Social Policy and Distributional Conflict in the Capitalist Democracies. A Preliminary Comparative Framework

West European Politics

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1980, Pages 296-316

  Korpi, Walter ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

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EID: 84925921250     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: 17439655     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402388008424288     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. See for example, Briggs, Asa, ‘The welfare state in historical perspective’, European Journal of Sociology, vol. 2, no. 2, (1961) pp 221–58.
2. E.g. ILO, The cost of social security, (Geneva: ILO, 1972).
3. E.g. Parkin, Frank, Class, Inequality and the Political Order, (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1971).
4. Cf. e.g. Jackman, Richard, Politics and social equality: A comparative analysis, (New York: Wiley, 1975), Miliband, Ralph, The State in Capitalist Society, (London; Weiden-fold and Nicholson, 1969), Parkin, op. cit., Scase, Richard, Social Democracy in Capitalist Society, (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 1977), Therbom, Goran, ‘Sweden before and after social democracy: A first overview’, Acta Sociologica, vol. 21, (1978) Supplement, 37–58, and Wilensky, Harold, The Welfare state and equality: Structural and ideological roots of public expenditures, (Berkely: University of California Press, 1975).
5. Cf. Hewitt, Christopher, ‘The effect of political democracy and social democracy on equality in industrial societies: A cross-national comparison’, American Sociological Review, vol. 42 (June 1977), pp. 450–64, Stephens, John, The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism (London: Macmillan, 1979) and Alber, Jens, ‘The growth of social insurance in Western Europe: Has social democracy made a difference?’ Paper prepared for the Xlth World Congress of the International Political Science Association in Moscow, August 1979.
6. Thurow, Lester, C. Generating inequality: Mechanisms of distribution in the US economy, (New York: Basic Books, 1975) and Doeringer, Peter, B. and Piore, Michael, J. International Labour Markets and Manpower Analysis, (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1971).
7. E.g. Lenski, Gerhard, E., Power and Privilege, (New York: McGraw Hill, 1966).
8. For a discussion of this approach see Korpi, Walter, The Working Class in Welfare Capitalism, Work Unions and Politics in Sweden, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), Chap. 2.
9. Cf. Korpi, Walter, ‘Approaches to the study of poverty in the United States. Critical comments from a European perspective’. In Perspectives on Poverty, The National Academy of Sciences (In press).
10. Cf. Flora, Peter, ‘On the development of the Western European welfare states’. IPSA Congress Paper, Edinburgh, 1976.
11. E.g. Wilensky, op. cit.
12. Titmuss, Richard, M., Essays on the Welfare State(London: Unwin, 1958), pp. 34–55.
13. Alber, op. cit.
14. Titmuss, Richard, M., Commitment to Welfare. (London: Unwin, 1968). p. 116.
15. Titmuss, Richard, M., Social policy, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974), pp. 30–1. See also Wilensky, Harold and Lebeaux, Ch. Industrial and social welfare. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1958), pp. 138–47.
16. Ibid.
17. Korpi, ‘Approaches to the study of poverty in the United States’.
18. For Swedish data, see Spant, Roland, Den svenska inkomstfordelningens utveckling, (Uppsala: Studia Oeconomica Uppsalaensia, no. 4,1976).
19. Wilensky, Harold, The ‘new corporatism’:centralization and the welfare state, (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1976).
20. E.g. Kerr, Clark et al. Industrialism and Industrial Man. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960).
21. Korpi, Walter and Shalev, Michael, ‘Strikes, power and politics in western nations, 1900-76’, Political Power and Social Theory, vol. 1, (no. 1,1980) pp. 299–332 and ‘Strikes, industrial relations and class conflict in capitalist societies’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 30 (June 1979) pp. 164–87.
22. Ibid.
23. Sawyer, Malcolm, Income distribution in the OECD countries. (Paris: OECD, 1976).
24. OECD, Public expenditure on income maintenance programs, (Paris, 1976).
25. The standardised measure of relative poverty varies according to size of households. Thus, for instance, for a one-person household it is put to two-thirds of the average per capita income, whereas for a three-person household it is 125 per cent of the per capita income.
26. Hewitt, op. cit.
27. Sources of data for table 3 are Sawyer, op. cit. (income unequality), OECD, op. cit. (poverty) and Hewitt, op. cit. (redistributive effects).
28. A Japanese college has indicated that the data used by Sawyer may over-represent middlesize income earners.
29. In table 4, unemployment measures are adjusted to US standards except for figures given within parentheses, which are national definitions given by the OECD. Other sources for this table are for public expenditures, Kohl, Jurgen, ‘Trends and Problems in Postwar Public Expenditure Development in Western Europe and North America’, chap. 9 in Peter Flora and Arnold J. Heidenheimer (eds.), The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1980) and OECD op. cit. and for expenditures for unemployment ‘Employment and manpower policies as part of the adjustment process (Note by the secretariat)’, MAS(78)13 (1978).
30. Hibbs, Douglas A. ‘Political parties and macroeconomic policy’, American Political Science Review, vol. 71 (December 1977) pp. 1467–82, and ‘Communication’, American Political Science Review, vol. 73 (March 1979) pp. 185–90 has suggested that unemployment is affected by the composition of governments. His sample of countries, however, excludes several countries which do not easily fit this hypothesis.
31. The ILO measure of social security expenditures includes public expenditures on medical care, cash sickness benefits, employment injury benefits under social insurance, unemployment insurance, statutory old-age pensions and family allowances.
32. See Korpi and Shalev ‘Strikes, power and politics in the western nations, 1900-1976’.