American Society of Clinical Oncology treatment of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer guideline: Update 2003

Journal of Clinical Oncology

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 330-353

  Pfister, David G ^a   Johnson, David H ^a   Azzoli, Christopher G ^a   Sause, William ^a   Smith, Thomas J ^a   Baker Jr , Sherman ^a   Olak, Jemi ^a   Stover, Diane ^a   Strawn, John R ^a   Turrisi, Andrew T ^a   Somerfield, Mark R ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ZOLEDRONIC ACID; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ADRENAL CANCER; BONE CANCER; BONE SCINTISCANNING; BRAIN CANCER; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMAN; LIVER CANCER; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MEDIASTINOSCOPY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCINTISCANNING; SMOKING; LUNG TUMOR; ONCOLOGY; PROGNOSIS;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MEDICAL ONCOLOGY; NEOPLASM STAGING; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 1342268525     PISSN: 0732183X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2004.09.053     Document Type: Review

References (293)

1. American Society of Clinical Oncology: Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 15:2996-3018, 1997
2. Smith TJ, Somerfield MR: The ASCO experience with evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Oncology (Huntington) 11:223-227, 1997
3. Sazon DA, Santiago SM, Soo Hoo GW, et al: Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the detection and staging of lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:417-421, 1996
4. Bury T, Paulus P, Dowlati A, et al: Staging of the mediastinum: Value of positron emission tomography imaging in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur Respir J 9:2560-2564, 1996
5. Bury T, Dowlati A, Paulus P, et al: Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer by whole-body fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 23:204-246, 1996
6. Sasaki M, Ichiya Y, Kuwabara Y, et al: The usefulness of FDG positron emission tomography for the detection of mediastinal lymph node metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A comparative study with X-ray computed tomography. Eur J Nucl Med 23:741-747, 1996
7. Bury T, Paulus P, Dowlati A, et al: Evaluation of pleural diseases with FDG-PET imaging: Preliminary report. Thorax 52:187-189, 1997
8. Guhlmann A, Storck M, Kotzerke J, et al: Lymph node staging in non-small cell lung cancer: Evaluation by [18F]FDG positron emission tomography (PET). Thorax 52:438-441, 1997
9. Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, De Leyn PR, et al: Lymph node staging in non-small-cell lung cancer with FDG-PET scan: A prospective study on 690 lymph node stations from 68 patients. J Clin Oncol 16:2142-2149, 1998
10. Kutlu CA, Pastorino U, Maisey M, et al: Selective use of PET scan in the preoperative staging of NSCLC. Lung Cancer 21:177-184, 1998
11. Kernstine KH, Stanford W, Mullan BF, et al: PET, CT, and MRI with Combidex for mediastinal staging in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 68:1022-1028, 1999
12. Dwamena BA, Sonnad SS, Angobaldo JO, et al: Metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: Mediastinal staging in the 1990s-metaanalytic comparison of PET and CT. Radiology 213:530-536, 1999
13. Berlangieri SU, Scon AM, Knight SR, et al: F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the non-invasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 16:25-30, 1999 (suppl 1)
14. Albes JM, Lietzenmayer R, Schott U, et al: Improvement of non-small-cell lung cancer staging by means of positron emission tomography. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 47:42-47, 1999
15. Marom EM, McAdams HP, Erasmus JJ, et al: Staging non-small cell lung cancer with whole-body PET. Radiology 212:803-809, 1999 (comment)
16. Farrell MA, McAdams HP, Herndon JE, et al: Non-small cell lung cancer: FDG PET for nodal staging in patients with stage I disease. Radiology 215:836-890, 2000
17. Fischer BM, Mortensen J, Hojgaard L: Positron emission tomography in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: A systematic, quantitative review. Lancet Oncology 2:659-666, 2001
18. Hicks RJ, Kalff V, MacManus MP, et al: (18)F-FDG PET provides high-impact and powerful prognostic stratification in staging newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med 42:1596-1604, 2001
19. Gupta NC, Tamim WJ, Graeber GG, et al: Mediastinal lymph node sampling following positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose imaging in lung cancer staging. Chest 120:521-527, 2001
20. Kernstine KH, McLaughlin KA. Menda Y, et al: Can FDG-PET reduce the need for mediastinoscopy in potentially resectable nonsmall cell lung cancer? Ann Thorac Surg 73:394-402, 2002
21. Saunders CA, Dussek JE, O'Doherty MJ, et al: Evaluation of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose whole body positron emission tomography imaging in the staging of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 67:790-797, 1999
22. Valk PE, Pounds TR, Hopkins DM, et al: Staging non-small cell lung cancer by whole-body positron emission tomographic imaging. Ann Thorac Surg 60:1573-1582, 1995
23. Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, Dupont PJ, et al: FDG-PET scan in potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer: Do anatometabolic PET-CT fusion images improve the localisation of regional lymph node metastases? The Leuven Lung Cancer Group. Eur J Nucl Med 25:1495-1501, 1998
24. Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, De Leyn PR, et al: Mediastinal lymph node staging with FDG-PET scan in patients with potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer: A prospective analysis of 50 cases. Leuven Lung Cancer Group. Chest 112:1480-1486, 1997
25. Weng E, Tran L, Rege S, et al: Accuracy and clinical impact of mediastinal lymph node staging with FDG-PET imaging in potentially resectable lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 23:47-52, 2000
26. von Haag DW, Follette DM, Roberts PF, et al: Advantages of positron emission tomography over computed tomography in mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer. J Surg Res 103:160-164, 2002
27. Poncelet AJ, Lonneux M, Coche E, et al: PET-FDG scan enhances but does not replace preoperative surgical staging in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 20:468-475, 2001
28. Gupta NC, Graeber GM, Bishop HA: Comparative efficacy of positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose in evaluation of small (<1 cm), intermediate (1 to 3 cm), and large (>3 cm) lymph node lesions. Chest 117: 773-778, 2000
29. Steinert HC, Hauser M, Allemann F, et al: Non-small cell lung cancer: Nodal staging with FDG PET versus CT with correlative lymph node mapping and sampling. Radiology 202:441-446, 1997
30. Scott WJ, Gobar LS, Terry JD, et al: Mediastinal lymph node staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: A prospective comparison of computed tomography and positron emission tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111:642-648, 1996
31. Patz EF Jr, Lowe VJ, Goodman PC, et al: Thoracic nodal staging with PET imaging with 18FDG in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 108:1617-1621, 1995
32. Pieterman RM, van Putten JW, Meuzelaar JJ, et al: Preoperative staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with positron-emission tomography. N Engl J Med 343:254-261, 2000
33. Roberts PF, Follette DM, von Haag D, et al: Factors associated with false-positive staging of lung cancer by positron emission tomography. Ann Thorac Surg 70:1154-1160, 2000
