Pharmacological dissociation of moderate and high contextual fear as assessed by freezing behavior and fear-potentiated startle

European Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 239-246

  Santos, Julia Maria ^a   Gárgaro, Ana Carolina ^a   Oliveira, Amanda Ribeiro ^a   Masson, Sueli ^a   Brandão, Marcus Lira ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Contextual fear; Fear potentiated startle; Freezing; Midazolam; Startle reflex

Indexed keywords

ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; MIDAZOLAM;

AMPLITUDE MODULATION; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; AVERSION; CONDITIONING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISSOCIATION CONSTANT; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG SENSITIVITY; EXAMINATION; FEAR; FREEZING; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; LOUDNESS; MALE; NEUROMODULATION; NOISE; NONHUMAN; PANIC; PHOBIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SHOCK; STARTLE REFLEX;

EID: 13244251058     PISSN: 0924977X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.10.004     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. H. Anisman, D. De Cantazaro, and G. Remington Escape performance following exposure to inescapable shock: deficits in motor response maintenance J. Exp. Psychol. 4 1978 197 218
2. V.Z. Anseloni, G. Messias, and M.L. Brandão Behavioral and pharmacological validation of the elevated plus maze constructed with transparent walls Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 28 1995 597 601
3. V. Avanzi, R.C.B. Silva, C.E. Macedo, and M.L. Brandão 5-HT mechanisms of median raphe nucleus in the conditioned freezing caused by light/footshock association Physiol. Behav. 78 2003 471 477
4. D.C. Blanchard, and R.J. Blanchard Crouching as an index of fear J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 67 1969 370 375
5. D.C. Blanchard, and R.J. Blanchard Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 81 1972 281 290
6. J.S. Brown, H.I. Kalish, and I.E. Farber Conditional fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus J. Exp. Psychol. 41 1951 317 327
7. M. Caeser, J. Ostwald, and P.K.D. Pilz Startle responses measured in muscles innervated by facial and trigeminal nerves show common modulation Behav. Neurosci. 103 1989 1075 1081
8. A.R. Caggiula, S.M. Antelman, E. Aul, S. Knopf, and D.J. Edwards Prior stress attenuates the analgesic response but sensitizes the corticosterone and cortical dopamine response to stress 10 days later Psychopharmacology 99 1989 223 237
9. S. Campeau, and M. Davis Fear potentiation of the acoustic startle reflex using noises of various spectral frequencies as conditioned stimuli Anim. Learn. Behav. 20 1992 177 186
10. S.E. Cruz-Morales, N.R. Santos, and M.L. Brandão One-trial tolerance to midazolam is due to enhancement of fear and reduction of anxiolytic-sensitive behaviors in the elevated plus-maze retest in the rat Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 72 2002 973 978
11. M.R. D'Amato, M. Etkin, and J. Fazzaro Effects of shock type and intensity on anticipatory responses J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 66 1968 527 529
12. M. Davis Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm Behav. Neurosci. 100 1986 814 824
13. M. Davis The role of the amygdala in fear-potentiated startle: implications for animal models of anxiety TIPS 13 1992 35 41
14. M. Davis, and D.I. Astrachan Conditioned fear and startle magnitude: effects of different footshock and backshock intensities used in training J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 4 1978 95 103
15. M. Davis, D. Rainnie, and M. Cassell Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety TINS 17 1994 208 214
16. M.S. Fanselow Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear Psychon. Bull. Rev. 1 1994 429 438
17. M. Fendt, M. Koch, and H.U. Schnitzler Lesions of the central gray block the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats Brain Res. 661 1994 163 173
18. P.W. Frankland, and J.S. Yeomans Fear-potentiated startle and electrically evoked startle mediated by synapses in rostrolateral midbrain Behav. Neurosci. 109 1995 669 680
19. J. Irwin, P. Ahluwalia, and H. Anisman Sensitization of norepinephrine activity following acute and chronic footshock Brain Res. 379 1986 98 103
20. M.J. Kierman, R.F. Westbrook, and J. Cranney Immediate shock, passive avoidance, and potentiated startle: implications for the unconditioned response to shock Anim. Learn. Behav. 23 1995 22 30
21. J.J. Kim, and M.S. Fanselow Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear Science 256 1992 675 677
