An analysis of the frequency and distribution of ducting events in simulated radio occultation measurements based on ECMWF fields

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 108, Issue 21, 2003, Pages

  von Engeln, Axel ^a   Nedoluha, Gerald ^a   Teixeira, Joao ^a  

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Duct; PBL; Radio occultation

Indexed keywords

GPS; REMOTE SENSING; SIGNAL PROCESSING; TEMPERATURE PROFILE; WATER VAPOR;

EID: 1342310603     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003170     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Albrecht, B., D. Randall, and S. Nicholls, Observations of marine stratocumulus clouds during FIRE, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 69, 618-626, 1988.
2. Albrecht, B., C. Bretherton, D. Johnson, W. Schubert, and A. Fritsch, The atlantic stratocumulus transition experiment-ASTEX, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 889-904, 1995.
3. Almond, T., and J. Clarke, Considerations of the usefulness of the microwave prediction methods on air-to-ground paths, IEEE Proc., Part F, 130, 649-656, 1973.
4. Beljaars, A., and A. Betts, Validation of the boundary layer representation in the ECMWF model, in Validation of models over Europe, ECMWF Seminar proceedings 7- 11 September 1992, vol. 11, pp. 159-196, Eur. Cent. for Med. Range Weather Forecast., Reading, UK, 1993.
5. Bretherton, C., and R. Pincus, Cloudiness and marine boundary layer dynamics in the ASTEX Lagragian experiments, part I: Synoptic setting and vertical structure, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2707-2723, 1995.
6. Bretherton, C., S. Krueger, P. Bechtold, E. van Meijgaard, B. Stevens, and J. Teixeira, A GCSS boundary layer model inter-comparison study of the first ASTEX Lagrangian experiment, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 91, 341-380, 1999.
7. Brooks, L, A. Goroch, and D. Rogers, Observations of strong surface radar ducts over the Persian Gulf, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 1293-1310, 1999.
8. Duynkerke, P., and J. Teixeira, Comparison of the ECMWF reanalysis with FIRE I observations: Diurnal variation of marine stratocumulus, J. Clim., 14, 1466-1478, 2001.
9. Duynkerke, P., et al., Intercomparison of three- and one-dimensional model simulations and aircraft observations of stratocumulus, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 92(3), 453-487, 1999.
10. Gossard, E., and R. Strauch, Radar Observations of Clear Air and Clouds, 280 pp., Elsevier Sci., New York, 1983.
11. Haack, T., and S. Burk, Summertime marine refractivity conditions along coastal California, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 673-687, 2001.
12. Hajj, G., M. de la Torre Juarez, B. Iijima, E. Kursinski, A. Mannucei, and T. Yunck, GPS radio occultations coming of age: Spacecraft launches add two new instruments for climate monitoring, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(4), 37, 2002.
13. Hoeg, P., and G. Kirchengast, ACE+ - Atmosphere and Climate Explorer based on GPS, GALILEO, and LEO-LEO radio occultation (ESA Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission Proposal), Wissenschaft. Ber. 14, 121 pp., Inst. for Geophys. Astrophys. and Meteorol., Univ. of Graz, Graz, Austria, 2002.
14. Hsu, S., On the growth of a thermally modified boundary layer by advection of warm air over a cool sea, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 771-774, 1983.
15. Hsu, S., Coastal Meteorology, 260 pp., Academic, San Diego. Calif, 1988.
16. Jakob, C., et al., The IFS cycle CY21R4 made operational in October 1999, ECMWF Newsl., 87, 2-9, 2000.
17. Kirchengast, G., End-to-end GNSS Occultation Performance Simulator (EGOPS) overview and exemplary applications, Wissenschaft. Ber. 2/1998, 138 pp., Inst. for Meteorol. and Geophys. Univ. of Graz, Graz, Austria, 1998.
18. Kirchengast, G., J. Fritzer, and J. Ramasauer, End-to-end GNSS occultation performance simulator version 4(EGOPS4) software user manual, Techn. Rep. ESA/ESTEC-3/2002, 472 pp., Inst. for Geophys. Astrophys. and Meteorol., Univ. of Graz, Graz, Austria, 2002.
19. Kistler, R., et al., The NCEP-NCAR 50-year reanalysis: Monthly means CD-ROM and documentation, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82(2), 247-267, 2001.
20. Kursinski, E., et al., Initial results of radio occultation observations of Earths atmosphere using the Global Positioning System, Science, 271, 1107-1110, 1996.
21. Kursinski, E., G. Hajj, J. Schofield, R. Linfield, and K. Hardy, Observing Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using GPS, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,429-23,465, 1997.
22. Larson, K., D. Hartmann, and S. Klein, On the role of clouds, water vapor, circulation and boundary layer structure on the sensitivity of the tropical climate, J. Clim., 12, 2359-2374, 1999.
