When size matters: The dynamic regulation of stereocilia lengths

Current Opinion in Cell Biology

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 55-61

  Lin, Harrison W ^a   Schneider, Mark E ^a   Kachar, Bechara ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DEAFNESS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION DISORDERS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; MYOSIN;

ACTIN FILAMENT; CELL STRUCTURE; MICROVILLUS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN METABOLISM; PROTEIN POLYMERIZATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; STEREOCILIUM;

ACTINS; ANIMALS; CILIA; CYTOSKELETON; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEINS; HAIR CELLS; HUMANS; MICROSCOPY, CONFOCAL; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; MYOSINS;

EID: 12344276516     PISSN: 09550674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.12.005     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. A. Biyasheva, T. Svitkina, P. Kunda, B. Baum, and G. Borisy Cascade pathway of filopodia formation downstream of SCAR J Cell Sci 117 2004 837 848
2. M.R. Mejillano, S. Kojima, D.A. Applewhite, F.B. Gertler, T.M. Svitkina, and G.G. Borisy Lamellipodial versus filopodial mode of the actin nanomachinery: pivotal role of the filament barbed end Cell 118 2004 363 373
3. T.M. Svitkina, E.A. Bulanova, O.Y. Chaga, D.M. Vignjevic, S. Kojima, J.M. Vasiliev, and G.G. Borisy Mechanism of filopodia initiation by reorganization of a dendritic network J Cell Biol 160 2003 409 421
4. T.D. Pollard, and G.G. Borisy Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments Cell 112 2003 453 465 A comprehensive review of the structural, physical and biochemical factors involved in actin protrusion and cell motility in crawling cells. The authors emphasize that the experimental gold standard is to reconstitute cellular behaviors in vitro.
5. L.G. Tilney, M.S. Tilney, and D.A. Cotanche Actin filaments, stereocilia, and hair cells of the bird cochlea. V. How the staircase pattern of stereociliary lengths is generated J Cell Biol 106 1988 355 365
6. L.G. Tilney, M.S. Tilney, and D.J. DeRosier Actin filaments, stereocilia, and hair cells: how cells count and measure Annu Rev Cell Biol 8 1992 257 274
7. M.E. Schneider, I.A. Belyantseva, R.B. Azevedo, and B. Kachar Rapid renewal of auditory hair bundles Nature 418 2002 837 838
8. A.K. Rzadzinska, M.E. Schneider, C. Davies, G.P. Riordan, and B. Kachar An actin molecular treadmill and myosins maintain stereocilia functional architecture and self-renewal J Cell Biol 164 2004 887 897 This paper demonstrates that the stereocilium actin core and its cross-linkers turn over by an actin treadmill mechanism. Surprisingly, the rate of actin treadmilling is proportional to the length of the stereocilium, and, moreover, the rate of retrograde flow is identical to the rate of actin flux. One possible determinant of these flux rates is the level of myosin XVa, a protein localized in the stereocilia tips and which results in truncated stereocilia when mutated.
9. G.I. Frolenkov, I.A. Belyantseva, T.B. Friedman, and A.J. Griffith Genetic insights into the morphogenesis of inner ear hair cells Nat Rev Genet 5 2004 489 498
10. D.J. DeRosier, and L.G. Tilney F-actin bundles are derivatives of microvilli: What does this tell us about how bundles might form? J Cell Biol 148 2000 1 6
11. J.R. Bartles Parallel actin bundles and their multiple actin-bundling proteins Curr Opin Cell Biol 12 2000 72 78
12. A. Mallavarapu, and T. Mitchison Regulated actin cytoskeleton assembly at filopodium tips controls their extension and retraction J Cell Biol 146 1999 1097 1106
13. M.J. Tyska, and M.S. Mooseker MYO1A (brush border myosin I) dynamics in the brush border of LLC-PK1-CL4 cells Biophys J 82 2002 1869 1883
14. I. Fujiwara, S. Takahashi, H. Tadakuma, T. Funatsu, and S. Ishiwata Microscopic analysis of polymerization dynamics with individual actin filaments Nat Cell Biol 4 2002 666 673
15. P.A. Loomis, L. Zheng, G. Sekerkova, B. Changyaleket, E. Mugnaini, and J.R. Bartles Espin cross-links cause the elongation of microvillus-type parallel actin bundles in vivo J Cell Biol 163 2003 1045 1055 The overexpression of espin in microvilli appears to cause relatively subtle effects on the processes of actin polymerization and depolymerization, resulting in elongation of microvilli. Interestingly, while villin demonstrated a similar but attenuated effect when overexpressed, another actin filament cross-linker, fimbrin, failed to lengthen microvilli.
16. S.H. Zigmond Formin-induced nucleation of actin filaments Curr Opin Cell Biol 16 2004 99 105
17. J.E. Bear, J.J. Loureiro, I. Libova, R. Fassler, J. Wehland, and F.B. Gertler Negative regulation of fibroblast motility by Ena/VASP proteins Cell 101 2000 717 728
18. C. Lebrand, E.W. Dent, G.A. Strasser, L.M. Lanier, M. Krause, T.M. Svitkina, G.G. Borisy, and F.B. Gertler Critical role of Ena/VASP proteins for filopodia formation in neurons and in function downstream of netrin-1 Neuron 42 2004 37 49 Increased levels of several proteins, including Ena/VASP, myosin XVa, myosin X and espin, correlate with longer and persistent actin protrusions. In this paper, Ena/VASP, a leaky capping protein of actin filaments, is shown to be a downstream effector of a ligand-mediated phosphorylation cascade and to promote the formation and elongation of filopodia.
