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See, for example: (a) Volkov, A. G.; Deamer, D. W.; Tanelian, D. L.; Markin, V. S. Liquid Interfaces in Chemistry and Biology; Wiley: New York, 1998. (b) Oxygen Transport in Biological Systems; Egginton, S., Ross, H. F., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: New York, 1993. (c) Gennis, R. B. Biomembranes; Springer: New York, 1995.
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A 25 μm diameter Ag or Ptsubmarine electrode was used: Slevin, C. J.; Macpherson, J. V.; Unwin, P. R. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 10851. The two types of electrodes yielded similar results. All data reported herein were obtained with an Ag UME.
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11644264877
-
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Nima Technology (Coventry, U.K.) model no. 2011. This was housed in a clean room (US Federal Standard 209B, class 10000)
-
Nima Technology (Coventry, U.K.) model no. 2011. This was housed in a clean room (US Federal Standard 209B, class 10000).
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
11644294818
-
-
note
-
All measurements were mode in a two-electrode arrangement with a silver wire operating as a quasi-reference electrode (AgQRE). The UME and AgQRE were positioned in the well section of the Langmuir trough.
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For reviews, see: (a) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R.; Pierce, D. T.; Unwin, P. R.; Wipf, D. O.; Zhou, F. Science 1991, 254, 68. (b) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R. Faraday Discuss. 1992, 94, 1. (c) Bard, A. J.; Mirkin, M. V.; Fan F.-R. In Electronalytical Chemistry; Bard, A. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1993; Vol. 18, p 243. (d) Arca, M.; Bard, A. J.; Horrocks, B. R.; Richards, T. C.; Treichel, D. A. Analyst 1994, 119, 719. (e) Uniwin, P. R.; Macpherson, J. V. Chem. Ind. 1995, 874. (f) Mirkin, M. V. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 177A.
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For reviews, see: (a) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R.; Pierce, D. T.; Unwin, P. R.; Wipf, D. O.; Zhou, F. Science 1991, 254, 68. (b) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R. Faraday Discuss. 1992, 94, 1. (c) Bard, A. J.; Mirkin, M. V.; Fan F.-R. In Electronalytical Chemistry; Bard, A. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1993; Vol. 18, p 243. (d) Arca, M.; Bard, A. J.; Horrocks, B. R.; Richards, T. C.; Treichel, D. A. Analyst 1994, 119, 719. (e) Uniwin, P. R.; Macpherson, J. V. Chem. Ind. 1995, 874. (f) Mirkin, M. V. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 177A.
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Bard, A. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York
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For reviews, see: (a) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R.; Pierce, D. T.; Unwin, P. R.; Wipf, D. O.; Zhou, F. Science 1991, 254, 68. (b) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R. Faraday Discuss. 1992, 94, 1. (c) Bard, A. J.; Mirkin, M. V.; Fan F.-R. In Electronalytical Chemistry; Bard, A. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1993; Vol. 18, p 243. (d) Arca, M.; Bard, A. J.; Horrocks, B. R.; Richards, T. C.; Treichel, D. A. Analyst 1994, 119, 719. (e) Uniwin, P. R.; Macpherson, J. V. Chem. Ind. 1995, 874. (f) Mirkin, M. V. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 177A.
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0344704193
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For reviews, see: (a) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R.; Pierce, D. T.; Unwin, P. R.; Wipf, D. O.; Zhou, F. Science 1991, 254, 68. (b) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R. Faraday Discuss. 1992, 94, 1. (c) Bard, A. J.; Mirkin, M. V.; Fan F.-R. In Electronalytical Chemistry; Bard, A. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1993; Vol. 18, p 243. (d) Arca, M.; Bard, A. J.; Horrocks, B. R.; Richards, T. C.; Treichel, D. A. Analyst 1994, 119, 719. (e) Uniwin, P. R.; Macpherson, J. V. Chem. Ind. 1995, 874. (f) Mirkin, M. V. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 177A.
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Bard, A.J.2
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Treichel, D.A.5
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35
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11644262227
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For reviews, see: (a) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R.; Pierce, D. T.; Unwin, P. R.; Wipf, D. O.; Zhou, F. Science 1991, 254, 68. (b) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R. Faraday Discuss. 1992, 94, 1. (c) Bard, A. J.; Mirkin, M. V.; Fan F.-R. In Electronalytical Chemistry; Bard, A. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1993; Vol. 18, p 243. (d) Arca, M.; Bard, A. J.; Horrocks, B. R.; Richards, T. C.; Treichel, D. A. Analyst 1994, 119, 719. (e) Uniwin, P. R.; Macpherson, J. V. Chem. Ind. 1995, 874. (f) Mirkin, M. V. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 177A.
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Macpherson, J.V.2
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For reviews, see: (a) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R.; Pierce, D. T.; Unwin, P. R.; Wipf, D. O.; Zhou, F. Science 1991, 254, 68. (b) Bard, A. J.; Fan, F.-R. Faraday Discuss. 1992, 94, 1. (c) Bard, A. J.; Mirkin, M. V.; Fan F.-R. In Electronalytical Chemistry; Bard, A. J., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1993; Vol. 18, p 243. (d) Arca, M.; Bard, A. J.; Horrocks, B. R.; Richards, T. C.; Treichel, D. A. Analyst 1994, 119, 719. (e) Uniwin, P. R.; Macpherson, J. V. Chem. Ind. 1995, 874. (f) Mirkin, M. V. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 177A.
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(a) Slevin, C. J.; Umbers, J. A.; Atherton, J. H.; Unwin, P. R. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1996, 92, 5177.
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11644280912
-
-
note
-
3 (AR Grade, Fisons, Loughborough, U.K.). All aqueous solutions used distilled water pumped through an Elgastat Spectrum A deionizer (resistivity ≥ 18 MQ cm, The Elga Group, High Wycombe, U.K.).
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48
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0000609460
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(a) Pletcher, D.; Sotiropoulos, S. J. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1995, 91, 457.
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-
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11644271158
-
-
note
-
196 The Ag UME was biased at the limiting potential for oxygen reduction, determined by voltammetry as -0.88 V vs AgQRE. All measurements were made at ambient temperature (20 ± 1 °C).
-
-
-
-
51
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0000877814
-
-
This was used as the distance of closest approach for subsequent approach curve measurements The distance was confirmed with independent measurements of ferrocyanide oxidation, for the range of monolayer compressions of interest. Approach curves followed the theory for hindered diffusion (Kwak, J.; Bard, A. J. Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 1221), with a consistent distance of closest approach.
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54
-
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11644305123
-
-
note
-
2. Identical results were obtained with compression at half this speed.
-
-
-
-
55
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0029172531
-
-
Zaitsev, S. Y.; Kalmer, U.; Möbius, D. Colloids Surf., A 1995, 94, 137. Effectively identical isotherms were obtained with and without the probe UME, indicating that the latter was nonperturbing.
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Zaitsev, S.Y.1
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Möbius, D.3
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57
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11644314157
-
-
note
-
After the pressure was adjusted, the system was allowed to settle for 2 min before approach curves were recorded, π-time and A-time data were recorded simultaneously during approach curves to ensure that the monolayer was stable during local electrochemical measurements. No contamination of the electrode surface was observed between successive approach curve measurements as evidenced by consistent i(∞) values.
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