Political Opportunities and African-American Protest, 1948-1997

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 109, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 277-303

  Jenkins, J Craig ^a   Jacobs, David ^a   Agnone, Jon ^b  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1342268942     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/378340     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Abeles, Ronald P. 1976. "Relative Deprivation, Rising Expectations, and Black Militancy." Journal of Social Issues 32 (2): 119-37.
2. Almeida, Paul, and Linda Brewster Stearns. 1998. "Political Opportunities and Local Grassroots Environmental Movements." Social Problems 45:37-60.
3. Andrews, Kevin. 2001. "Social Movements and Policy Implementation." American Sociological Review 66:71-95.
4. Ashenfelter, Orley, and George E. Johnson. 1969. "Bargaining Theory, Trade Unions and Industrial Strike Activity." American Economic Review 59:35-49.
5. Barkan, Steve. 1984. "Legal Control of the Civil Rights Movement." American Sociological Review 49:552-65.
6. Berejikian, Jeffrey. 1992. "Revolutionary Collective Action and the Agent-Structure Problem." American Political Science Review 86:649-57.
7. Branch, Taylor. 1988. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963. New York: Simon & Schuster.
8. Button, James. 1989. Blacks and Social Change. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
9. Cameron, A. Colin, and Pravin Triviedi. 1998. Regression Analysis of Count Data. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Carson, Claybourne. 1981. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
11. Congressional Quarterly. 1947-78. Congressional Quarterly Almanac. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
12. Costain, Anne N. 1992. Inviting Women's Rebellion. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
13. Cress, Daniel M., and David A. Snow. 2000. "The Outcomes of Homeless Mobilization." American Journal of Sociology 105:1063-1104.
14. Della Porta, Donatella, and Mario Diani. 1999. Social Movements. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
15. Edsall, Thomas B., and Mary D. Edsall. 1991. Chain Reaction. New York: Norton.
16. Francisco, Ronald. 1995. "The Relationship between Coercion and Protest." Journal of Conflict Resolution 39:263-82.
17. Franzosi, Roberto. 1995. The Puzzle of Strikes. New York: Cambridge University Press.
18. Freeman, Jo. 1973. The Politics of Women's Liberation. New York: David McKay.
19. Gale Research. 1984-98. The Encyclopedia of Associations. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research.
20. Gamson, William. 1990. The Strategy of Social Protest, 2d ed. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey.
21. Gamson, William, and David S. Meyer. 1996. "Framing Political Opportunity." Pp. 2 75-90 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer Zald. New York: Cambridge University Press.
22. Garfinkel, Herbert. 1969. When Negroes March. New York: Atheneum.
23. Garrow, David J. 1978. Protest at Selma. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
24. Geschwender, James. 1964. "Social Structure and the Negro Revolt." Social Forces 43: 248-56.
25. _. 1973. "Relative Deprivation and Participation in the Civil Rights Movement." Social Science Quarterly 54 (2): 403-41.
26. Giugni, Marco, Charles Tilly, and Doug McAdam, eds. 1999. How Social Movements Matter. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
27. Goldstone, Jack A., and Charles Tilly. 2001. "Threat (and Opportunity)." Pp. 179-94 in Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics, edited by Ronald Aminzade, Jack Goldstone, Doug McAdam, Elizabeth Perry, William Sewell, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. Goodwin, Jeff. 2000. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991. New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Gurr, Ted Robert. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
30. Hibbs, Douglas, Jr. 1976. "Industrial Strike Activity in Advanced Industrial Societies." American Political Science Review 70:1033-58.
31. Isaac, Larry, and Lars Christiansen. 2002. "How the Civil Rights Movement Revitalized Labor Militancy." American Sociological Review 67:722-46.
32. Jacobs, David, and Ronald Helms. 2001. "Racial Politics and Redistribution: Isolating the Contingent Influence of Civil Rights, Riots, and Crime on Tax Progressivity." Social Forces 80:91-121.
