Proposed Multilayer-Grating Designs for the Astrophysical Plasmadynamic Explorer (APEX): An EUV High Resolution Spectroscopic SMEX

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Volumn 5168, Issue , 2004, Pages 21-30

  Kowalski, M P ^a   Cruddace, R G ^a   Wood, K S ^a   Yentis, D J ^a   Gursky, H ^a   Barbee Jr , T W ^b   Fritz, G G ^c   Hunter, W R ^d   Heidemann, K F ^e   Barstow, M A ^f  

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c PRAXIS INC   (United States)

^d SFA INC   (United States)

^e CARL ZEISS SMT AG   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Diffraction gratings; Extreme Ultraviolet; Multilayer coatings; Satellite Instruments; Spectrometers

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMAGNETISM; ETCHING; HOLOGRAPHY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MULTILAYERS; OPTIMIZATION; SATELLITES; SPECTROMETERS; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; X RAY OPTICS;

EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET; MULTILAYER COATINGS; SATELLITE INSTRUMENTS;

DIFFRACTION GRATINGS;

EID: 11144358102     PISSN: 0277786X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1117/12.508553     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (28)

1. M. P. Kowalski, R. G. Cruddace, K. S. Wood, D. J. Yentis, M. T. Wolff, J. M. Laming, H. Gursky, T. W. Barbee, Jr., J. F. Kordas, C. W. Mauche, G. G. Fritz, S. J. Varlese, M. A. Barstow, G. W. Fraser, O. H. W. Siegmund, B. Y. Welsh, N. S. Brickhouse, A. K. Dupree, A. Brown, F. C. Bruhweiler, A. C. Cameron, J. B. Holberg, S. B. Howell, C. Jordan, J. L. Linsky, S. A. Matthews, E. M. Sion, and K. Werner, "Proposed mission concept for the astrophysical plasmadynamic explorer (APEX): an EUV high resolution spectroscopic SMEX," Proc. SPIE 5164, in print (2003).
2. U. Feldman, P. Mandelbaum, J. F. Seely, G. A. Doschek, and H. Gursky, "The potential for plasma diagnostics from stellar extreme-ultraviolet observations," Ap.J. Suppl. 81, 387-408 (1992).
3. B. L. Henke, E. M. Gullikson, and J. C. Davis, "X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmission, and reflection at E = 50-30,000 eV, Z= 1-92," At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 54, 181-342 (1993).
4. M. P. Kowalski, H. Gursky, J. C. Rife, D. J. Yentis, R. G. Cruddace, T. W. Barbee, Jr., W. H. Goldstein, J. F. Kordas, K. F. Heidemann, G. G. Fritz, W. R. Hunter, M. A. Barstow, G. W. Fraser, N. P. Bannister, J. S. Lapington, J. A. Tandy, and B. Sanderson, "Efficiency calibration of the four multilayer-coated holographic ion-etched flight gratings for sounding rocket spectrometer," Proc. SPIE 4498, 303-314 (2001).
5. M. P. Kowalski, R. G. Cruddace, K. S. Wood, D. J. Yentis, H. Gursky, T. W. Barbee, Jr., W. H. Goldstein, J. F. Kordas, G. G. Fritz, W. R. Hunter, M. A. Barstow, N. P. Bannister, J. L. Culhane, and J. S. Lapington, "The astrophysical plasmadynamic explorer (APEX): a high-resolution spectroscopic observatory," Proc. SPIE 4854, 640-653 (2002).
6. B. Sae-Lao, S. Bajt, C. Montcalm, and J.F. Seely, "Performance of normal-incidence molybdenum-yttrium multilayer-coated diffraction grating at a wavelength of 9 nm," Appl. Opt. 41, 2394-2400 (2002).
7. J. F. Seely, C. Montcalm, S. Baker, and S. Bajt, "High-efficiency MoRu-Be multilayer-coated gratings operating near normal incidence in the 11.1-12.0-nm wavelength range," Appl. Opt. 40, 5565-5575 (2001).
8. M. P. Kowalski, T. W. Barbee, Jr., R. G. Cruddace, and W. R. Hunter, in preparation (2003).
9. C. A. Wallace, G. D. Ludbrook, and M. Stedman, "Manufacture and measurement of ion-etched x-ray diffraction gratings," Proc. SPIE, 315, 165-169 (1981).
10. M. P. Kowalski, J. F. Seely, R. G. Cruddace, J. C. Rife, C. M. Brown, G. A. Doschek, U. Feldman, T.W. Barbee, Jr., W. R. Hunter, G. E. Holland, and C. N. Boyer, "High-resolution EUV spectroscopy: performance of spherical multilayer-coated gratings operated at near normal incidence," Proc. SPIE 1945, 164-175 (1993).
