Complete charge pooling is prevented in viologen-based dendrimers by self-protection

Chemistry - A European Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 24, 2004, Pages 6361-6368

  Marchioni, Filippo ^a   Venturi, Margherita ^a   Ceroni, Paola ^a   Balzani, Vincenzo ^a   Belohradsky, Martin ^b   Elizarov, Arkadij M ^b   Tseng, Hsian Rong ^b   Stoddart, J Fraser ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipyridinium units; Dendrimers; Electrochemistry; Photosensitization; Redox chemistry; Viologen

Indexed keywords

AMINES; BENZENE; CHROMIUM; DIMERIZATION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROPERTIES; ETHANOL; MONOMERS; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; REDUCTION;

CHARGE POOLING; DIMER FORMATION; PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER; VIOLOGEN-BASED DENDRIMERS;

DENDRIMERS;

9 METHYLANTHRACENE; ANTHRACENE DERIVATIVE; BENZENE DERIVATIVE; BIS(BENZENE)CHROMIUM; CHROMIUM DERIVATIVE; DENDRIMER; DIMER; METHANE; MONOMER; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; REDUCING AGENT; TRIETHANOLAMINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIOLOGEN;

ARTICLE; DIMERIZATION; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRON; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; EXPERIMENT; IRRADIATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; REDUCTION;

EID: 11144268005     PISSN: 09476539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400747     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. a) G. R. Newkome, F. Vögtle, Dendrimers and Dendron, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002;
2. b) J. M. J. Fréchet, D. A. Tomalia, Dendrimers and other Dendritic Polymers, Wiley, New York, 2001.
3. For some recent reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2001, 219-221, 545-572; b) S. M. Grayson, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3819-3868; c) J.-P. Majorai, A.-M. Caminade, V. Maraval, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2929-2942; d) F. Diederich, B. Felber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4778-4781; e) J. M. J. Fréchet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4782-4787; f) P. J. Gittins, L. J. Twyman, Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 5-23; g) "Dendrimers and Nanoscience": C. R. Chim. 2003, 6, whole volume; h) P. Ceroni, A. Juris, in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 3 (Eds.: M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb, H. S. Nalwa), American Institute of Physics, Stevenson Ranch, CA, 2003, pp. 157-216.
4. For some recent reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2001, 219-221, 545-572; b) S. M. Grayson, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3819-3868; c) J.-P. Majorai, A.-M. Caminade, V. Maraval, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2929-2942; d) F. Diederich, B. Felber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4778-4781; e) J. M. J. Fréchet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4782-4787; f) P. J. Gittins, L. J. Twyman, Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 5-23; g) "Dendrimers and Nanoscience": C. R. Chim. 2003, 6, whole volume; h) P. Ceroni, A. Juris, in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 3 (Eds.: M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb, H. S. Nalwa), American Institute of Physics, Stevenson Ranch, CA, 2003, pp. 157-216.
5. For some recent reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2001, 219-221, 545-572; b) S. M. Grayson, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3819-3868; c) J.-P. Majorai, A.-M. Caminade, V. Maraval, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2929-2942; d) F. Diederich, B. Felber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4778-4781; e) J. M. J. Fréchet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4782-4787; f) P. J. Gittins, L. J. Twyman, Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 5-23; g) "Dendrimers and Nanoscience": C. R. Chim. 2003, 6, whole volume; h) P. Ceroni, A. Juris, in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 3 (Eds.: M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb, H. S. Nalwa), American Institute of Physics, Stevenson Ranch, CA, 2003, pp. 157-216.
