in the Industrialized Democracies, 1960-1982', American Political Science Review, 86 (1992), 658-74; David Jacobs, 'Corporate Economic Power and the State', American Journal of Sociology, 93 (1988), 852-81.
65. Alex Hicks and Duane Swank, 'Politics, Institutions, and Social Welfare Spending in the Industrialized Democracies, 1960-1982', American Political Science Review, 86 (1992), 658-74; David Jacobs, 'Corporate Economic Power and the State', American Journal of Sociology, 93 (1988), 852-81.
66. John Bowman, 'The Politics of the Market', Political Power and Social Theory, 5 (1985), 35-88.
67. Val Burris, 'The Political Partisanship of American Business', American Sociological Review, 52 (1987), 732-44; Edward Handler and John Mulkern, Business in Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1982), especially pp. 8, 27; Kevin Grier, Michael Munger and Brian Roberts, 'The Determinants of Industry Political Activity, 1978-1986', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 911-26.
68. Val Burris, 'The Political Partisanship of American Business', American Sociological Review, 52 (1987), 732-44; Edward Handler and John Mulkern, Business in Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1982), especially pp. 8, 27; Kevin Grier, Michael Munger and Brian Roberts, 'The Determinants of Industry Political Activity, 1978-1986', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 911-26.
69. Val Burris, 'The Political Partisanship of American Business', American Sociological Review, 52 (1987), 732-44; Edward Handler and John Mulkern, Business in Politics (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1982), especially pp. 8, 27; Kevin Grier, Michael Munger and Brian Roberts, 'The Determinants of Industry Political Activity, 1978-1986', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 911-26.
70. Mark Granovetter, 'Economic Action and Social Structure', American Journal of Sociology, 91 (1985), 481-92; Neil Fligstein, The Transformation of Corporate Control (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), pp. 1-2.
71. Mark Granovetter, 'Economic Action and Social Structure', American Journal of Sociology, 91 (1985), 481-92; Neil Fligstein, The Transformation of Corporate Control (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), pp. 1-2.
72. Paul DiMaggio and Walter Powell, 'Introduction', in Powell and DiMaggio, eds, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991); Martin, Stuck in Neutral.
73. Paul DiMaggio and Walter Powell, 'Introduction', in Powell and DiMaggio, eds, The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991); Martin, Stuck in Neutral.
74. Martin, Stuck in Neutral; James Post, Edwin Murray Jr, Robert Dickie and John Mahon, 'Managing Public Affairs', California Management Review, 26 (1983), 135-50; Richard Harris, 'Politicized Management', in Harris and Sidney Milkis, ed., Remaking American Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), 261-85; Amy Hillman and Michael Hitt, 'Corporate Political Strategy Formulation', Academy of Management Review, 24 (1999), 825-42.
75. Martin, Stuck in Neutral; James Post, Edwin Murray Jr, Robert Dickie and John Mahon, 'Managing Public Affairs', California Management Review, 26 (1983), 135-50; Richard Harris, 'Politicized Management', in Harris and Sidney Milkis, ed., Remaking American Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), 261-85; Amy Hillman and Michael Hitt, 'Corporate Political Strategy Formulation', Academy of Management Review, 24 (1999), 825-42.
76. Martin, Stuck in Neutral; James Post, Edwin Murray Jr, Robert Dickie and John Mahon, 'Managing Public Affairs', California Management Review, 26 (1983), 135-50; Richard Harris, 'Politicized Management', in Harris and Sidney Milkis, ed., Remaking American Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), 261-85; Amy Hillman and Michael Hitt, 'Corporate Political Strategy Formulation', Academy of Management Review, 24 (1999), 825-42.
77. Martin, Stuck in Neutral; James Post, Edwin Murray Jr, Robert Dickie and John Mahon, 'Managing Public Affairs', California Management Review, 26 (1983), 135-50; Richard Harris, 'Politicized Management', in Harris and Sidney Milkis, ed., Remaking American Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1989), 261-85; Amy Hillman and Michael Hitt, 'Corporate Political Strategy Formulation', Academy of Management Review, 24 (1999), 825-42.
78. David Coen and Charles Dannreuther, 'When Size Matters: Europeanisation of Large and SME Business Government Relations', Politique européenne, 7 (2002), 116-37; John McCartney and Paul league, 'Workplace Innovations in the Republic of Ireland', Economic and Social Review, 28 (1997), 381-99; Anna Patrizia Rogaczewska, Henrik Holt Larsen and Carsten Skovbro, HRM i Danske Virksomheder (Gylling: Narayana Press, 1999).
79. David Coen and Charles Dannreuther, 'When Size Matters: Europeanisation of Large and SME Business Government Relations', Politique européenne, 7 (2002), 116-37; John McCartney and Paul league, 'Workplace Innovations in the Republic of Ireland', Economic and Social Review, 28 (1997), 381-99; Anna Patrizia Rogaczewska, Henrik Holt Larsen and Carsten Skovbro, HRM i Danske Virksomheder (Gylling: Narayana Press, 1999).