11. R. G. Cruddace, T. W. Barbee, Jr., J. C. Rife, and W. R. Hunter, "Measurements of the normal-incidence x-ray reflectance of a molybdenum-silicon multilayer deposited on a 2000-1/mm grating," Phys. Scr. 41, 396-399 (1990).
12. M. P. Kowalski, T. W. Barbee, Jr., R. G. Cruddace, J. F. Seely, J. C. Rife, and W. R. Hunter, "Efficiency and long-term stability of a multilayer-coated ion-etched holographic grating in the 125-133-Å wavelength region," Appl. Opt. 34, 7338-7346 (1995).
13. J. F. Seely, R. G. Cruddace, M. P. Kowalski, W. R. Hunter, T. W. Barbee, Jr., J. C. Rife, R. Eby, and K. G. Stolt, "Polarization and efficiency of a concave multilayer grating in the 135-250-Å region and in normal-incidence and Seya-Namioka mounts," Appl. Opt. 34, 7347-7354 (1995).
14. M. P. Kowalski, R. G. Cruddace, J. F., Seely, J. C. Rife, K. F. Heidemann, U. Heinzmann, U. Kleineberg, K. Osterried, D. Menke, and W. R. Hunter, "Efficiency of a multilayer-coated, ion-etched laminar holographic grating in the 14.5-16.0-nm wavelength region," Opt. Lett. 22, 834-836 (1997).
15. J. F. Seely, M. P. Kowalski, R. G. Cruddace, K. F. Heidemann, U. Heinzmann, U. Kleineberg, K. Osterried, D. Menke, J. C. Rife, and W. R. Hunter, "Multilayer-coated laminar grating with 16% normal-incidence efficiency in the 150-Å wavelength region," Appl. Opt. 36, 8206-8213 (1997).
16. K. H. Hellwege, "Über rasterförmige Reflexionsgitter, " Z. Phys. 106, 6453-6458 (1937).
17. M. P. Kowalski, J. F. Seely, L. I. Goray, W. R. Hunter, and J. C. Rife, "Comparison of the calculated and the measured efficiencies of a normal-incidence grating in the 125-225-Å wavelength range," Appl. Opt. 36, 8939-8943 (1997).
18. W. R. Hunter, M. P. Kowalski, and R. G. Cruddace, "Investigation of the properties of an ion-etched plane laminar holographic grating," Appl. Opt. 40, 6157-6165 (2001).
19. M. P. Kowalski, T. W. Barbee, Jr., K. F. Heidemann, H. Gursky, J. C. Rife, W. R. Hunter, G. G. Fritz, and R. G. Cruddace, "Efficiency calibration of the first multilayer-coated holographic ion-etched flight grating for a sounding rocket high-resolution spectrometer," Appl. Opt. 38, 6487-6493 (1999).
20. K. Osterried, K. F. Heidemann, and B. Nelles, "Groove profile modification of blazed gratings by dip coating with hardenable liquids," Appl. Opt. 37, 8002-8007 (1998).
21. M. P. Kowalski, R. G. Cruddace, J. C. Rife, T. W. Barbee, Jr., W. R. Hunter, K. F. Heidemann, and H. Kierey, "Record high EUV efficiency from multilayer-coated liquid-overcoated blazed ion-etched gratings," Bull. AAS, 34, 1241 (2002).
22. W. R. Hunter, R. T. Williams, J. C. Rife, J. P. Kirkland, and M. N. Kabler, "A grating/crystal monochromator for the spectral range 5 eV to 5 keV," Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 195, 141-153 (1982).
23. W. R. Hunter and J. C. Rife, "An ultrahigh vacuum reflectometer/goniometer for use with synchrotron radiation," Nucl. Instrum. Methods A246, 465-468 (1986).
24. M. P. Kowalski, R. G. Cruddace, J. F. Seely, J. C. Rife, and W. R. Hunter, "Uncertainties in reflectance measurements made on the NRL beam line X24C," NRL Memorandum Rep. 7620-95-7738 (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 1995).
25. R. G. Cruddace, F. Paresce, S. Bowyer, and M. Lampton, "On the opacity of the interstellar medium to ultrasoft X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation," Ap.J. 187, 497-504 (1974).
26. M. P. Kowalski, J. F. Seely, W. R. Hunter, J. C. Rife, T. W. Barbee, Jr., G. E. Holland, C. N. Boyer, C. M. Brown, and R. G. Cruddace, "Dual waveband operation of a multilayer-coated diffraction grating in the soft x-ray range at near-normal incidence," Appl. Opt. 32, 2422-2425 (1993).
27. R. G. Cruddace, M. P. Kowalski, D. Yentis, C. M. Brown, H. Gursky, M. A. Barstow, N. P. Bannister, G. W. Fraser, J. E. Spragg, J. S. Lapington, J. A. Tandy, B. Sanderson, J. L. Culhane, T. W. Barbee, J. F. Kordas, W. Goldstein, and G. G. Fritz, "High-Resolution spectroscopy of G191-B2B in the extreme ultraviolet," Ap. J. Lett. 565, L47-L50 (2002).
28. K. F. Heidemann, TG03-056 (2003).