6. For some recent reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2001, 219-221, 545-572; b) S. M. Grayson, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3819-3868; c) J.-P. Majorai, A.-M. Caminade, V. Maraval, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2929-2942; d) F. Diederich, B. Felber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4778-4781; e) J. M. J. Fréchet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4782-4787; f) P. J. Gittins, L. J. Twyman, Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 5-23; g) "Dendrimers and Nanoscience": C. R. Chim. 2003, 6, whole volume; h) P. Ceroni, A. Juris, in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 3 (Eds.: M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb, H. S. Nalwa), American Institute of Physics, Stevenson Ranch, CA, 2003, pp. 157-216.
7. For some recent reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2001, 219-221, 545-572; b) S. M. Grayson, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3819-3868; c) J.-P. Majorai, A.-M. Caminade, V. Maraval, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2929-2942; d) F. Diederich, B. Felber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4778-4781; e) J. M. J. Fréchet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4782-4787; f) P. J. Gittins, L. J. Twyman, Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 5-23; g) "Dendrimers and Nanoscience": C. R. Chim. 2003, 6, whole volume; h) P. Ceroni, A. Juris, in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 3 (Eds.: M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb, H. S. Nalwa), American Institute of Physics, Stevenson Ranch, CA, 2003, pp. 157-216.
8. For some recent reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2001, 219-221, 545-572; b) S. M. Grayson, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3819-3868; c) J.-P. Majorai, A.-M. Caminade, V. Maraval, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2929-2942; d) F. Diederich, B. Felber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4778-4781; e) J. M. J. Fréchet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4782-4787; f) P. J. Gittins, L. J. Twyman, Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 5-23; g) "Dendrimers and Nanoscience": C. R. Chim. 2003, 6, whole volume; h) P. Ceroni, A. Juris, in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 3 (Eds.: M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb, H. S. Nalwa), American Institute of Physics, Stevenson Ranch, CA, 2003, pp. 157-216.
9. For some recent reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2001, 219-221, 545-572; b) S. M. Grayson, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3819-3868; c) J.-P. Majorai, A.-M. Caminade, V. Maraval, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2929-2942; d) F. Diederich, B. Felber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4778-4781; e) J. M. J. Fréchet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4782-4787; f) P. J. Gittins, L. J. Twyman, Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 5-23; g) "Dendrimers and Nanoscience": C. R. Chim. 2003, 6, whole volume; h) P. Ceroni, A. Juris, in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 3 (Eds.: M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb, H. S. Nalwa), American Institute of Physics, Stevenson Ranch, CA, 2003, pp. 157-216.
10. For some recent reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, A. Juris, M. Venturi, S. Campagna, F. Puntoriero, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2001, 219-221, 545-572; b) S. M. Grayson, J. M. J. Fréchet, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3819-3868; c) J.-P. Majorai, A.-M. Caminade, V. Maraval, Chem. Commun. 2002, 2929-2942; d) F. Diederich, B. Felber, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4778-4781; e) J. M. J. Fréchet, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4782-4787; f) P. J. Gittins, L. J. Twyman, Supramol. Chem. 2003, 15, 5-23; g) "Dendrimers and Nanoscience": C. R. Chim. 2003, 6, whole volume; h) P. Ceroni, A. Juris, in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 3 (Eds.: M. S. A. Abdel-Mottaleb, H. S. Nalwa), American Institute of Physics, Stevenson Ranch, CA, 2003, pp. 157-216.
11. For reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, S. Campagna, G. Denti, A. Juris, S. Serroni, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 26-34; b) S. Campagna, S. Serroni, F. Puntoriero, C. Di Pietro, V. Ricevuto, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 5 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 186-214; c) S. Hecht, J. M. J. Fréchet, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 76-94; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 75-91; d) S. Campagna, C. Di Pietro, F. Loiseau, B. Maubert, N. McClenaghan, R. Passalacqua, F. Puntoriero, V. Ricevuto, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2002, 229, 67-74; e) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, V. Vicinelli, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 657-665; f) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, C. Saudan, V. Vicinelli, Top. Curr. Chem. 2003, 228, 159-191.