19. E.E. Grevengoed, D.T. Fox, J. Gates, and M. Peifer Balancing different types of actin polymerization at distinct sites: roles for Abelson kinase and Enabled J Cell Biol 163 2003 1267 1279
20. S.H. Zigmond, M. Evangelista, C. Boone, C. Yang, A.C. Dar, F. Sicheri, J. Forkey, and M. Pring Formin leaky cap allows elongation in the presence of tight capping proteins Curr Biol 13 2003 1820 1823
21. D. Pruyne, M. Evangelista, C. Yang, E. Bi, S. Zigmond, A. Bretscher, and C. Boone Role of formins in actin assembly: nucleation and barbed-end association Science 297 2002 612 615
22. J.S. Berg, and R.E. Cheney Myosin-X is an unconventional myosin that undergoes intrafilopodial motility Nat Cell Biol 4 2002 246 250
23. H. Zhang, J.S. Berg, Z. Li, Y. Wang, P. Lang, A.D. Sousa, A. Bhaskar, R.E. Cheney, and S. Stromblad Myosin-X provides a motor-based link between integrins and the cytoskeleton Nat Cell Biol 6 2004 523 531 These authors show that overexpression of myosin X results in the formation and elongation of filopodia and that myosin X associates through its FERM domain with the cytoplasmic domain of integrins, providing a motor-based link between the actin cytoskeleton and integrins.
24. H. Tokuo, and M. Ikebe Myosin X transports Mena/VASP to the tip of filopodia Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319 2004 214 220
25. D.W. Anderson, F.J. Probst, I.A. Belyantseva, R.A. Fridell, L. Beyer, D.M. Martin, D. Wu, B. Kachar, T.B. Friedman, and Y. Raphael The motor and tail regions of myosin XV are critical for normal structure and function of auditory and vestibular hair cells Hum Mol Genet 9 2000 1729 1738
26. I.A. Belyantseva, E.T. Boger, and T.B. Friedman Myosin XVa localizes to the tips of inner ear sensory cell stereocilia and is essential for staircase formation of the hair bundle Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 2003 13958 13963
27. Y. Liang, A. Wang, I.A. Belyantseva, D.W. Anderson, F.J. Probst, T.D. Barber, W. Miller, J.W. Touchman, L. Jin, and S.L. Sullivan Characterization of the human and mouse unconventional myosin XV genes responsible for hereditary deafness DFNB3 and shaker 2 Genomics 61 1999 243 258
28. I.A. Belyantseva, V. Labay, E.T. Boger, A.J. Griffith, and T.B. Friedman Stereocilia: the long and the short of it Trends Mol Med 9 2003 458 461
29. P. Mburu, M. Mustapha, A. Varela, D. Weil, A. El-Amraoui, R.H. Holme, A. Rump, R.E. Hardisty, S. Blanchard, and R.S. Coimbra Defects in whirlin, a PDZ domain molecule involved in stereocilia elongation, cause deafness in the whirler mouse and families with DFNB31 Nat Genet 34 2003 421 428
30. B. Kachar, M. Parakkal, M. Kurc, Y. Zhao, and P.G. Gillespie High-resolution structure of hair-cell tip links Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 2000 13336 13341
31. W.M. Brieher, M. Coughlin, and T.J. Mitchison Fascin-mediated propulsion of Listeria monocytogenes independent of frequent nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex J Cell Biol 165 2004 233 242 This paper provides evidence for force generation at the tips of actin cables. Actin polymerization at the barbed ends of linear actin cables generates short flexible filaments that are subsequently bundled by cross-bridging proteins. This process rectifies the Brownian movement of these newly synthesized actin extensions and generates a propulsive force.
32. P. Forscher, and S.J. Smith Actions of cytochalasins on the organization of actin filaments and microtubules in a neuronal growth cone J Cell Biol 107 1988 1505 1516
33. T.J. Diefenbach, V.M. Latham, D. Yimlamai, C.A. Liu, I.M. Herman, and D.G. Jay Myosin 1c and myosin IIB serve opposing roles in lamellipodial dynamics of the neuronal growth cone J Cell Biol 158 2002 1207 1217
34. M.E. Brown, and P.C. Bridgman Retrograde flow rate is increased in growth cones from myosin IIB knockout mice J Cell Sci 116 2003 1087 1094
35. C.J. Kros, W. Marcotti, S.M. van Netten, T.J. Self, R.T. Libby, S.D. Brown, G.P. Richardson, and K.P. Steel Reduced climbing and increased slipping adaptation in cochlear hair cells of mice with Myo7a mutations Nat Neurosci 5 2002 41 47
36. B. Boeda, A. El-Amraoui, A. Bahloul, R. Goodyear, L. Daviet, S. Blanchard, I. Perfettini, K.R. Fath, S. Shorte, and J. Reiners Myosin VIIa, harmonin and cadherin 23, three Usher I gene products that cooperate to shape the sensory hair cell bundle EMBO J 21 2002 6689 6699
37. J. Siemens, C. Lillo, R.A. Dumont, A. Reynolds, D.S. Williams, P.G. Gillespie, and U. Muller Cadherin 23 is a component of the tip link in hair-cell stereocilia Nature 428 2004 950 955
38. J.R. Holt, S.K. Gillespie, D.W. Provance, K. Shah, K.M. Shokat, D.P. Corey, J.A. Mercer, and P.G. Gillespie A chemical-genetic strategy implicates myosin-1c in adaptation by hair cells Cell 108 2002 371 381
39. D.G. Jay The clutch hypothesis revisited: ascribing the roles of actin-associated proteins in filopodial protrusion in the nerve growth cone J Neurobiol 44 2000 114 125
40. R.J. Goodyear, and G.P. Richardson A novel antigen sensitive to calcium chelation that is associated with the tip links and kinocilial links of sensory hair bundles J Neurosci 23 2003 4878 4887