Cardiovascular disease in diabetics: Pharmacology and revascularization

Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine

Volumn 71, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 375-383

  Mangalmurti, Sarang S ^a   Farkouh, Michael E ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndrome; Antiplatelet; Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Dyslipidemia; Hypertension; Insulin resistance; Myocardial infarction; Revascularization

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BIGUANIDE; CAPTOPRIL; CLOPIDOGREL; DACTINOMYCIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; METFORMIN; NISOLDIPINE; PACLITAXEL; PIOGLITAZONE; PLACEBO; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; PRAVASTATIN; RAPAMYCIN; REPAGLINIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SIMVASTATIN; SULFONYLUREA; TACROLIMUS; TROGLITAZONE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; EDEMA; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; METABOLIC DISORDER; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; ONCOGENE C MYC; PROGNOSIS; REVASCULARIZATION; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNITED STATES; WEIGHT GAIN;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; HYPERTENSION; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION;

EID: 10944261843     PISSN: 00272507     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz W-H, et al. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 1999; 282:1519-1522.
2. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior history of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:229-234.
3. Malmberg K, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, et al. Impact of diabetes on long-term prognosis in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the OASIS (Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes) Registry. Circulation 2000; 102(9):1014-1019.
4. Nathan DM. Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1676-1685.
5. Haffner S, Taegtmeyer H. Epidemic obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2003; 108(13): 1541-1545.
6. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus. N Eng J Med 1993; 329:977-986.
7. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352(9131):837-853. Erratum in Lancet 1999; 354(9178):602.
8. Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP. Effects of diabetes and level of glycemia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, The San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care 1998; 21(7):1167-1172.
9. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XVI. The relationship of C-peptide to the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 1995; 44:796-801.
10. Despres J-P, Lamarche B, Mauriege P, et al. Hyperinsulinemia is an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. N Eng J Med 1996; 334:952-957.
11. Howard G, O'Leary DH, Zaccaro D, et al. Insulin sensitivity and atherosclerosis. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Investigators. Circulation 1996; 93:1809-1817.
12. Jarrett RJ, McCartney P, Keen H. The Bedford Study: ten year mortality rates in newly diagnosed diabetics, borderline diabetics and normoglycemic controls and risk indices for coronary heart disease in borderline diabetics. Diabetologia 1982; 22(2):79-84.
13. Patel J, Miller E, Patwardhan R, et al. Rosiglitazone improves glycemic control when used as monotherapy in type 2 diabetics patients. Diab Med 1998; 15(Suppl 2):S38.
14. Ghazzi MN, Perez JE, Antonucci TK, et al. The Troglitazone Study Group. Cardiac and glycemic benefits of troglitazone treatment in NIDDM. Diabetes 1997; 46:433-439.
15. Schwartz S, Raskin P, Fonseca V, et al. for the Troglitazone and Exogenous Insulin Study Group. Effect of troglitazone, in insulin-treated patients with type II diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:861-866.
16. Inzucchi SE, Maggs DG, Spollett GR, et al. Efficacy and metabolic effects of metformin and troglitazone in type II diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:867-872.
17. Horton ES, Whitehouse F, Ghazzi MN, et al. The Troglitazone Study Group: Troglitazone in combination with sulfonylurea restores glycemic control in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21:1462-1469.
18. Takagi T, Akasaka T, Yamamuro A, et al. Troglitazone reduces neointimal tissue proliferation after coronary stent implantation in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a serial intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36(5):1529-1535.
19. Cleveland JC, Meldrum DR, Cain BS, et al. Oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents prevent ischemic preconditioning in human myocardium. Circulation 1997; 96(1):29-32.
20. Garratt KN, Brady PA, Hassinger NL, et al. Sulfonylurea drugs increase early mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus after direct angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33(1):119-124.
21. Stumvoll M, Nurjhan N, Perriello G, et al. Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995; 333(9):550-554.
22. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352(9131):854-865. Erratum in Lancet 1998; 352(9139):1557.
23. Nagi DK, Yudkin JS. Effects of metformin on insulin resistance, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and plasminogen activator inhibitor in NIDDM subjects: a study of two ethnic groups. Diabetes Care 1993; 16:621-629.
24. Stang, MR, Wysowski DK, Butler-Jones D. Incidence of lactic acidosis in metformin users. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:925-927.
25. Lyons TJ. Glycation and oxidation: a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71:26B-31B.
26. Sniderman AD, Scantlebury T, Cianflone K. Hypertriglyceridemic hyperapob: the unappreciated atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135(6):447-459.
27. Ginsberg HN. Diabetic dyslipidemia: basic mechanisms underlying the common hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels. Diabetes 1996; 45(Suppl):27S-30S.
28. Gowri MS, Van der Westhuyzen DR, Bridges SR, Anderson JW. Decreased protection by HDL from poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects against LDL oxidation may be due to the abnormal composition of HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19(9):2226-2233.
29. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 1998; 279(20):1615-1622.
30. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(19):1349-1357.
31. Pyorala K, Pedersen DR, Kjekshus J, et al. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care 1997; 20(4):614-620. Erratum in Diabetes Care 1997; 20(6):1048.
32. Haffner SM, Alexander CM, Cook TJ, et al. Reduced coronary events in simvastatin-treated patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes or impaired fasting glucose levels: subgroup analyses in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159(22):2661-2667.
33. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361(9374):2005-2016.
34. Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, et al. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial: The Care Investigators. Circulation 1998; 98(23):2513-2519.
35. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:410-418.
36. Koskinen P, Manttrai M, Manninen V, et al. Coronary heart disease incidence in NIDDM patients in the Helsinki Heart Study. Diabetes Care 1992; 15:820-825.
37. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317(7160):703-713. Erratum in BMJ 1999; 318(7175):29.
38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317(7160):713-720.
39. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, et al., for the Captopril Prevention Projects (CAPPP) study group. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: The Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353:611-616.
40. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, et al. The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(10):645-652.
41. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:145-153.
42. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al., for the HOT Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet 1998; 351:1755-1762.
43. Kjekshus J, Gilpin E, Cali G, et al. Diabetic patients and beta-blockers after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1990; 11:43-50.
44. Lakshman MR, Reda DJ, Materson BJ, et al. Diuretics and beta-blockers do not have adverse effects at 1 year on plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in men with hypertension. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:551-558.
45. Chen J, Marciniak TA, Radford MJ, et al. Beta-blocker therapy for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in elderly diabetic patients. Results from the National Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:1388-1394.
46. Jonas M, Reicher-Reiss H, Boyko V, et al. Usefulness of beta-blocker therapy in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77:1273-1277.
47. Vinik AI, Erbas T, Park TS, et al. Platelet dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(8):1476-1485.
48. Harpaz D, Gottlieb S, Graff E, et al. Effects of aspirin treatment on survival in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Israeli Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Group. Am J Med 1998; 105:494-499.
49. American Diabetes Association. Aspirin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:562-563.
50. Malmberg K, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, et al. Impact of diabetes on long-term prognosis in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the OASIS (Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes) Registry. Circulation 2000; 102:1014-1019.
51. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al., and Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to prevent Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345(7):494-502. Errata in N Engl J Med 2001; 345(23):1716 and N Engl J Med 2001; 345(20):1506.
52. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, et al., and Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events trial (CURE) investigators. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 2001; 358(9281):527-533.
53. Marks AR. Sirolimus for the prevention of in-stent restenosis in a coronary artery. N Engl J Med 2003; 349(14):1307-1309.
54. PRISM-PLUS. Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(21):1488-1497. Erratum in N Engl J Med 1998; 339(6):415.
55. Roffi M, Chew DP, Mukherjee D, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors reduce mortality in diabetic patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2001; 104(23):2767-2771.
56. Woodfield SL, Lundergan CF, Reiner JS, et al. Angiographic findings and outcome in diabetic patients treated with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the GUSTO-1 experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28:1661-1669.
57. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FIT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomized trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994; 343(8893):311-322. Erratum in Lancet 1994; 343(8899):742.
58. Malmberg K, for the DIGAMI Study Group. Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. BMJ 1997; 314:1512-1515.
59. Kip KE, Faxon DP, Detre KM, et al. Coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry. Circulation 1996; 94:1818-1825.
60. The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Investigators. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with angioplasty in patients with multivessel disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 335(4):217-225. Erratum in N Engl J Med 1997; 336(2):147.
61. Barsness GW, Peterson ED, Ohman EM, et al. Relationship between diabetes mellitus and long-term survival after coronary bypass and angioplasty. Circulation 1997; 96(8):2551-2556.
62. Feit F, Brooks MM, Sopko G, et al. Long-term clinical outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation Registry: comparison with the randomized trial. BARI Investigators. Circulation 2000; 101(24):2795-2802.
63. The EPIC Investigators. Use of a monoclonal: antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1994; 330(14):956-961.
64. The EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 1997; 336(24):1689-1696.
65. Savage MP, Fischman DL, Schatz RA, et al. STRESS Investigators. Stent Restenosis Study. Coronary intervention in the diabetic patient: improved outcome following stent implantation compared with balloon angioplasty. Clin Cardiol 2002; 25(5):213-217.
66. Serruys PW, De Jaegere P, Kiemenij F, et al: A comparison of balloon-expandable stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:489-495.
67. Kiemeneij F, Serruys PW, Macaya C, et al. Continued benefit of coronary stenting versus balloon angioplasty: five-year clinical follow-up of Benestent-I trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37(6):1598-603.
68. Lincoff AM, Califf RM, Moliterno DJ, et al., for the Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibition in Stenting Investigators (EPISTENT). Complementary clinical benefits of coronary artery stenting and blockade of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:319-327.
69. Abizaid A, Costa MA, Centemero M, et al., for the Arterial Revascularization Therapy Study Group. Clinical and economic impact of diabetes mellitus on percutaneous and surgical treatment of multivessel coronary disease patients: insights from the Arterial Revascularization Therapy Study (ARTS) trial. Circulation 2001; 104(5):533-538.
70. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, et al., and RAVEL Study Group. A randomized comparison of a siro limus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(23):1773-1780.
71. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, et al., and SIRIUS Investigators. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery. N Engl J Med 2003; 349(14):1315-1323.
72. Sobel BE, Frye R, Detre KM. Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes Trial. Burgeoning dilemmas in the management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease: rationale for the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Trial. Circulation 2003; 107(4):636-642.