34. Liewald F, Grosse S, Storck M, et al: How useful is positron emission tomography for lymphnode staging in non-small-cell lung cancer? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 48:93-96, 2000
35. Gdeedo A, Van Schil P, Corthouts B, et al: Prospective evaluation of computed tomography and mediastinoscopy in mediastinal lymph node staging. Eur Respir J 10:1547-1551, 1997
36. Gdeedo A, Van Schil P, Corthouts B, et al: Comparison of imaging TNM [(i)TNM] and pathological TNM [pTNM] in staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 12:224-227, 1997
37. De Leyn P, Vansteenkiste J, Cuypers P, et al: Role of cervical mediastinoscopy in staging of non-small cell lung cancer without enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on CT scan. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 12:706-712, 1997
38. Magnani P, Carretta A. Rizzo G, et al: FDG/PET and spiral CT image fusion for medistinal lymph node assessment of non-small cell lung cancer patients. J Cardiovasc Surg 40:741-748, 1999
39. van Tinteren H, Hoekstra OS, Smit EF, et al: Effectiveness of positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected non-small-cell lung cancer: The PLUS multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 359: 1388-1393, 2002
40. Kalff V, Hicks RJ, MacManus MP, et al: Clinical impact of (18)F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: A prospective study. J Clin Oncol 19:111-118, 2001
41. Changlai SP, Tsai SC, Chou MC, et al: Whole body 18F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography to restage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 8:337-339, 2001
42. Vanuytsel LJ, Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, et al: The impact of (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) lymph node staging on the radiation treatment volumes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 55:317-324, 2000
43. Caldwell CB, Mah K, Ung YC, et al: Observer variation in contouring gross tumor volume in patients with poorly defined non-small-cell lung tumors on CT: The impact of 18FDG-hybrid PET fusion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51:923-931, 2001
44. Giraud P, Grahek D, Montravers F, et al: CT and (18)F-deoxyglucose (FDG) image fusion for optimization of conformal radiotherapy of lung cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49: 1249-1257, 2001
45. MacManus MP, Hicks RJ, Ball DL, et al: F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography staging in radical radiotherapy candidates with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: Powerful correlation with survival and high impact on treatment. Cancer 92:886-895, 2001
46. Dietlein M, Weber K, Gandjour A, et al: Cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET for the management of potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer: Priority for a PET-based strategy after nodal-negative CT results. Eur J Nucl Med 27: 1598-1609, 2000
47. Scott WJ, Shepherd J, Gambhir SS: Cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET for staging non-small cell lung cancer: A decision analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 66:1876-1885, 1998
48. Gambhir SS, Hoh CK, Phelps ME, et al: Decision tree sensitivity analysis for cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET in the staging and management of non-small-cell lung carcinoma. J Nucl Med 37:1428-1436, 1996
49. Vansteenkiste J, Lacquet LM, Demedts M, et al: Transcarinal needle aspiration biopsy in the staging of lung cancer. Eur Respir J 7:265-268, 1994
50. Steiner RM, Liu JB, Goldberg BB, et al: The value of ultrasound-guided fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Clin Chest Med 16:519-534, 1995
51. Utz JP, Patel AM, Edell ES: The role of transcarinal needle aspiration in the staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 104:1012-1016, 1993
52. Laudanski J, Kozlowski M, Niklinski J, et al: The preoperative study of mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis in lung cancer by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and helical computed tomography (CT). Lung Cancer 34:123-126, 2001 (suppl 2)
53. Wallace MB, Silvestri GA, Sahai AV, et al: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for staging patients with carcinoma of the lung. Ann Thorac Surg 72:1861-1867, 2001
54. Wiersema MJ, Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Wiersema LM: Evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy with endoscopic US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Radiology 219: 252-257, 2001
55. Potepan P, Meroni E, Spagnoli I, et al: Non-small-cell lung cancer: Detection of mediastinal lymph node metastases by endoscopic ultrasound and CT. Eur Radiol 6:19-24, 1996
56. Patelli M, Agli LL, Poletti V, et al: Role of fiberscopic transbronchial needle aspiration in the staging of N2 disease due to non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 73:407-411, 2002
57. Harewood GC, Wiersema MJ, Edell ES, et al: Cost-minimization analysis of alternative diagnostic approaches in a modeled patient with non-small cell lung cancer and subcarinal lymphadenopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 77:155-164, 2002
58. Gress FG, Savides TJ, Sandler A, et al: Endoscopic ultrasonography, fine-needle aspiration biopsy guided by endoscopic ultrasonography, and computed tomography in the preoperative staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: A comparison study. Ann Intern Med 127:604-612, 1997
59. Harrow EM, Abi-Saleh W, Blum J, et al: The utility of transbronchial needle aspiration in the staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. American Journal of Respiratory & Crit Care Med 161:601-607, 2000
60. Aabakken L, Silvestri GA, Hawes R, et al: Cost-efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration vs. mediastinotomy in patients with lung cancer and suspected mediastinal adenopathy. Endoscopy 31:707-711, 1999
61. Mentzer SJ, Swanson SJ, DeCamp MM, et al: Mediastinoscopy, thoracoscopy, and video-assisted thoracic surgery in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Chest 112:239-241, 1997
62. Roberts JR, Blum MG, Arildsen R, et al: Prospective comparison of radiologic, thoracoscopic, and pathologic staging in patients with early non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 68:1154-1158, 1999
63. Mountain CF: Revisions in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer. Chest 111:1710-1717, 1997
64. Rusch VW, Parekh KR, Leon L, et al: Factors determining outcome after surgical resection of T3 and T4 lung cancers of the superior sulcus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 119:1147-1153, 2000
65. Komaki R, Roth JA, Walsh GL, et al: Outcome predictors for 143 patients with superior sulcus tumors treated by multidisciplinary approach at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48:347-354, 2000
66. Wong J, Haramati LB, Rozenshtein A, et al: Non-small-cell lung cancer: Practice patterns of extrathoracic imaging. Acad Radiol 6:211-215, 1999
67. MacManus MP, Hicks RJ, Matthews JP, et al: High rate of detection of unsuspected distant metastases by pet in apparent stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: Implications for radical radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50:287-293, 2001
68. Vesselle H, Pugsley JM, Vallieres E, et al: The impact of fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 positron-emission tomography on the surgical staging of non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124:511-519, 2002
69. Albes JM, Dohmen BM, Schott U, et al: Value of positron emission tomography for lung cancer staging. Eur J Surg Oncol 28:55-62, 2002
