Muscle-tendon stresses and elastic energy storage during locomotion in the horse

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn 120, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 73-87

  Biewener, Andrew A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Elastic energy; Gait; Locomotion; Muscle; Safety factor; Strain; Stress; Tendon

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ENERGY METABOLISM; GAIT; HORSE; LOCOMOTION; MUSCLE FORCE; MUSCLE LENGTH; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TENDON; TREADMILL EXERCISE;

CANIS FAMILIARIS; EQUIDAE; EQUUS CABALLUS; MACROPODIDAE;

EID: 0031827973     PISSN: 03050491     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0305-0491(98)00024-8     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Alexander RM. Elastic energy stores in running vertebrates. Am Zool 1984;24:85-94.
2. Alexander RM. Elastic Mechanisms in Animal Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
3. Alexander RM, Bennet-Clark HC. Storage of elastic strain energy in muscles and other tissues. Nature 1977;265:114-7.
4. Alexander RM, Dimery NJ. The significance of sesamoids and retro-articular processes for the mechanics of joints. J Zool London 1985;205:357-71.
5. Alexander RM, Vernon A. The mechanics of hopping by kangaroos (Macropodidae). J Zool London 1975;177:265-303.
6. Alexander RM, Maloiy GMO, Ker RF, Jayes AS, Warui CN. The role of tendon elasticity in the locomotion of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). J Zool London 1982;198:293-313.
7. Baudinette RV, Snyder GK, Frappell PB. Energetic cost of locomotion in the tammar wallaby. Am J Physiol 1992;262:771-8.
8. Bennett MB, Ker RF, Dimery NJ, Alexander RM. Mechanical properties of various mammalian tendons. J Zool London 1986;209:537-48.
9. Biewener AA. Locomotory stresses in the limb bones of two small mammals: the ground squirrel and chipmunk. J Exp Biol 1983;103:135-54.
10. Biewener AA. Muscle function in vivo: the design of muscles used as springs versus muscles used to generate mechanical power. Am Zool (in press).
11. Biewener AA. Optimization of musculoskeletal design. In: Weibel ER, Taylor CR, Bolis LC, editors. Optimization of Biological Design: Controversies in Symmorphosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 (in press).
12. Biewener AA, Baudinette RV. In vivo muscle force and elastic energy storage during steady-speed hopping of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii). J Exp Biol 1995;198:1829-41.
13. Biewener AA, Blickhan R. Kangaroo rat locomotion: design for elastic energy storage or acceleration? J Exp Biol 1988;140:243-55.
14. Biewener AA, Taylor CR. Bone strain: a determinant of gait and speed? J Exp Biol 1986;123:383-400.
15. Biewener AA, Alexander RM, Heglund NC. Elastic energy storage in the hopping of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis). J Zool London 1981;195:369-83.
16. Biewener AA, Thomason JJ, Lanyon LE. Mechanics of locomotion and jumping in the forelimb of the horse (Equus): in vivo stress developed in the radius and metacarpus. J Zool London 1983;201:67-82.
17. Biewener AA, Thomason JJ, Goodship AE, Lanyon LE. Mechanics of locomotion and jumping in the horse (Equus): in vivo stress in the tibia and metatarsus. J Zool London 1988;214:547-65.
18. Biewener AA, Konieczynski DD, Baudinette RV. Spring-like muscle force-length behavior during steady speed hopping in tammar wallabies. J Exp Biol (submitted).
19. Cavagna GA, Citterio G. Effect of stretching on the elastic characteristics and the contractile component of frog striated muscle. J Physiol London 1974;239:1-14.
20. Cavagna GA, Kaneko M. Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running. J Physiol London 1977;268:467-81.
21. Cavagna GA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR. Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditures. Am J Physiol 1977;233:243-61.
22. Close RI. Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal fibers. Physiol Rev 1972;52:129-97.
23. Dawson TJ, Taylor CR. Energetic cost of locomotion in kangaroos. Nature 1973;246:313-4.
24. Dimery NJ, Alexander RM. Elastic properties of the hind foot of the donkey (Equus asinus). J Zool London 1985;207:9-20.
25. Dimery NJ, Alexander RM, Ker RF. Elastic extension of leg tendons in the locomotion of horses (Equus caballus). J Zool London 1986;210:415-25.
26. Dimery NJ, Ker RJ, Alexander RM. Elastic properties of the feet of deer (Cervidae). J Zool London 1986;208:161-9.
27. Farley CT, Taylor CR. A mechanical trigger for the trot-gallop transition in horses. Science 1991;253:306-8.
28. Fedak MA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. II. Kinetic energy changes of the limbs and body as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J Exp Biol 1982;79:23-40.
29. Heglund NC, Cavagna GA, Taylor CR. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. III. Energy changes of the centre of mass as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J Exp Biol 1982;79:41-56.
30. Heglund NC, Fedak MA, Taylor CR, Cavagna GA. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. IV. Total mechanical energy changes as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J Exp Biol 1982;97:57-66.
31. Ker RF. Dynamic tensile properties of the plantaris tendon of sheep (Ovis aries). J Exp Biol 1981;93:283-302.
32. Ker RF, Bennett MB, Bibby SR, Kester RC, Alexander RM. The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature 1987;325:147-9.
33. Kram R, Taylor CR. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 1990;346:265-7.
34. Lochner FK, Milne DW, Mills EJ, Groom JJ. In vivo and in vitro measurement of tendon strain in the horse. Am J Vet Res 1980;41:1929-37.
35. Margaria R, Cerreteli P, Aghemo P, Sassi G. Energy cost of running. J Appl Physiol 1963;18:367-70.
36. Perry AK, Blickhan R, Biewener AA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR. Preferred speeds in terrestrial vertebrates: are they equivalent? J Exp Biol 1988;137:207-20.
37. Pollock CM, Shadwick RE. Allometry of muscle, tendon, and elastic storage capacity in mammals. Am J Physiol 1994;266:1022-31.
38. Riemersma DJ, Schamhardt HC. In vitro mechanical properties of equine tendons in relation to cross-sectional area and collagen content. Res Vet Sci 1985;39:263-70.
39. Riemersma DJ, Schamhardt HC, Lammertink JLM. In vivo tendon load and tendon strain in the horse. In: Perren SM, Schneider E, editors. Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985:731-6.
40. Roberts TJ, Marsh RL, Weyand PG, Taylor CR. Muscular force in running turkeys: the economy of minimizing work. Science 1997;275:1113-5.
41. Shadwick RE. Elastic energy storage in tendons: mechanical differences related to function and age. J Appl Physiol 1990;68:1033-40.
42. Taylor CR, Heglund NC, Maloiy GMO. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. I. Metabolic energy consumption as function of speed and size in birds and mammals. J Exp Biol 1982;97:1-21.
43. Thompson SD, MacMillen RE, Burke EM, Taylor CR. Energetic cost of bipedal hopping in small mammals. Nature 1980;287:223-4.
44. Wells JB. Comparisons of mechanical properties between slow and fast mammalian muscles. J Physiol London 1965;178:252-69.