33. Jacquet, Constant H. 1987-98. Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches. Nashville: Abingdon.
34. Jaynes, Gerald, and Robin Williams, Jr. 1989. A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
35. Jenkins, J. Craig. 1985. The Politics of Insurgency. New York: Columbia University Press.
36. Jenkins, J. Craig, and Craig M. Eckert. 1986. "Channeling Black Insurgency: Elite Patronage and the Development of the Civil Rights Movement." American Sociological Review 51:812-30.
37. Jenkins, J. Craig, and William Form. In press. "Social Movements and Social Change." In The Handbook of Political Sociology, edited by Thomas Janoski, Robert Alford, Alexander Hicks, and Mildred Schwartz. New York: Cambridge University Press.
38. Jenkins, J. Craig, and Charles Perrow. 1977. "Insurgency of the Powerless." American Sociological Review 42:249-68.
39. Katzenstein, Mary, and Carol Mueller. 1987. The Women's Movements of the United States and Western Europe. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
40. Kitschelt, Herbert. 1986. "Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest." British Journal of Political Science 16:57-85.
41. Koopmans, Ruud. 1995. Democracy from Below. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.
42. Koopmans, Ruud, and Dieter Rucht. 1995. "Social Movement Mobilization under Right and Left Governments." Discussion paper. Wissenschafszentrum Berlin.
43. Kornhauser, William. 1959. The Politics of Mass Society. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
44. Kriesi, Hanspeter, Ruud Koopmans, Jan Willem Duyvendak, and Marco Giugni. 1995. New Social Movements in Western Europe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
45. Lawson, Steven F. 1976. Black Ballots. New York: Columbia University Press.
46. Lewis, David L. 1978. King: A Biography, 2d ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
47. Lofland, John. 1993. Polite Protestors. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
48. Maguire, Diarmuid. 1995. "Opposition Movements and Opposition Parties." Pp. 199-298 in The Politics of Social Protest, edited by J. Craig Jenkins and Bert Klandermans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
49. Mallows, C. 1986. "Augmented Partial Residuals." Technometrics 28:313-19.
50. McAdam, Doug. 1983. "Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency." American Sociological Review 48:735-54.
51. _. 1996. "Conceptual Origins, Current Problems and Future Directions." Pp. 23-40 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Mayer Zald. New York: Cambridge University Press.
52. _. 1999. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970, 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
53. McAdam, Doug, John McCarthy, and Mayer Zald. 1988. "Social Movements." Pp. 695-738 in Handbook of Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
54. McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su. 2002. "The War at Home: Antiwar Protests and Congressional Voting, 1965 to 1973." American Sociological Review 67:696-721.
55. McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.
56. McCarthy, John D., Clark McPhail, and Jackie Smith. 1996. "Images of Protest: Media Bias in the Coverage of Washington, D.C. Demonstrations. "American Sociological Review. 61:478-99.
57. McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1977. "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements." American Journal of Sociology 82:1212-41.
58. Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick. 1973. CORE. New York: Oxford University Press.
59. Meyer, David S. 1990. A Winter of Discontent. New York: Praeger.
60. _. 1993. "Institutionalizing Dissent." Sociological Forum 8:157-79.
61. Minkoff, Debra. 1997. "The Sequencing of Social Movements." American Sociological Review 62:779-99.
62. Morgan, William R., and Terry N. Clark. 1973. "The Causes of Racial Disorders: A Grievance-Level Explanation." American Sociological Review 38 (5): 611-24.
63. Morris, Aldon D. 1984. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Oxford University Press.
64. _. 1999. "A Retrospective on the Civil Rights Movement." Annual Review of Sociology 25:517-39.
65. Mueller, John E. 1973. War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. New York: Wiley.
66. Myers, Daniel J. 1997. "An Event History Analysis of Racial Rioting in the 1960s." American Sociological Review 62:94-112.
67. NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). 1947-82. NAACP Annual Report. New York: NAACP.
68. New York Times. 1948-97. New York Times Index. New York: New York Times.
69. Oliver, Pamela E., and Gregory M. Maney. 2000. "Political Processes and Local Newspaper Coverage of Protest Events." American Journal of Sociology 106: 463-505.