70. Weder W, Schmid RA, Bruchhaus H, et al: Detection of extrathoracic metastases by positron emission tomography in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 66:886-893, 1998
71. MacManus MP, Wong K, Hicks RJ, et al: Early mortality after radical radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: Comparison of PET-staged and conventionally staged cohorts treated at a large tertiary referral center. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 52:351-361, 2002
72. Lowe VJ, Fletcher JW, Gobar L, et al: Prospective investigation of positron emission tomography in lung nodules. J Clin Oncol 16: 1075-1084, 1998
73. Roman MR, Rossleigh MA, Angelides S, et al: Staging and managing lung tumors using F-18 FDG coincidence detection. Clin Nucl Med 26:383-388, 2001
74. Dewan NA, Shehan CJ, Reeb SD, et al: Likelihood of malignancy in a solitary pulmonary nodule: Comparison of Bayesian analysis and results of FDG-PET scan. Chest 112:416-422, 1997
75. Erasmus JJ, McAdams HP, Rossi SE, et al: FDG PET of pleural effusions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:245-249, 2000
76. Schirrmeister H, Glatting G, Hetzel J, et al: Prospective evaluation of the clinical value of planar bone scans, SPECT. and (18)F-labeled NaF PET in newly diagnosed lung cancer. J Nucl Med 42:1800-1804, 2001
77. Bury T, Barreto A, Daenen F, et al: Fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the detection of bone metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 25:1244-1247, 1998
78. Earnest Ft, Ryu JH, Miller GM, et al: Suspected non-small cell lung cancer: Incidence of occult brain and skeletal metastases and effectiveness of imaging for detection-Pilot study. Radiology 211:137-145, 1999
79. Robnett TJ, Machtay M, Stevenson JP, et al: Factors affecting the risk of brain metastases after definitive chemoradiation for locally advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 19:1344-1349, 2001
80. Yokoi K, Kamiya N, Matsuguma H, et al: Detection of brain metastasis in potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer: A comparison of CT and MRI. Chest 115:714-719, 1999
81. Porte HL, Ernst OJ, Delebecq T, et al: Is computed tomography guided biopsy still necessary for the diagnosis of adrenal masses in patients with resectable non-small-cell lung cancer? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 15:597-601, 1999
82. Erasmus JJ, Patz EF Jr, McAdams HP, et al: Evaluation of adrenal masses in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Am J Roentgenol 168:1357-1360, 1997
83. Yun M, Kim W, Alnafisi N, et al: 18F-FDG PET in characterizing adrenal lesions detected on CT or MRI. J Nucl Med 42:1795-1799, 2001
84. Macari M, Rofsky NM, Naidich DP, et al: Non-small cell lung carcinoma: Usefulness of unenhanced helical CT of the adrenal glands in an unmonitored environment. Radiology 209: 807-812, 1998
85. Schwartz LH, Ginsberg MS, Burt ME, et al: MRI as an alternative to CT-guided biopsy of adrenal masses in patients with lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 65:193-197, 1998
86. Remer EM, Obuchowski N, Ellis JD, et al: Adrenal mass evaluation in patients with lung carcinoma: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Roentgenol 174:1033-1039, 2000
87. Papanikolaou N, Moulopoulos LA, Gouliamos A, et al: Comparison of dual spin echo echo planar imaging (SE_EPI), turbo spin echo with fat suppression and conventional dual spin echo sequences for T(2)-weighted MR imaging of focal liver lesions. Magn Reson Imaging 18: 715-719, 2000
88. Ichikawa T, Haradome H, Hachiya J, et al: Characterization of hepatic lesions by perfusion-weighted MR imaging with an echoplanar sequence. Am J Roentgenol 170:1029-1034, 1998
89. Nakayama M, Yamashita Y, Mitsuzaki K, et al: Improved tissue characterization of focal liver lesions with ferumoxide-enhanced T1 and T2-weighted MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 11:647-654, 2000
90. Kim TY, Yang SH, Lee SH, et al: A phase III randomized trial of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 25:238-243, 2002
91. Sause W, Kolesar P, Taylor SI, et al: Final results of phase III trial in regionally advanced unresectable non-small cell lung cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, and Southwest Oncology Group. Chest 117:358-364, 2000
92. Sim S, Rosenzweig KE, Schindelheim R, et al: Induction chemotherapy plus three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in the definitive treatment of locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51:660-665, 2001
93. Dillman RO, Herndon J, Seagren SL, et al: Improved survival in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: Seven-year follow-up of cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) 8433 trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 88:1210-1215, 1996
94. Komaki R, Scott CB, Sause WT, et al: Induction cisplatin/vinblastine and irradiation vs. irradiation in unresectable squamous cell lung cancer: Failure patterns by cell type in RTOG 88-08/ECOG 4588-Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 39:537-544, 1997
95. Anonymous: Chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: CD002139, 2000
96. Curran WJ Jr, Scott C, Langer C, et al: Phase III comparison of sequential vs concurrent chemoradiation for patients with unresected stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Initial report of radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) 9410. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 19:484, 2000 (abstr 1891)
97. Furuse K, Fukuoka M, Kawahara M, et al: Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with mitomycin, vindesine, and cisplatin in unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 17:2692-2699, 1999
98. Belani CP: Incorporation of paclitaxel and carboplatin in combined-modality therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 26:44-54, 1999
99. Masters GA, Haraf DJ, Hoff man PC, et al: Phase I study of vinorelbine, cisplatin, and concomitant thoracic radiation in the treatment of advanced chest malignancies. J Clin Oncol 16: 2157-2163, 1998
100. Vokes EE: Induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 6:Suppl 125-27, 2001
101. Gaspar LE: Optimizing chemoradiation therapy approaches to unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 13:110-115, 2001
102. Vokes EE, Herndon JE II, Crawford J, et al: Randomized phase II study of cisplatin with gemcitabine or paclitaxel or vinorelbine as induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy for stage IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: Cancer and leukemia group B study 9431. J Clin Oncol 20:4191-4198, 2002
103. Clamon G, Herndon J, Cooper R, et al: Radiosensitization with carboplatin for patients with unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: A phase III trial of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 17:4-11, 1999
104. Rusch VW, Giroux DJ, Kraut MJ, et al: Induction chemoradiation and surgical resection for non-small cell lung carcinomas of the superior sulcus: Initial results of Southwest Oncology Group Trial 9416 (Intergroup Trial 0160). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 121:472-483, 2001
105. Veronesi G, Solli PG, Leo F, et al: Low morbidity of bronchoplastic procedures after chemotherapy for lung cancer. Lung Cancer 36: 91-97, 2002
106. Rosell R, Gomez-Codina J, Camps C, et al: Preresectional chemotherapy in stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer: A 7-year assessment of a randomized controlled trial. Lung Cancer 26:7-14, 1999
107. Roth JA, Fossella F, Komaki R, et al: A randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:673-680, 1994
108. Roth JA, Atkinson EN, Fossella F, et al: Long-term follow-up of patients enrolled in a randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 21:1-6, 1998