23. Louis, J., M. Tiedtke, and J. Geleyn, A short history of the operational PBL-parameterization at ECMWF, in ECMWF Workshop on Boundary Layer Parameterization, pp. 59-79, Eur. Cent. for Med. Range Weather Forecast., Reading, UK, 1981.
24. Ma, C.-C., C. Mechoso, A. Robertson, and A. Arakawa, Peruvian stratus clouds and the tropical pacific circulation: A coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM study, J. Clim., 9, 1635-1645, 1996.
25. Miller, M., Resolution studies, ECMWF Tech. Memo. 299, Eur. Cent. for Med. Range Weather Forecast., Reading, UK, 1999.
26. Patterson, W., Climatology of marine atmospheric refractive effects: A compendium of the Integrated Refractive Effects Prediction System (IREPS) historical summaries, NOSC Tech. Doc. 573, 522 pp., Nav. Ocean Syst. Cent., San Diego, Calif., 1982.
27. Pettersen, S., Introduction to Meteorology, 3rd ed., 333 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969.
28. Philander, S., D. Gu, D. Halpern, G. Lambert, N.-C. Lau, T. Li, and R. Pacanowski, Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator, J. Clim., 9, 2958-2972, 1996.
29. Pidgeon, V., Frequency dependence of radar ducting, Radio Sci., 5(4), 541 -549, 1970.
30. Reigber, C., H. Lühr, and P. Schwintzer, CHAMP mission status and perspectives, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(48), F307, 2000.
31. Rocken, C., et al., Analysis and validation of GPS/MET data in the neutral atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D25), 29,849-29,866, 1997.
32. Rosenthal, J., Refractive Effects Guidebook (Reg), Nav. Environ. Predict. Res. Facil., Monterey, Calif., 1976.
33. Siebesma, A., Shallow cumulus convection, in Buoyant Convection in Geophysical Flows, edited by E. Plate et al., pp. 41-82, Kluwer Acad., New York, 1998.
34. Siebesma, A., et al., A large eddy simulation intercomparison study of shallow cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci., 60(10), 1201-1219, 2003.
35. Smith, E., and S. Weintraub, The constants in the equation for atmospheric refractive index at radio frequencies, Proc. IRE, 41, 1035-1037, 1953.
36. Sokolovskiy, S., Modeling and inverting radio occultation signals in the moist troposphere, Radio Sci., 36(3), 441-458, 2001.
37. Steiner, A., G. Kirchengast, and H. Ladreiter, Inversion, error analysis, and validation of GPS/MET occultation data, Ann. Geophys., 17, 122-138, 1999.
38. Stevens, B., et al., Simulations of trade wind cumuli under a strong inversion, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1870-1891, 2001.
39. Teixeira, J., Simulation of fog with the ECMWF prognostic cloud scheme, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 529-552, 1999a.
40. Teixeira, J., The impact of increased boundary layer vertical resolution on the ECMWF forecast system, ECMWF Tech. Memo. 268, 55 pp., Eur. Cent. Med. Range Weather Forecast., Reading, UK, 1999b.
41. Teixeira, J., and T Hogan, Boundary layer clouds in a global atmospheric model: Simple cloud cover parameterizations, J. Clim., 15, 1261-1276, 2002.
42. Tiedtke, M., A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parametrization in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1779-1800, 1989.
43. Tiedtke, M., Representation of clouds in large-scale models, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 3040-3061, 1993.
44. Troen, I., and L. Mahrt, A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer: Sensitivity to surface evaporation, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 37, 129-148, 1986.
45. Viterbo, P., and A. Beljaars, An improved land surface parametrization scheme in the ECMWF model and its validation, J. Clim., 8, 2716-2748, 1995.
46. Viterbo, P., A. Beljaars, J. Mahfouf, and J. Teixeira, The representation of soil moisture freezing and its impact on the stable boundary layer, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 2401 -2426, 1999.
47. von Engeln, A., G. Nedoluha, G. Kirchengast, and S. A. Bühler, One-dimensional variational (1-D Var) retrieval of temperature, water vapor, and a reference pressure from radio occultation measurements: A sensitivity analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D11) , 4337, doi:10.1029/2002JD002908, 2003.
48. von Ficker, H., Die Passatinversion, 33 pp., Veröffentlichungen Meteorol. Inst., Univ. Berlin, 1936.
49. Ware, R., et al., GPS sounding of the atmosphere from low Earth orbit: Preliminary results, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 19-40, 1996.
50. Warren, S., C. Hahn, J. London, R. M. Chervin, and R. Jenne, Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over land, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-273+STR, 29 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1986.
51. Wickert, J., et al., Atmosphere sounding by GPS radio occultation: First results from CHAMP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(17), 3263-3266, 2001.