12. For reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, S. Campagna, G. Denti, A. Juris, S. Serroni, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 26-34; b) S. Campagna, S. Serroni, F. Puntoriero, C. Di Pietro, V. Ricevuto, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 5 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 186-214; c) S. Hecht, J. M. J. Fréchet, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 76-94; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 75-91; d) S. Campagna, C. Di Pietro, F. Loiseau, B. Maubert, N. McClenaghan, R. Passalacqua, F. Puntoriero, V. Ricevuto, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2002, 229, 67-74; e) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, V. Vicinelli, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 657-665; f) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, C. Saudan, V. Vicinelli, Top. Curr. Chem. 2003, 228, 159-191.
13. For reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, S. Campagna, G. Denti, A. Juris, S. Serroni, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 26-34; b) S. Campagna, S. Serroni, F. Puntoriero, C. Di Pietro, V. Ricevuto, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 5 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 186-214; c) S. Hecht, J. M. J. Fréchet, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 76-94; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 75-91; d) S. Campagna, C. Di Pietro, F. Loiseau, B. Maubert, N. McClenaghan, R. Passalacqua, F. Puntoriero, V. Ricevuto, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2002, 229, 67-74; e) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, V. Vicinelli, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 657-665; f) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, C. Saudan, V. Vicinelli, Top. Curr. Chem. 2003, 228, 159-191.
14. For reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, S. Campagna, G. Denti, A. Juris, S. Serroni, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 26-34; b) S. Campagna, S. Serroni, F. Puntoriero, C. Di Pietro, V. Ricevuto, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 5 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 186-214; c) S. Hecht, J. M. J. Fréchet, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 76-94; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 75-91; d) S. Campagna, C. Di Pietro, F. Loiseau, B. Maubert, N. McClenaghan, R. Passalacqua, F. Puntoriero, V. Ricevuto, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2002, 229, 67-74; e) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, V. Vicinelli, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 657-665; f) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, C. Saudan, V. Vicinelli, Top. Curr. Chem. 2003, 228, 159-191.
15. For reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, S. Campagna, G. Denti, A. Juris, S. Serroni, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 26-34; b) S. Campagna, S. Serroni, F. Puntoriero, C. Di Pietro, V. Ricevuto, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 5 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 186-214; c) S. Hecht, J. M. J. Fréchet, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 76-94; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 75-91; d) S. Campagna, C. Di Pietro, F. Loiseau, B. Maubert, N. McClenaghan, R. Passalacqua, F. Puntoriero, V. Ricevuto, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2002, 229, 67-74; e) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, V. Vicinelli, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 657-665; f) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, C. Saudan, V. Vicinelli, Top. Curr. Chem. 2003, 228, 159-191.
16. For reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, S. Campagna, G. Denti, A. Juris, S. Serroni, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 26-34; b) S. Campagna, S. Serroni, F. Puntoriero, C. Di Pietro, V. Ricevuto, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 5 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 186-214; c) S. Hecht, J. M. J. Fréchet, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 76-94; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 75-91; d) S. Campagna, C. Di Pietro, F. Loiseau, B. Maubert, N. McClenaghan, R. Passalacqua, F. Puntoriero, V. Ricevuto, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2002, 229, 67-74; e) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, V. Vicinelli, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 657-665; f) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, C. Saudan, V. Vicinelli, Top. Curr. Chem. 2003, 228, 159-191.
17. For reviews, see: a) V. Balzani, S. Campagna, G. Denti, A. Juris, S. Serroni, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 26-34; b) S. Campagna, S. Serroni, F. Puntoriero, C. Di Pietro, V. Ricevuto, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 5 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 186-214; c) S. Hecht, J. M. J. Fréchet, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 76-94; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 75-91; d) S. Campagna, C. Di Pietro, F. Loiseau, B. Maubert, N. McClenaghan, R. Passalacqua, F. Puntoriero, V. Ricevuto, S. Serroni, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2002, 229, 67-74; e) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, V. Vicinelli, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 657-665; f) V. Balzani, P. Ceroni, M. Maestri, C. Saudan, V. Vicinelli, Top. Curr. Chem. 2003, 228, 159-191.