109. Depierre A, Milleron B, Moro-Sibilot D, et al: Preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with primary surgery in resectable stage I (except T1NO), II, and IIIa non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 20:247-253, 2002
110. Meko J, Rusch VW: Neoadjuvant therapy and surgical resection for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 10: 324-332, 2000
111. Cullen MH, Billingham LJ, Woodroffe CM, et al: Mitomycin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin in unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: Effects on survival and quality of life. J Clin Oncol 17:3188-3194, 1999
112. Thongprasert S, Sanguanmitra P, Juthapan W, et al: Relationship between quality of life and clinical outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Best supportive care (BSC) versus BSC plus chemotherapy. Lung Cancer 24:17-24, 1999
113. Helsing M, Bergman B, Thaning L, et al: Quality of life and survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving supportive care plus chemotherapy with carboplatin and etoposide or supportive care only: A multicentre randomised phase III trial-Joint Lung Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer 34:1036-1044, 1998
114. Stephens RJ, Fairlamb D, Gower N, et al: The Big Lung Trial (BLT): determining the value of cisplatin-based chemotherapy for all patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-Preliminary results in the supportive care setting. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21:291, 2002 (abstr 1161)
115. Anonymous: Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials-Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. BMJ 311:899-909, 1995
116. Le Chevalier T, Brisgand D, Douillard JY, et al: Randomized study of vinorelbine and cisplatin versus vindesine and cisplatin versus vinorelbine alone in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Results of a European multicenter trial including 612 patients. J Clin Oncol 12:360-367, 1994
117. Le Chevalier T, Brisgand D, Soria JC, et al: Long term analysis of survival in the European randomized trial comparing vinorelbine/cisplatin to vindesine/cisplatin and vinorelbine alone in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 6:8-11, 2001 (suppl 1)
118. Wozniak AJ, Crowley JJ, Balcerzak SP, et al: Randomized trial comparing cisplatin with cisplatin plus vinorelbine in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 16: 2459-2465, 1998
119. Cardenal F, Lopez-Cabrerizo MP, Anton A, et al: Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine-cisplatin versus etoposide-cisplatin in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 17:12-18, 1999
120. Bonomi P, Kim K, Fairclough D, et al: Comparison of survival and quality of life in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with two dose levels of paclitaxel combined with cisplatin versus etoposide with cisplatin: Results of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 18:623-631, 2000
121. Giaccone G, Splinter TA, Debruyne C, et al: Randomized study of paclitaxel-cisplatin versus cisplatin-teniposide in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 16:2133-2141, 1998
122. Sandler AB, Nemunaitis J, Denham C, et al: Phase III trial of gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:122-130, 2000
123. von Pawel J, von Roemeling R, Gatzemeier U, et al: Tirapazamine plus cisplatin versus cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A report of the international CATAPULT I study group-Cisplatin and Tirapazamine in Subjects with Advanced Previously Untreated Non-Small-Cell Lung Tumors. J Clin Oncol 18:1351-1359, 2000
124. Gatzemeier U, von Pawel J, Gottfried M, et al: Phase III comparative study of high-dose cisplatin versus a combination of paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:3390-3399, 2000
125. Kelly K, Crowley J. Bunn PA Jr, et al: Randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A Southwest Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 19:3210-3218, 2001
126. ten Bokkel Huinink WW, Bergman B, Chemaissani A, et al: Single-agent gemcitabine: An active and better tolerated alternative to standard cisplatin-based chemotherapy in locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 26:85-94, 1999
127. Crino L, Scagliotti GV, Ricci S, et al: Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus mitomycin, ifosfamide, and cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomized phase III study of the Italian Lung Cancer Project. J Clin Oncol 17:3522-3530, 1999
128. Greco FA, Gray JR Jr, Thompson DS, et al: Prospective randomized study of four novel chemotherapy regimens in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: A Minnie Pearl cancer research network trial. Cancer 95: 1279-1285, 2002
129. Sculier JP, Lafitte JJ, Paesmans M, et al: Phase III randomized trial comparing moderate-dose cisplatin to combined cisplatin and carboplatin in addition to mitomycin and ifosfamide in patients with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 83:1128-1135, 2000
130. Masutani M, Akusawa H, Kadota A, et al: A phase III randomized trial of cisplatin plus vindesine versus cisplatin plus vindesine plus mitomycin C versus cisplatin plus vindesine plus ifosfamide for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Respirology 1:49-54, 1996
131. Comella P, Frasci G, De Cataldis G, et al: Cisplatin/carboplatin + etoposide + vinorelbine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A multicentre randomised trial. Gruppo Oncologico Campano. Br J Cancer 74:1805-1811, 1996
132. Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, et al: Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 346:92-98, 2002
133. Lees M, Aristides M, Maniadakis N, et al: Economic evaluation of gemcitabine alone and in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Pharmacoeconomics 20:325-337, 2002
134. Annemans L, Giaccone G, Vergnenegre A: The cost-effectiveness of paclitaxel (Taxol) + cisplatin is similar to that of teniposide + cisplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A multicountry analysis. Anticancer Drugs 10:605-615, 1999
135. Earle CC, Evans WK: Cost-effectivenes of paclitaxel plus cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 80:815-820, 1999
136. Ramsey SD, Moinpour CM, Lovato LC, et al: Economic analysis of vinorelbine plus cisplatin versus paclitaxel plus carboplatin for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:291-297, 2002
137. Ramsey SD: Incorporating economic analysis into clinical practice guidelines: A guide for users. ACP J Club 137:11-13, 2002
138. Lilenbaum RC, Herndon J, List M, et al: Single agent (SA) versus combination chemotherapy (CC) in avanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a CALGB randomized trial of efficacy, quality of life (QOL), and cost-effectiveness. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21:1, 2002 (abstr 2)
139. Sederholm C: Gemcitabine (G) compared with gemcitabine plus carboplatin (GC) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a phase III study by the Swedish Lung Cancer Study Group (SLCSG). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21:291 a, 2002 (abstr 1162)
140. Vansteenkiste JF, Vandebroek JE, Nackaerts KL, et al: Clinical-benefit response in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A multicentre prospective randomised phase III study of single agent gemcitabine versus cisplatin-vindesine. Ann Oncol 12:1221-1230, 2001
141. Georgoulias V, Papadakis E, Alexopoulos A, et al: Platinum-based and non-platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomised multicentre trial. Lancet 357:1478-1484, 2001