80. David Coen and Charles Dannreuther, 'When Size Matters: Europeanisation of Large and SME Business Government Relations', Politique européenne, 7 (2002), 116-37; John McCartney and Paul league, 'Workplace Innovations in the Republic of Ireland', Economic and Social Review, 28 (1997), 381-99; Anna Patrizia Rogaczewska, Henrik Holt Larsen and Carsten Skovbro, HRM i Danske Virksomheder (Gylling: Narayana Press, 1999).
81. In addition, varieties of capitalism may create different incentives for firms to engage in social programmes, although it is beyond the purview of this article to investigate this connection. See Hall and Soskice, Varieties of Capitalism.
82. Commission of the European Communities, 'Employment Package I: Commission adopts draft report on Member States employment policies', RAPID (September 1999).
83. Niels Westergaard-Nielsen, 'Danish Labour Market Policy: Is It Worth It? ' (Aarhus, Centre for Labour Market and Social Research Working, Paper 01-10 (2001).
84. OECD, OECD Employment Outlook (Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000), pp. 84-7.
85. Jørgen Goul Andersen, 'The Scandinavian Welfare Model in Crisis?' Scandinavian Political Studies, 20 (1997), 1-31; Herman Schwartz, 'The Danish "Miracle" Luck, Pluck, or Stuck?' Comparative Political Studies, 34 (2001), 131-55.
86. Jørgen Goul Andersen, 'The Scandinavian Welfare Model in Crisis?' Scandinavian Political Studies, 20 (1997), 1-31; Herman Schwartz, 'The Danish "Miracle" Luck, Pluck, or Stuck?' Comparative Political Studies, 34 (2001), 131-55.
87. Madsen, 'The Danish Model of Flexicurity'.
88. Wood, 'Labour Market Regimes Under Threat?'; Hall and Soskice, Varieties of Capitalism; Confederation for British Industry and Trades Union Congress, The UK Productivity Challenge (www.tuc.org.uk/economy/ tuc-3928-fo.cfm 2001).
89. Wood, 'Labour Market Regimes Under Threat?'; Hall and Soskice, Varieties of Capitalism; Confederation for British Industry and Trades Union Congress, The UK Productivity Challenge (www.tuc.org.uk/economy/ tuc-3928-fo.cfm 2001).
90. David Coates, 'The New Political Economy of Post-War Britain', in C. Leys, eds, British Politics Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 157-84; James Cronin, 'Convergence by Conviction', Journal of Social History, 33 (2000), 781-804; Neil Mitchell, 'The Decentralization of Business in Britain', Journal of Politics, 52 (1990), 628-37; Wyn Grant, 'Government and Manufacturing Industry since 1900', in Geoffrey Jones and M.W. Kirby, eds, Competitiveness and the State (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 100-19.
91. David Coates, 'The New Political Economy of Post-War Britain', in C. Leys, eds, British Politics Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 157-84; James Cronin, 'Convergence by Conviction', Journal of Social History, 33 (2000), 781-804; Neil Mitchell, 'The Decentralization of Business in Britain', Journal of Politics, 52 (1990), 628-37; Wyn Grant, 'Government and Manufacturing Industry since 1900', in Geoffrey Jones and M.W. Kirby, eds, Competitiveness and the State (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 100-19.
92. David Coates, 'The New Political Economy of Post-War Britain', in C. Leys, eds, British Politics Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 157-84; James Cronin, 'Convergence by Conviction', Journal of Social History, 33 (2000), 781-804; Neil Mitchell, 'The Decentralization of Business in Britain', Journal of Politics, 52 (1990), 628-37; Wyn Grant, 'Government and Manufacturing Industry since 1900', in Geoffrey Jones and M.W. Kirby, eds, Competitiveness and the State (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 100-19.
93. David Coates, 'The New Political Economy of Post-War Britain', in C. Leys, eds, British Politics Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 157-84; James Cronin, 'Convergence by Conviction', Journal of Social History, 33 (2000), 781-804; Neil Mitchell, 'The Decentralization of Business in Britain', Journal of Politics, 52 (1990), 628-37; Wyn Grant, 'Government and Manufacturing Industry since 1900', in Geoffrey Jones and M.W. Kirby, eds, Competitiveness and the State (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 100-19.
94. Swank and Martin, 'Employers and the Welfare State'; Nørgaard, The Politics of Institutional Control.
95. While some selection bias must result in that active companies are generally more willing to participate than inactive ones, some inactive firms also welcomed me as a source of additional information about active social policy and some known activists had no time to see me. Although the size differential might call for a comparison between Danish firms and British business units, I chose to preserve the comparison between the top 500 firms in each country. In many British firms only one or two businesses participated; thus, the figures comparing Denmark and Britain, if anything, overstate the British participation rates vis-à-vis the Danish ones.