18. For reviews, see: a) D. K. Smith, F. Diederich, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353-1361; b) I. Cuadrado, M. Morán, C. M. Casado, B. Alonso, J. Losada, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 193-195, 395-445; c) C. M. Cardona, S. Mendoza, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 37-42; d) A. Juris, M. Venturi, P. Ceroni, V. Balzani, S. Campagna, S. Serroni, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 2001, 66, 1-32; e) A. Juris, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 3 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 655-714; f) C. B. Gorman, J. C. Smith, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 60-71; g) B. Alonso, D. Astruc, J.-C. Biais, S. Nlate, S. Rigaut, J. Ruiz, V. Sartor, C. Valério, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIc 2001, 4, 173-180; h) C. S. Cameron, C. B. Gorman, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2002, 12, 17-20.
19. For reviews, see: a) D. K. Smith, F. Diederich, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353-1361; b) I. Cuadrado, M. Morán, C. M. Casado, B. Alonso, J. Losada, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 193-195, 395-445; c) C. M. Cardona, S. Mendoza, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 37-42; d) A. Juris, M. Venturi, P. Ceroni, V. Balzani, S. Campagna, S. Serroni, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 2001, 66, 1-32; e) A. Juris, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 3 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 655-714; f) C. B. Gorman, J. C. Smith, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 60-71; g) B. Alonso, D. Astruc, J.-C. Biais, S. Nlate, S. Rigaut, J. Ruiz, V. Sartor, C. Valério, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIc 2001, 4, 173-180; h) C. S. Cameron, C. B. Gorman, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2002, 12, 17-20.
20. For reviews, see: a) D. K. Smith, F. Diederich, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353-1361; b) I. Cuadrado, M. Morán, C. M. Casado, B. Alonso, J. Losada, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 193-195, 395-445; c) C. M. Cardona, S. Mendoza, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 37-42; d) A. Juris, M. Venturi, P. Ceroni, V. Balzani, S. Campagna, S. Serroni, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 2001, 66, 1-32; e) A. Juris, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 3 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 655-714; f) C. B. Gorman, J. C. Smith, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 60-71; g) B. Alonso, D. Astruc, J.-C. Biais, S. Nlate, S. Rigaut, J. Ruiz, V. Sartor, C. Valério, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIc 2001, 4, 173-180; h) C. S. Cameron, C. B. Gorman, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2002, 12, 17-20.
21. For reviews, see: a) D. K. Smith, F. Diederich, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353-1361; b) I. Cuadrado, M. Morán, C. M. Casado, B. Alonso, J. Losada, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 193-195, 395-445; c) C. M. Cardona, S. Mendoza, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 37-42; d) A. Juris, M. Venturi, P. Ceroni, V. Balzani, S. Campagna, S. Serroni, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 2001, 66, 1-32; e) A. Juris, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 3 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 655-714; f) C. B. Gorman, J. C. Smith, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 60-71; g) B. Alonso, D. Astruc, J.-C. Biais, S. Nlate, S. Rigaut, J. Ruiz, V. Sartor, C. Valério, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIc 2001, 4, 173-180; h) C. S. Cameron, C. B. Gorman, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2002, 12, 17-20.
22. For reviews, see: a) D. K. Smith, F. Diederich, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353-1361; b) I. Cuadrado, M. Morán, C. M. Casado, B. Alonso, J. Losada, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 193-195, 395-445; c) C. M. Cardona, S. Mendoza, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 37-42; d) A. Juris, M. Venturi, P. Ceroni, V. Balzani, S. Campagna, S. Serroni, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 2001, 66, 1-32; e) A. Juris, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 3 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 655-714; f) C. B. Gorman, J. C. Smith, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 60-71; g) B. Alonso, D. Astruc, J.-C. Biais, S. Nlate, S. Rigaut, J. Ruiz, V. Sartor, C. Valério, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIc 2001, 4, 173-180; h) C. S. Cameron, C. B. Gorman, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2002, 12, 17-20.