142. Kosmidis P, Mylonakis N, Nicolaides C, et al: Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus gemcitabine plus paclitaxel in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 20:3578-3585, 2002
143. Roszkowski K, Pluzanska A, Krzakowski M, et al: A multicenter, randomized, phase III study of docetaxel plus best supportive care versus best supportive care in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic or non-resectable localized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer 27:145-157, 2000
144. Ranson M, Davidson N, Nicolson M, et al: Randomized trial of paclitaxel plus supportive care versus supportive care for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:1074-1080, 2000
145. Billingham LJ, Cullen MH: The benefits of chemotherapy in patient subgroups with unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 12:1671-1675, 2001
146. Soria JC, Brisgand D, Le Chevalier T: Do all patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer benefit from cisplatin-based combination therapy? Ann Oncol 12:1667-1670, 2001
147. Sweeney CJ, Zhu J, Sandler AB, et al: Outcome of patients with a performance status of 2 in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E1594: a Phase II trial in patients with metastatic nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 92:2639-2647, 2001
148. Langer CJ, Manola J, Bernardo P, et al: Cisplatin-based therapy for elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Implications of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 5592, a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:173-181, 2002
149. Bunn PA Jr, Lilenbaum R: Chemotherapy for elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:341-343, 2003
150. Anonymous: Effects of vinorelbine on quality of life and survival of elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: The Elderly Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Italian Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:66-72, 1999
151. Gridelli C: The ELVIS trial: A phase III study of single-agent vinorelbine as first-line treatment in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Elderly Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Italian Study. Oncologist 6:Suppl 14-7, 2001
152. Frasci G, Lorusso V, Panza N, et al: Gemcitabine plus vinorelbine versus vinorelbine alone in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:2529-2536, 2000
153. Gridelli C, Perrone F, Gallo C, et al: Chemotherapy for elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: The Multicenter Italian Lung Cancer in the Elderly Study (MILES) phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:362-372, 2003
154. Socinski MA, Schell MJ, Peterman A, et al: Phase III trial comparing a defined duration of therapy versus continuous therapy followed by second-line therapy in advanced-stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 20:1335-1343, 2002
155. Smith IE, O'Brien ME, Talbot DC, et al: Duration of chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomized trial of three versus six courses of mitomycin, vinblastine, and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 19:1336-1343, 2001
156. Fossella FV, DeVore R, Kerr RN, et al: Randomized phase III trial of docetaxel versus vinorelbine or ifosfamide in patients with advanced
157. Miller V, Fossella F, DeVore R, et al: Docetaxel (D) benefits lung cancer symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in a randomized phase III study of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients previously treated with platinum-based therapy. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 18:491, 1999 (abstr 1895)
158. Shepherd FA, Dancey J, Ramlau R, et al: Prospective randomized trial of docetaxel versus best supportive care in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 18:2095-2103, 2000
159. Dancey J, Shepherd F, Ramlau R, et al: Quality of life (QOL) assessment in a randomized study of taxotere (TAX) versus best supportive care (BSC) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (pts) previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 18:491, 1999 (abstr 1896)
160. Bonfill X, Serra C, Sacristan M, et al: Second-line chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer, [update of Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD002804; PMID: 11687161]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: CD002804, 2002
161. Hainsworth JD, Burris HA III, Litchy S, et al: Weekly docetaxel in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: A Minnie Pearl Cancer Res Network Phase II Trial. Cancer 89:328-333, 2000
162. Crino L, Mosconi AM, Scagliotti G, et al: Gemcitabine as second-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 17:2081-2085, 1999
163. Sculier JP, Lafitte JJ, Berghmans T, et al: A phase II trial testing gemcitabine as second-line chemotherapy for non small cell lung cancer: The European Lung Cancer Working Party. Lung Cancer 29:67-73, 2000
164. Socinski MA, Steagall A, Gillenwater H: Second-line chemotherapy with 96-hour infusional paclitaxel in refractory non-small cell lung cancer: Report of a phase II trial. Cancer Invest 17:181-188, 1999
165. Hainsworth JD, Thompson DS, Greco FA: Paclitaxel by 1-hour infusion: An active drug in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 13:1609-1614, 1995
166. Spiridonidis CH, Laufman LR, Carman L. et al: Second-line chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with monthly docetaxel and weekly gemcitabine: A phase II trial. Ann Oncol 12:89-94, 2001
167. Kakolyris S, Papadakis E, Tsiafaki X, et al: Docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine plus rhG-CSF support as second-line treatment in non-small cell lung cancer: A multicenter phase II study. Lung Cancer 32:179-187, 2001
168. Pectasides D, Kalofonos HP, Samantas E, et al: An out-patient second-line chemotherapy with gemcitabine and vinorelbine in patients with non-small cell lung cancer previously treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. A phase II study of the Hellenic Co-operative Oncology Group. Anticancer Res 21:3005-3010, 2001
169. Hainsworth JD, Burris HA III, Billings FT III, et al: Weekly docetaxel with either gemcitabine or vinorelbine as second-line treatment in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: Phase II trials of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Res Network. Cancer 92:2391-2398, 2001
170. Kosmas C, Tsavaris N, Vadiaka M, et al: Gemcitabine and docetaxel as second-line chemotherapy for patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma who fail prior paclitaxel plus platinum-based regimens. Cancer 92:2902-2910, 2001
171. Kosmas C, Tsavaris N, Panopoulos C, et al: Gemcitabine and vinorelbine as second-line therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer after prior treatment with taxane+platinum-based regimens. Eur J Cancer 37:972-978, 2001
172. Fukuoka M, Yano S, Giaccone G, et al: Multi-institutional randomized phase II trial of Gefitinib for reviously treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 21:2237-2246, 2003
173. Kris MG, Natale RB, Herbst RS, et al: A phase II trial of ZD 1839 (Iressa) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who had failed platinum-and docetaxed-based regiment (IDEAL2). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 21:292a, 2002 (abstr 1166)
174. Giaccone G, Johnson DH, Manegold C, et al: A phase III clinical trial of ZD1839 (Iressa)in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in chemotherapy-native patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (INTACT 1). European Society for Medical Oncology Congress, October 18-22, Nice, France, 2002 (abstr 4)