96. Department for Education and Employment, United Kingdom Employment Action Plan; 'Danmarks Nationale Handlingsplan for Beskaeftigelse 1999').
97. In the British study, the exports and unions variables were correlated at 0.46 with significance at the 0.01 level); the factor accounted for 73 per cent of the variance with an eigenvalue of 1.46. In the Danish case the factor combining exports and unions explained 60 per cent of the variance and had a eigenvalue of 1.2.
98. Helle Holt, En kortlaegning af dansk virksomheders social ansvar (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1998), pp. 12-13; Mona Larsen and Hanne Weise, Virksomheders sociale engagement (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1999), pp. 61-70; Chris Hasluck, The New Deal for Young People, Two Years On (Sheffield: Research Management Employment Service, 2000), p.4; Dawn Snape, New Deal for Young Unemployed People (Sheffield: Research Management Employment Service, 1998), p. 24.
99. Helle Holt, En kortlaegning af dansk virksomheders social ansvar (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1998), pp. 12-13; Mona Larsen and Hanne Weise, Virksomheders sociale engagement (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1999), pp. 61-70; Chris Hasluck, The New Deal for Young People, Two Years On (Sheffield: Research Management Employment Service, 2000), p.4; Dawn Snape, New Deal for Young Unemployed People (Sheffield: Research Management Employment Service, 1998), p. 24.
100. Helle Holt, En kortlaegning af dansk virksomheders social ansvar (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1998), pp. 12-13; Mona Larsen and Hanne Weise, Virksomheders sociale engagement (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1999), pp. 61-70; Chris Hasluck, The New Deal for Young People, Two Years On (Sheffield: Research Management Employment Service, 2000), p.4; Dawn Snape, New Deal for Young Unemployed People (Sheffield: Research Management Employment Service, 1998), p. 24.
101. Helle Holt, En kortlaegning af dansk virksomheders social ansvar (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1998), pp. 12-13; Mona Larsen and Hanne Weise, Virksomheders sociale engagement (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1999), pp. 61-70; Chris Hasluck, The New Deal for Young People, Two Years On (Sheffield: Research Management Employment Service, 2000), p.4; Dawn Snape, New Deal for Young Unemployed People (Sheffield: Research Management Employment Service, 1998), p. 24.
102. Michael Tomz, Jason Wittenberg and Gary King, CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results, Version 2.1. (Stanford University, University of Wisconsin and Harvard University, 5 January 2003); Gary King, Michael Tomz and Jason Wittenberg, 'Making the Most of Statistical Analyses', American Journal of Political Science, 44 (2000), 347-61.
103. Michael Tomz, Jason Wittenberg and Gary King, CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results, Version 2.1. (Stanford University, University of Wisconsin and Harvard University, 5 January 2003); Gary King, Michael Tomz and Jason Wittenberg, 'Making the Most of Statistical Analyses', American Journal of Political Science, 44 (2000), 347-61.
104. Patrick Wintour, William Keegan and Anthony Browne, 'Soaring pound casts doubt on welfare plans', The Observer (5 April 1998), p. 2.
105. This finding gives added confidence that Danish firms were less likely to participate for political reasons, but is odd in its significant negative association. This may reflect the current restructuring of the Danish energy industry (that has a high level of sales to the public sector), in which lay-offs are preventing firm participation.
106. Arbejdsmarkedstyrelsen, 'Midtvejsstatus for handlingsplan til fremme af privat jobtraening', Arbejdsmarkedstyrelsen (16 March 2000); interviews; Hans Bach and Anne-Birte Kylling, 'New Partnership for Social Cohesion' (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1997).
107. Arbejdsmarkedstyrelsen, 'Midtvejsstatus for handlingsplan til fremme af privat jobtraening', Arbejdsmarkedstyrelsen (16 March 2000); interviews; Hans Bach and Anne-Birte Kylling, 'New Partnership for Social Cohesion' (Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet, 1997).
108. Interviews; Social Ministry, 'Det angaar os alle' (Copenhagen: Social Ministry, 1999); Socialeforskningsinstitut, 'New Partnership for Social Cohesion' (Copenhagen: Ministry of Social Affairs, 1997); Holt, En kortlaegning af dansk virksomheders social ansvar, pp. 9-10.
109. Interviews; Social Ministry, 'Det angaar os alle' (Copenhagen: Social Ministry, 1999); Socialeforskningsinstitut, 'New Partnership for Social Cohesion' (Copenhagen: Ministry of Social Affairs, 1997); Holt, En kortlaegning af dansk virksomheders social ansvar, pp. 9-10.
110. Interviews; Social Ministry, 'Det angaar os alle' (Copenhagen: Social Ministry, 1999); Socialeforskningsinstitut, 'New Partnership for Social Cohesion' (Copenhagen: Ministry of Social Affairs, 1997); Holt, En kortlaegning af dansk virksomheders social ansvar, pp. 9-10.