23. For reviews, see: a) D. K. Smith, F. Diederich, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353-1361; b) I. Cuadrado, M. Morán, C. M. Casado, B. Alonso, J. Losada, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 193-195, 395-445; c) C. M. Cardona, S. Mendoza, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 37-42; d) A. Juris, M. Venturi, P. Ceroni, V. Balzani, S. Campagna, S. Serroni, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 2001, 66, 1-32; e) A. Juris, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 3 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 655-714; f) C. B. Gorman, J. C. Smith, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 60-71; g) B. Alonso, D. Astruc, J.-C. Biais, S. Nlate, S. Rigaut, J. Ruiz, V. Sartor, C. Valério, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIc 2001, 4, 173-180; h) C. S. Cameron, C. B. Gorman, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2002, 12, 17-20.
24. For reviews, see: a) D. K. Smith, F. Diederich, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353-1361; b) I. Cuadrado, M. Morán, C. M. Casado, B. Alonso, J. Losada, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 193-195, 395-445; c) C. M. Cardona, S. Mendoza, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 37-42; d) A. Juris, M. Venturi, P. Ceroni, V. Balzani, S. Campagna, S. Serroni, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 2001, 66, 1-32; e) A. Juris, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 3 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 655-714; f) C. B. Gorman, J. C. Smith, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 60-71; g) B. Alonso, D. Astruc, J.-C. Biais, S. Nlate, S. Rigaut, J. Ruiz, V. Sartor, C. Valério, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIc 2001, 4, 173-180; h) C. S. Cameron, C. B. Gorman, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2002, 12, 17-20.
25. For reviews, see: a) D. K. Smith, F. Diederich, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1353-1361; b) I. Cuadrado, M. Morán, C. M. Casado, B. Alonso, J. Losada, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 193-195, 395-445; c) C. M. Cardona, S. Mendoza, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2000, 29, 37-42; d) A. Juris, M. Venturi, P. Ceroni, V. Balzani, S. Campagna, S. Serroni, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 2001, 66, 1-32; e) A. Juris, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 3 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 655-714; f) C. B. Gorman, J. C. Smith, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 60-71; g) B. Alonso, D. Astruc, J.-C. Biais, S. Nlate, S. Rigaut, J. Ruiz, V. Sartor, C. Valério, C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIc 2001, 4, 173-180; h) C. S. Cameron, C. B. Gorman, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2002, 12, 17-20.
26. P. M. S. Monk, The Viologens: Physicochemical Properties, Synthesis, and Applications of the Salts of 4,4′-Bipyridine, Wiley, Chichester, 1998.
27. V. J. Razumas, A. V. Gudavicius, J. J. Kulys, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1986, 198, 81-87.
28. Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications, (Eds.: N. Serpone, E. Pelizzetti), Wiley, New York, 1989.
29. F. Marchioni, M. Venturi, A. Credi, V. Balzani, M. Belohradsky, A. M. Elizarov, H.-R. Tseng, J. F. Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 568-573.
30. a) S. Keinen, L. Walder, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 811-814; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 806-809;
31. a) S. Keinen, L. Walder, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 811-814; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 806-809;
32. b) S. Heinen, W. Meyer, L. Walder, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 498, 34-43.
33. W. S. Baker, B. I. Lemon III, R. M. Crooks, J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8885-8894.
34. a) R. Toba, J. M. Quintela, C. Peinador, E. Romàn, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Commun. 2001, 857-858;
35. b) R. Toba, J. M. Quintela, C. Peinador, E. Romàn, A. E. Kaifer, Chem. Commun. 2002, 1768-1769;
36. c) W. Ong, A. E. Kaifer, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 2214-2217; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 2164-2167.