175. Johnson DH, Herbst R, Giaccone G, et al: ZD1839 (Iressa) in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in chemotherapy-native patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): results from a phase III clinical trial (INTACT 2). European Socity for Medical Oncology Congress, October 18-22, Nice, France, 2002 (abstr 468)
176. Hilsenbeck SG, Raub WA Jr, Sridhar KS: Prognostic factors in lung cancer based on multivariate analysis. Am J Clin Oncol 16:301-309, 1993
177. Ries LA: Influence of extent of disease, histology, and demographic factors on lung cancer survival in the SEER population-based data. Semin Surg Oncol 10:21-30, 1994
178. Patz EF Jr, Connolly J, Herndon J: Prognostic value of thoracic FDG PET imaging after treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:769-774, 2000
179. Higashi K, Ueda Y, Arisaka Y, et al: 18F-FDG uptake as a biologic prognostic factor for recurrence in patients with surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med 43:39-45, 2002
180. Dunagan D, Chin R Jr, McCain T, et al: Staging by positron emission tomography predicts survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 119:333-339, 2001
181. Lee YC, Chang YL, Luh SP, et al: Significance of P53 and Rb protein expression in surgically treated non-small cell lung cancers. Ann Thorac Surg 68:343-348, 1999
182. Keum JS, Kong G, Yang SC, et al: Cyclin D1 overexpression is an indicator of poor prognosis in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 81:127-132, 1999
183. Khuri FR, Lotan R, Kemp BL, et al: Retinoic acid receptor-beta as a prognostic indicator in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:2798-2804, 2000
184. Herbst RS, Yano S, Kuniyasu H, et al: Differential expression of E-cadherin and type IV collagenase genes predicts outcome in patients with stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Res 6:790-797, 2000
185. Zhou X, Kemp BL, Khuri FR, et al: Prognostic implication of microsatellite alteration profiles in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical Cancer Res 6:559-565, 2000
186. Decaussin M, Sartelet H, Robert C, et al: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its two receptors (VEGF-R1-Flt1 and VEGF-R2-Flk1/KDR) in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs): Correlation with angiogenesis and survival. J Pathol 188:369-377, 1999
187. Catzavelos C, Tsao MS, DeBoer G, et al: Reduced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 in non-small cell lung carcinoma: A prognostic factor independent of Ras. Cancer Res 59:684-688, 1999
188. Marchetti A, Bertacca G, Buttitta F, et al: Telomerase activity as a prognostic indicator in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical Cancer Res 5:2077-2081, 1999
189. Pantel K, Izbicki J, Passlick B, et al: Frequency and prognostic significance of isolated tumour cells in bone marrow of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer without overt metastases. Lancet 347:649-653, 1996
190. Bhattacharjee A, Richards WG, Staunton J, et al: Classification of human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct adenocarcinoma subclasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:13790-13795, 2001
191. Garber ME, Troyanskaya OG, Schluens K, et al: Diversity of gene expression in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:13784-13789, 2001
192. Berenson JR, Hillner BE, Kyle RA, et al: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines: The role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 20:3719-3736, 2002
193. Schuchter LM, Hensley ML, Meropol NJ, et al: 2002 update of recommendations for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protectants: Clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 20:2895-2903, 2002
194. Hillner BE, Ingle JN, Berenson JR, et al: American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline on the role of bisphosphonates in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Bisphosphonates Expert Panel. J Clin Oncol 18:1378-1391, 2000
195. Bennett CL, Weeks JA, Somerfield MR, et al: Use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: Comparison of the 1994 and 1997 American Society of Clinical Oncology surveys regarding ASCO clinical practice guidelines-Health Services Research Committee of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 17: 3676-3681, 1999
196. Bennett CL, Smith TJ, Weeks JC, et al: Use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: The American Society of Clinical Oncology survey-The Health Services Research Committee of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 14:2511-2520, 1996
197. Anonymous: American Society of Clinical Oncology. Recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: Evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol 12:2471-2508, 1994
198. Gralla RJ, Osoba D, Kris MG, et al: Recommendations for the use of antiemetics: Evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. American Society of Clinical Oncology. [erratum appears in J Clin Oncol 17:3860, 1999]. J Clin Oncol 17:2971-2994, 1999
199. Rizzo JD, Lichtin AE, Woolf SH, et al: Use of epoetin in patients with cancer: Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society of Hematology. J Clin Oncol 20: 4083-4107, 2002
200. Seidenfeld J, Piper M, Aronson N: Systematic review of controlled trials on erythropoietin to support evidence-based guidelines. Oncology (Huntington) 16:171-188, 2002
201. Saunders M, Dische S, Barrett A, et al: Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomised multicentre trial. CHART Steering Committee. Lancet 350:161-165, 1997
202. Saunders M, Dische S, Barrett A, et al: Continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: Mature data from the randomised multicentre trial. CHART Steering committee. Radiother Oncol 52:137-148, 1999
203. Bailey AJ, Parmar MK, Stephens RJ: Patient-reported short-term and long-term physical and psychologic symptoms: Results of the continuous hyperfractionated accelerated [correction of acclerated] radiotherapy (CHART) randomized trial in non-small-cell lung cancer-CHART Steering Committee. J Clin Oncol 16: 3082-3093, 1998
204. Saunders MI, Rojas A, Lyn BE, et al: Experience with dose escalation using CHARTWEL (continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy weekend less) in non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 78:1323-1328, 1998
205. Mehta MP, Tannehill SP, Adak S, et al: Phase II trial of hyperfractionated accelerated radiation therapy for nonresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: Results of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 4593. J Clin Oncol 16:3518-3523, 1998
206. Bonner JA, McGinnis WL, Stella PJ, et al: The possible advantage of hyperfractionated thoracic radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: Results of a North Central Cancer Treatment Group Phase III Study. Cancer 82:1037-1048, 1998
207. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Acimovic L, et al: Hyperfractionated radiation therapy with or without concurrent low-dose daily carboplatin/ etoposicle for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: A randomized study. J Clin Oncol 14:1065-1070, 1996
208. Rosenzweig KE, Sim SE, Mychalczak B, et al: Elective nodal irradiation in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50:681-685, 2001
209. Socinski MA, Rosenman JG, Halle J, et al: Dose-escalating conformal thoracic radiation therapy with induction and concurrent carboplatin/paclitaxel in unresectable stage IIIA/B non-small cell lung carcinoma: A modified phase I/II trial. Cancer 92:1213-1223, 2001
210. Socinski MA, Marks LB, Garst J, et al: Carboplatin/paclitaxel or carboplatin/vinorelbine followed by accelerated hyperfractionated conformal radiation therapy: A preliminary report of a phase I dose escalation trial from the Carolina Conformal Therapy Consortium. Oncologist 6:Suppl 120-24, 2001