22. S.D. Kim, S. Rivers, R.A. Bevins, and J.J.B. Ayres Conditioned stimulus determinants of conditioned response form in Pavlovian fear conditioning J. Exp. Psychol. 22 1996 87 104
23. M. Koch The neurobiology of startle Prog. Neurobiol. 59 1999 107 128
24. R.N. Leaton, and G.S. Borszcz Potentiated startle: its relation to freezing and shock intensity in rats J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 11 1985 421 428
25. S. Levine UCS intensity and avoidance learning J. Exp. Psychol. 71 1966 163 164
26. 1A receptor activation on the anxiogenic effects induced by isolation in the elevated plus maze test Physiol. Behav. 54 1993 753 758
27. I.D. Maritjena, N. Calvo, M. Volosin, and V.A. Molina Prior exposure to a brief restraint session facilitates the occurrence of fear in response to a conflict situation: behavioral and neurochemical correlates Brain Res. 752 1997 136 142
28. K.A. McNish, J.C. Gewirtz, and M. Davis Evidence of contextual fear after lesions of the hippocampus: a disruption of freezing but not fear-potentiated startle J. Neurosci. 17 1997 9253 9360
29. V.A. Molina, C.S. Heyser, and L.P. Spear Chronic variable stress or chronic morphine facilitates immobility in a forced swim test: reversal by naloxone Psychopharmacology 114 1994 433 440
30. M.J. Nobre, G. Sandner, and M.L. Brandão Enhancement of acoustic evoked potentials and impairment of startle reflex induced by reduction of GABAergic control of the neural substrates of aversion in the inferior colliculus Hear. Res. 184 2003 82 90
31. R.G. Phillips, and J.E. LeDoux Differential contributions of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning Behav. Neurosci. 106 1992 274 285
32. A. Plaznik, E. Tamborska, M. Hauptman, A. Bidzinski, and W. Kostowski Brain neurotransmitter systems mediating behavioral deficits produced by inescapable shock treatments in rats Brain Res. 447 1988 125 (132)
33. R. Richardson, and H. Elsayed Shock sensitization of startle in rats: the role of contextual conditioning Behav. Neurosci. 112 1998 1136 1141
34. R.C.B. Silva, V. Avanzi, J.F. Landeira, A.P.M. Cruz, and M.L. Brandão Distinct contributions of median raphe nucleus to contextual fear conditioning and fear-potentiated startle Neural Plast. 9 2002 233 247
35. R.C.B. Silva, A.C. Gárgaro, and M.L. Brandão Differential regulation of the expression of contextual freezing and fear-potentiated startle by 5-HT mechanisms of the median raphe nucleus Behav. Brain Res. 151 2004 93 101
36. H.H. Van Dijken, J.A.M. Van Der Heyden, J. Mos, and F.J.H. Tilders Inescapable footshocks induce progressive and long-lasting behavioral changes in male rats Physiol. Behav. 51 1992 787 794
37. D.M.L. Vianna, J. Landeira-Fernandez, F.G. Graeff, and M.L. Brandão Lesion of the ventral periaqueductal gray reduces conditioned fear but does not change freezing induced by stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray Learn. Mem. 8 2001 164 169
38. D.M.L. Vianna, J. Landeira-Fernandez, F.G. Graeff, and M.L. Brandão Defensive freezing evoked by electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray: comparison between dorsolateral and ventrolateral regions NeuroReport 12 2001 4109 4112
39. D.M.L. Vianna, J. Landeira-Fernandez, and M.L. Brandão Dorsolateral and ventral regions of the periaqueductal gray matter are involved in distinct types of fear Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25 2001 711 719
40. P. Walker, and P. Carrive Role of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray neurons in the behavioral and cardiovascular responses to contextual conditioned fear and poststress recovery Neuroscience 116 2003 897 912
41. D.L. Walker, J.V. Cassella, Y. Lee, T.C.M. De Lima, and M. Davis Opposing roles of the amygdala and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray in fear-potentiated startle Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21 6 1997 743 753
42. L. Watkins, A. Sherwood, D.S. Goldstein, and W. Maixner Mechanisms underlying cardiovascular defense reaction evoked by dorsal periaqueductal gray stimulation Am. J. Physiol. 265 1993 1155 1161
43. J.R. Wecker, and J.R. Ison Effects of motor activity on the elicitation and modification of the startle reflex in rats Anim. Learn. Behav. 14 1986 287 292
44. J.M. Weiss, P.A. Goodman, B.G. Losito, S. Corrigan, J.M. Charry, and W.M. Bailey Behavioral depression produced by an uncontrollable stressor: relationship to norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin levels in various regions of the rat brain Brain Res. Rev. 3 1981 167 205