37. c) W. Ong, A. E. Kaifer, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 2214-2217; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 2164-2167.
38. P. Ceroni, V. Vicinelli, M. Maestri, V. Balzani, W. M. Müller, U. Müller, U. Hahn, F. Osswald, F. Vögtle, New J. Chem. 2001, 25, 989-993.
39. A similar behavior has previously been reported in reference [12] for dendrimers containing a viologen core and Fréchet-type dendrons.
40. G. Denuault, M. V. Mirkin, A. J. Bard, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1991, 308, 27-38.
41. -1).
42. T. Watanabe, K. Honda, J. Phys. Chem. 1982, 86, 2617-2619.
43. S. M. Hubig, J. K. Kochi, Electron Transfer in Chemistry, Vol. 2 (Ed.: V. Balzani), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, pp. 618-676.
44. The band with a maximum at λ = 340 nm present in the spectra shown in Figure 5 is attributed to the monooxidized form of bis(benzene)chromium. See: F. Scandola, V. Balzani, V. Carassiti, Inorg. Chem. 1966, 5, 700-701.
45. W. Geuder, S. Hünig, A. Suchy, Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 1665-1677.
46. 2+.
47. C. Lee, M. S. Moon, J. W. Park, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1996, 407, 161-167.
48. S.-I. Imabayashi, N. Kitamura, S. Tazuke, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1988, 239, 397-403.
49. For some leading papers, see: a) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. T. Gandolfi, L. Prodi, M. Venturi, D. Philp, H. G. Ricketts, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1362-1364; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1301-1303; b) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, E. C. Constable, A. Credi, O. Kocian, S. J. Langford, J. A. Preece, L. Prodi, E. R. Schofield, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 2413-2422; c) P. R. Ashton, V. Balzani, O. Kocian, L. Prodi, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11 190-11 191; d) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, R. Dress, E. Ishow, O. Kocian, J. A. Preece, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3558-3574.
50. For some leading papers, see: a) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. T. Gandolfi, L. Prodi, M. Venturi, D. Philp, H. G. Ricketts, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1362-1364; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1301-1303; b) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, E. C. Constable, A. Credi, O. Kocian, S. J. Langford, J. A. Preece, L. Prodi, E. R. Schofield, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 2413-2422; c) P. R. Ashton, V. Balzani, O. Kocian, L. Prodi, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11 190-11 191; d) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, R. Dress, E. Ishow, O. Kocian, J. A. Preece, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3558-3574.
51. For some leading papers, see: a) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. T. Gandolfi, L. Prodi, M. Venturi, D. Philp, H. G. Ricketts, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1362-1364; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1301-1303; b) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, E. C. Constable, A. Credi, O. Kocian, S. J. Langford, J. A. Preece, L. Prodi, E. R. Schofield, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 2413-2422; c) P. R. Ashton, V. Balzani, O. Kocian, L. Prodi, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11 190-11 191; d) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, R. Dress, E. Ishow, O. Kocian, J. A. Preece, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3558-3574.
52. For some leading papers, see: a) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. T. Gandolfi, L. Prodi, M. Venturi, D. Philp, H. G. Ricketts, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1362-1364; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1301-1303; b) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, E. C. Constable, A. Credi, O. Kocian, S. J. Langford, J. A. Preece, L. Prodi, E. R. Schofield, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 2413-2422; c) P. R. Ashton, V. Balzani, O. Kocian, L. Prodi, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11 190-11 191; d) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, R. Dress, E. Ishow, O. Kocian, J. A. Preece, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3558-3574.