211. Falk SJ, Girling DJ, White RJ, et al: Immediate versus delayed palliative thoracic radiotherapy in patients with unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer and minimal thoracic symptoms: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 325:465, 2002
212. Bezjak A, Dixon P, Brundage M, et al: Randomized phase III trial of single versus fractionated thoracic radiation in the palliation of patients with lung cancer (NCIC CTG SC 15). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54:719-728, 2002
213. Macbeth FR, Bolger JJ, Hopwood P, et al: Randomized trial of palliative two-fraction versus more intensive 13-fraction radiotherapy for patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer and good performance status: Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 8:167-175, 1996
214. Reinfuss M, Glinski B, Kowalska T, et al: Radiotherapy for stage III, inoperable asymptomatic non-small-cell lung cancer: Final results of a prospective randomized study (240 patients). Cancer Radiother 3:475-479, 1999
215. Rees GJ, Devrell CE, Barley VL, et al: Palliative radiotherapy for lung cancer: Two versus five fractions. Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists) 9:90-95, 1997
216. Nestle U, Nieder C, Walter K, et al: A palliative accelerated irradiation regimen for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer vs. conventionally fractionated 60 GY: Results of a randomized equivalence study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48:95-103, 2000
217. Macbeth F, Toy E, Coles B, et al: Palliative radiotherapy regimens for non-small cell lung cancer (Cochrane Review). 2002
218. Speiser B, Spratling L: Intermediate dose rate remote afterloading brachytherapy for intraluminal control of bronchogenic carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 18:1443-1448, 1990
219. Sutedja TG, Venmans BJ, Smit EF, et al: Fluorescence bronchoscopy for early detection of lung cancer: A clinical perspective. Lung Cancer 34:157-168, 2001
220. Simoff MJ: Endobronchial management of advanced lung cancer. Cancer Control 8:337-343, 2001
221. Shah SK, Ost D: Photodynamic therapy: A case series demonstrating its role in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest 118: 1419-1423, 2000
222. Ost D: Photodynamic therapy in lung cancer. Oncology (Huntington) 14:379-386, 2000
223. Diaz-Jimenez JP, Martinez-Ballarin JE, Llunell A, et al: Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy versus Nd-YAG laser resection in NSCLC with airway obstruction. Eur Respir J 14:800-805, 1999
224. Kelly K, Bunn PA Jr: Is it time to reevaluate our approach to the treatment of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer? Lung Cancer 20:85-91, 1998
225. Robinet G, Thomas P, Breton JL, et al: Results of a phase III study of early versus delayed whole brain radiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin and vinorelbine combination in inoperable brain metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancer: Groupe Francais de Pneumo-Cancerologie (GFPC) Protocol 95-1. Ann Oncol 12:59-67, 2001
226. Auchter RM, Lamond JP, Alexander E, et al: A multiinstitutional outcome and prognostic factor analysis of radiosurgery for resectable single brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 35:27-35, 1996
227. Sheehan JP, Sun MH, Kondziolka D, et al: Radiosurgery for non-small cell lung carcinoma metastatic to the brain: Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors influencing patient survival time and local tumor control. J Neurosurg 97: 1276-1281, 2002
228. Kim YS, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, et al: Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma metastatic to the brain. Cancer 80:2075-2083, 1997
229. Hoffman R, Sneed PK, McDermott MW, et al: Radiosurgery for brain metastases from primary lung carcinoma. Cancer Journal 7:121-131, 2001
230. Moazami N, Rice TW, Rybicki LA, et al: Stage III non-small cell lung cancer and metachronous brain metastases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 124:113-122, 2002
231. Zabel A, Milker-Zabel S, Thilmann C, et al: Treatment of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by stereotactic linac-based radiosurgery: Prognostic factors. Lung Cancer 37:87-94, 2002
232. Shaw E, Scott C, Souhami L, et al: Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: Final report of RTOG protocol 90-05. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47:291-298, 2000
233. Linzer D, Ling SM, Villalobos H, et al: Gamma knife radiosurgery for large volume brain tumors: An analysis of acute and chronic toxicity. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 70:11-18, 1998 (suppl 1)
234. Chao ST, Suh JH, Raja S, et al: The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET in distinguishing recurrent brain tumor from radionecrosis in patients treated with stereo-tactic radiosurgery. Int J Cancer 96:191-197, 2001
235. Billing PS, Miller DL, Allen MS, et al: Surgical treatment of primary lung cancer with synchronous brain metastases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122:548-553, 2001
236. Bonnette P, Puyo P, Gabriel C, et al: Surgical management of non-small cell lung cancer with synchronous brain metastases. Chest 119:1469-1475, 2001
237. Porte HL, Roumilhac D, Graziana JP, et al: Adrenalectomy for a solitary adrenal metastasis from lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 65:331-335, 1998
238. Luketich JD, Burt ME: Does resection of adrenal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer improve survival? Ann Thorac Surg 62: 1614-1616, 1996
239. Abdel-Raheem MM, Potti A, Becker WK, et al: Late adrenal metastasis in operable non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 25: 81-83, 2002
240. Ambrogi V, Tonini G, Mineo TC: Prolonged survival after extracranial metastasectomy from synchronous resectable lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 8:663-666, 2001
241. Yoshino I, Yohena T, Kitajima M, et al: Survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients with postoperative recurrence at distant organs. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 7:204-209, 2001
242. Porte H, Siat J, Guibert B, et al: Resection of adrenal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: A multicenter study. Ann Thorac Surg 71:981-985, 2001
243. Heniford BT, Arca MJ, Walsh RM, et al: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 16:293-306, 1999
244. Sung GT, Gill IS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Semin Laparosc Surg 7:211-222, 2000
245. Gilbert S, Reid KR, Lam MY, et al: Who should follow up lung cancer patients after operation? Ann Thorac Surg 69:1696-1700, 2000
246. Walsh GL, O'Connor M, Willis KM, et al: Is follow-up of lung cancer patients after resection medically indicated and cost-effective? Ann Thorac Surg 60:1563-1572, 1995
247. Younes RN, Gross JL, Deheinzelin D: Follow-up in lung cancer: How often and for what purpose? Chest 115:1494-1499, 1999
248. Westeel V, Choma D, Clement F, et al: Relevance of an intensive postoperative follow-up after surgery for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 70:1185-1190, 2000
249. Ryu JS, Choi NC, Fischman AJ, et al: FDG-PET in staging and restaging non-small cell lung cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: Correlation with histopathology. Lung Cancer 35:179-187, 2002
250. Akhurst T, Downey RJ, Ginsberg MS, et al: An initial experience with FDG-PET in the imaging of residual disease after induction therapy for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 73:259-266, 2002