70. Oliver, Pamela E., and Daniel J. Myers. 1999. "How Events Enter the Public Sphere: Conflict, Location, and Sponsorship in Local Newspaper Coverage of Public Events." American Journal of Sociology. 105:38-87.
71. Ornstein, Norman J., Thomas E. Mann, and Michael J. Malbin. 1982-2002. Vital Statistics on Congress (1982-2001). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
72. Pettigrew, Thomas E. 1964. A Profile of the Negro American. New York.: Van Nostrand.
73. _. 2002. "Summing Up: Relative Deprivation as a Key Social Psychological Concept." Pp. 351-74 in Relative Deprivation, edited by lain Walker and Heather J. Smith. New York: Cambridge University Press.
74. Piven, Frances, and Richard Cloward. 1977. Poor People's Movements. New York: Pantheon.
75. Plummer, Brenda Gayle. 1996. Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
76. Quattrone, George A., and Amos Tversky. 1988. "Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analysis of Political Choice." American Political Science Review 82: 719-36.
77. Rasler, Karen. 1996. "Concessions, Repression and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution." American Sociological Review 61:132-52.
78. Rubin, Beth, Larry Griffin, and Michael Wallace. 1983. "Provided That Their Voice Was Strong." Work and Occupations 10:325-47.
79. Santoro, Wayne. 2002. "The Civil Rights Movement's Struggle for Equal Employment Rights." Social Forces 81:177-206.
80. Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.
81. Skrentny, John David. 1998. "The Effect of the Cold War on African-American Civil Rights: American and the World Audience, 1945-1968. " Theory and Society 27: 237-85.
82. Smith, Heather J., and Daniel Ortiz. 2002. "Is It Just Me? The Different Consequences of Personal and Group Relative Deprivation." Pp. 91-118 in Relative Deprivation, edited by lain Walker and Heather J. Smith. New York: Cambridge University Press.
83. Snow, David A., Daniel M. Cress, Liam Downey, and Andrew W. Jones. 1998. "Disrupting the 'Quotidian.'" Mobilization 3:1-22.
84. Snyder, David, and Charles Tilly. 1972. "Hardship and Collective Violence in France, 1830 to 1960." American Sociological Review 37:520-32.
85. Soule, Sarah A., Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Yang Su. 1999. "Protest Events: Cause or Consequence of State Action? The U.S. Women's Movement and Federal Congressional Activities, 1956-1979." Mobilization 4:239-56.
86. Spilerman, Seymour. 1976. "Structural Characteristics of Cities and the Severity of Racial Disorders." American Sociological Review 41:771-93.
87. Tarrow, Sidney. 1996. "States and Opportunities." Pp. 41-61 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, edited by Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Mayer Zald. New York: Cambridge University Press.
88. _. 1998. Power in Movement, 2d ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
89. Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley.
90. Tilly, Charles, Louise Tilly, and Richard Tilly. 1975. The Rebellious Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
91. Turner, Ralph, and Lewis Killian. 1987. Collective Behavior, 3d ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
92. USDOC (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census). 1948-99. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
93. _. 1999. Current Population Survey. . . Annual Demographic File. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
94. Useem, Bert. 1980. "Solidarity Model, Breakdown Model and the Boston Anti-Busing Movement." American Sociological Review 45:357-69.
95. _. 1998. "Breakdown Theories of Collective Action. " Annual Review of Sociology 24:215-38.
96. Valelly, Richard M. 1993. "Party, Coercion and Inclusion: The Two Reconstructions of the South's Electoral Politics." Politics and Society 21:37-68.
97. Van Dyke, Nella. 2003. "Protest Cycles and Party Politics." Pp. 226-45 in States, Parties and Social Movements, edited by Jack Goldstone. New York: Cambridge University Press.
98. Van Dyke, Nella, and Sarah A. Soule. 2002. "Structural Social Change and Mobilizing Effect of Threat: Explaining Levels of Patriot and Militia Mobilizing in the United States." Social Problems 49:497-520.
99. Walton, John. 1992. Western Water Wars. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.