53. For some leading papers, see: a) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. T. Gandolfi, L. Prodi, M. Venturi, D. Philp, H. G. Ricketts, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1362-1364; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1301-1303; b) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, E. C. Constable, A. Credi, O. Kocian, S. J. Langford, J. A. Preece, L. Prodi, E. R. Schofield, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 2413-2422; c) P. R. Ashton, V. Balzani, O. Kocian, L. Prodi, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11 190-11 191; d) P. R. Ashton, R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, R. Dress, E. Ishow, O. Kocian, J. A. Preece, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. Venturi, S. Wenger, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3558-3574.
54. Reviews: a) V. Balzani, A. Credi, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3484-3530; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3348-3391; b) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 445-455; c) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Int. J. Photoenergy 2001, 3, 63-77; d) V. Balzani, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003, 2, 459-476; e) V. Balzani, M. Venturi, A. Credi, Molecular Devices and Machines: A Journey into the Nanoworld, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003.
55. Reviews: a) V. Balzani, A. Credi, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3484-3530; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3348-3391; b) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 445-455; c) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Int. J. Photoenergy 2001, 3, 63-77; d) V. Balzani, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003, 2, 459-476; e) V. Balzani, M. Venturi, A. Credi, Molecular Devices and Machines: A Journey into the Nanoworld, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003.
56. Reviews: a) V. Balzani, A. Credi, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3484-3530; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3348-3391; b) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 445-455; c) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Int. J. Photoenergy 2001, 3, 63-77; d) V. Balzani, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003, 2, 459-476; e) V. Balzani, M. Venturi, A. Credi, Molecular Devices and Machines: A Journey into the Nanoworld, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003.
57. Reviews: a) V. Balzani, A. Credi, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3484-3530; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3348-3391; b) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 445-455; c) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Int. J. Photoenergy 2001, 3, 63-77; d) V. Balzani, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003, 2, 459-476; e) V. Balzani, M. Venturi, A. Credi, Molecular Devices and Machines: A Journey into the Nanoworld, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003.
58. Reviews: a) V. Balzani, A. Credi, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3484-3530; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3348-3391; b) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 445-455; c) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Int. J. Photoenergy 2001, 3, 63-77; d) V. Balzani, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003, 2, 459-476; e) V. Balzani, M. Venturi, A. Credi, Molecular Devices and Machines: A Journey into the Nanoworld, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003.
59. Reviews: a) V. Balzani, A. Credi, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 3484-3530; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3348-3391; b) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 445-455; c) R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, M. Venturi, Int. J. Photoenergy 2001, 3, 63-77; d) V. Balzani, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2003, 2, 459-476; e) V. Balzani, M. Venturi, A. Credi, Molecular Devices and Machines: A Journey into the Nanoworld, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003.
60. A. Juris, V. Balzani, F. Barigelletti, S. Campagna, P. Belser, A. von Zelewsky, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1988, 84, 85-277.
61. E. Amouyal, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 1995, 38, 249-276.
62. S. L. Murov, I. Carmichael, G. L. Hug, Handbook of Photochemistry, Second Edition, Marcel Deker, New York, 1993.
63. C. A. Christensen, L. M. Goldenberg, M. R. Bryce, J. Becher, Chem. Commun. 1998, 509-510.
64. S. Nlate, J. Ruiz, V. Sartor, R. Navarro, J.-C. Biais, D. Astruc, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 2544-2553.
65. J. I. Goldsmith, K. Takada, H. D. Abruña, J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 8504-8513.
66. C. Amatore, Y. Bouret, E. Maisonhaute, H. D. Abruña, J. I. Goldsmith, C. R. Chim. 2003, 6, 99-115.
67. N. Leventis, J. Yang, E. F. Fabrizio, A.-M. M. Rawashdeh, W. S. Oh, C. Sotiriou-Leventis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4094-4095.
68. For a theoretical approch to this problem, see: C. Amatore, Y. Bouret, E. Maisonhaute, J. I. Goldsmith, H. D. Abruña, ChemPhysChem 2001, 2, 130-134.
69. DigiSim 3.05, BioAnalytical Systems, West Lafa.