251. Bury T, Corhay JL, Duysinx B, et al: Value of FDG-PET in detecting residual or recurrent nonsmall cell lung cancer. Eur Raspir J 14:1376-1380, 1999
252. Vansteenkiste JF, Stroobants SG, De Leyn PR, et al: Potential use of FDG-PET scan after induction chemotherapy in surgically staged IIIa-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer: A prospective pilot study-The Leuven Lung Cancer Group. Ann Oncol 9:1193-1198, 1998
253. Hicks RJ, Kalff V, MacManus MP, et al: The utility of (18)F-FDG PET for suspected recurrent non-small cell lung cancer after potentially curative therapy: Impact on management and prognostic stratification. J Nucl Med 42:1605-1613, 2001
254. Lee J, Aronchick JM, Alavi A: Accuracy of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the evaluation of malignancy in patients presenting with new lung abnormalities: A retrospective review. Chest 120:1791-1797, 2001
255. Johnson BE, Cortazar P, Chute JP: Second lung cancers in patients successfully treated for lung cancer. Semin Oncol 24:492-499, 1997
256. Johnson BE: Second lung cancers in patients after treatment for an initial lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1335-1345, 1998
257. Patz EF Jr, Goodman PC, Bepler G: Screening for lung cancer. N Engl J Med 343: 1627-1633, 2000
258. Henschke CI, McCauley DI, Yankelevitz DF, et al: Early Lung Cancer Action Project: Overall design and findings from baseline screening. Lancet 354:99-105, 1999
259. Henschke CI: Early lung cancer action project: Overall design and findings from baseline screening. Cancer 89:2474-2482, 2000
260. Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Smith JP, et al: Screening for lung cancer: The early lung cancer action approach. Lung Cancer 35:143-148, 2002
261. Sone S, Takashima S, Li F, et al: Mass screening for lung cancer with mobile spiral computed tomography scanner. Lancet 351: 1242-1245, 1998
262. Kaneko M, Eguchi K, Ohmatsu H, et al: Peripheral lung cancer: Screening and detection with low-dose spiral CT versus radiography. Radiology 201:793-802, 1996
263. Hillman BJ, Gatsonis C, Sullivan DC: American College of Radiology Imaging Network: New national cooperative group for conducting clinical trials of medical imaging technologies. Radiology 213:641-645, 1999
264. Patz EF Jr, Rossi S, Harpole DH Jr, et al: Correlation of tumor size and survival in patients with stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 117:1568-1571, 2000
265. Heyneman LE, Herndon JE, Goodman PC, et al: Stage distribution in patients with a small (< or = 3 cm) primary nonsmall cell lung carcinoma: Implication for lung carcinoma screening. Cancer 92:3051-3055, 2001
266. Lam S, Kennedy T, Linger M, et al: Localization of bronchial intraepithelial neoplastic lesions by fluorescence bronchoscopy. Chest 113: 696-702, 1998
267. Vermylen P, Pierard P, Roufosse C, et al: Detection of bronchial preneoplastic lesions and early lung cancer with fluorescence bronchoscopy: A study about its ambulatory feasibility under local anaesthesis. Lung Cancer 25:161-168, 1999
268. Hirsch FR, Prindiville SA, Miller YE, et al: Fluorescence versus white-light bronchoscopy for detection of preneoplastic lesions: A randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1385-1391, 2001
269. Kurie JM, Lee JS, Morice RC, et al: Autofluorescence bronchoscopy in the detection of squamous metaplasia and dysplasia in current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:991-995, 1998
270. Scott FM, Modali R, Lehman TA, et al: High frequency of K-ras codon 12 mutations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients at high risk for second primary lung cancer. Clinical Cancer Res 3:479-482, 1997
271. Tockman MS, Mulshine JL, Piantadosi S, et al: Prospective detection of preclinical lung cancer: Results from two studies of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 overexpression. Clinical Cancer Res 3:2237-2246, 1997
272. Crowell RE, Gilliland FD, Temes RT, et al: Detection of trisomy 7 in nonmalignant bronchial epithelium from lung cancer patients and individuals at risk for lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:631-637, 1996
273. Rasidakis A, Orphanidou D, Kalomenidis J, et al: Expression of mdm-2 protein in neoplastic, preneoplastic, and normal bronchial mucosa specimens: Comparative study with p53 expression. Hybridoma 17:339-345, 1998
274. Ikeda N, MacAulay C, Lam S, et al: Malignancy associated changes in bronchial epithelial cells and clinical application as a biomarker. Lung Cancer 19:161-166, 1998
275. Esteller M, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Rosell R, et al: Detection of aberrant promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in serum DNA from non-small cell lung cancer patients. [erratum appears in Cancer Res 1999 Aug 1;59(15):3853]. Cancer Res 59:67-70, 1999
276. Haus BM, Razavi H, Kuschner WG: Occupational and environmental causes of bronchogenic carcinoma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 7:220-225, 2001
277. Albin M, Magnani C, Krstev S, et al: Asbestos and cancer: An overview of current trends in Europe. Environ Health Perspect 107: Suppl 2289-298, 1999
278. Darby S, Hill D, Doll R: Radon: A likely carcinogen at all exposures. Ann Oncol 12:1341-1351, 2001
279. Neuberger JS, Gesell TF: Residential radon exposure and lung cancer: Risk in nonsmokers. Health Phys 83:1-18, 2002
280. Alavanja MC: Biologic damage resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke and from radon: Implication for preventive interventions. Oncogene 21:7365-7375, 2002
281. Hecht SS: Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1194-1210, 1999
282. Schuller HM: Mechanisms of smoking-related lung and pancreatic adenocarcinoma development. Nature Reviews. Cancer 2:455-463, 2002
283. Osada H, Takahashi T: Genetic alterations of multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenes in the carcinogenesis and progression of lung cancer. Oncogene 21:7421-7434, 2002
284. Shields PG: Molecular epidemiology of smoking and lung cancer. Oncogene 21:6870-6876, 2002
285. Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, et al: Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene 21:7435-7451, 2002
286. Holli K, Visakorpi T, Hakama M: Smoking and survival from lung cancer. Acta Oncol 38: 989-992, 1999
287. Eckhardt SG, Pulte DE, Hilsenbeck SG: Response to chemotherapy in smoking and non-smoking patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 14:357, 1995 (astract)
288. Ahrendt SA, Decker PA, Alawi EA, et al: Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with mutation of the K-ras gene in patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer 92:1525-1530, 2001
289. Lee JJ, Liu D, Lee JS, et al: Long-term impact of smoking on lung epithelial proliferation in current and former smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1081-1088, 2001
290. Sanderson Cox L, Patten CA, Ebbert JO, et al: Tobacco use outcomes among patients with lung cancer treated for nicotine dependence. J Clin Oncol 20:3461-3469, 2002
291. van Zandwijk N, Dalesio O, Pastorino U, et al: EUROSCAN, a randomized trial of vitamin A and N-acetylcysteine in patients with head and neck cancer or lung cancer: For the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Head and Neck and Lung Cancer Cooperative Groups. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:977-986, 2000
292. Lippman SM, Lee JJ, Karp DD, et al: Randomized phase III intergroup trial of isotretinoin to prevent second primary tumors in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:605-618, 2001
293. Akhmedkhanov A, Toniolo P, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, et al: Aspirin and lung cancer in women. Br J Cancer 87:49-53, 2002