Discerning the patterns of world order: Noam Chomsky and international theory after the Cold War

Review of International Studies

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 587-604+463

  Laffey, Mark ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 10744224844     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210503005874     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. See Robert F. Barsky, Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998); Milan Rai, Chomsky's Politics (London: Verso, 1995); and Peter R. Mitchell and John Schoeffel (eds.) Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky (New York: The New Press, 2002).
2. See Robert F. Barsky, Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998); Milan Rai, Chomsky's Politics (London: Verso, 1995); and Peter R. Mitchell and John Schoeffel (eds.) Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky (New York: The New Press, 2002).
3. See Robert F. Barsky, Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998); Milan Rai, Chomsky's Politics (London: Verso, 1995); and Peter R. Mitchell and John Schoeffel (eds.) Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky (New York: The New Press, 2002).
4. Noam Chomsky, 9-11 (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001). Thanks to Greg Ruggiero for sales figures.
5. American Morning with Paula Zahn. Interview with Noam Chomsky, Bill Bennett, 30 May 2002. Online at 〈www.cnn.com/TRANSCIPTS/0205/30/Itm.01.html〉
6. 'The Chomsky Problem,' New York Times Book Review, 25 February 1979, p. 3.
7. See, for example, Christopher Hitchens, 'The chorus and Cassandra: what everyone knows about Noam Chomsky', in Carlos P. Otero (ed.) Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments, vol. 2 (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 401-21.
8. See Richard Falk, 'Letter from Prison - American style: the political vision and practice of Noam Chomsky', in Otero, Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments, vol.2, pp. 578-97; and Christopher Coker, 'The Mandarin and the Commissar: The Political Thought of Noam Chomsky', in Otero, vol. 2, pp. 473-85.
9. See Richard Falk, 'Letter from Prison - American style: the political vision and practice of Noam Chomsky', in Otero, Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments, vol.2, pp. 578-97; and Christopher Coker, 'The Mandarin and the Commissar: The Political Thought of Noam Chomsky', in Otero, vol. 2, pp. 473-85.
10. Michael Cox refers to Chomsky as 'the radical critic' and 'The most influential radical writer on American foreign relations...'; see 'Whatever Happened to American Decline? International Relations and the New United States Hegemony', New Political Economy, 6 (2001), p. 312 and n.16, p. 335.
11. David Campbell refers to 'Chomsky's polemics (valuable though they are) '; see Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), p. 22.
12. See, for example, Alison Edgley, The Social and Political Thought of Noam Chomsky (London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 182-3. Such experiences help to explain Chomsky's view of the social sciences, which I discuss below. A lack of professional credentials has not prevented him being taken seriously in other fields outside linguistics, such as mathematics. (Personal communication.)
13. 'Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: The US War of Terror in Columbia', Review of International Studies, this issue.
14. See, for example, Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power and the Origins of Our Times (London: Verso, 1994); and Robert Cox, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), esp. p. 34.
15. See, for example, Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power and the Origins of Our Times (London: Verso, 1994); and Robert Cox, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), esp. p. 34.
16. For a discussion of this notion, see Rai, Chomsky's Politics, ch. 3.
17. See, for example, Greg Fry and Jacinta O'Hagan (eds.), Contending Images of World Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000); and Scott Burchill et al., Theories of International Relations, 2nd edn (New York: 2001).
18. See, for example, Greg Fry and Jacinta O'Hagan (eds.), Contending Images of World Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000); and Scott Burchill et al., Theories of International Relations, 2nd edn (New York: 2001).
19. Any such list is, by its nature, contentious. However, these claims seem to me to be the most widely shared, even if the interpretations of them and their relative significance vary considerably across different theoretical and political positions.
20. See, for example, Ian Clark, The Post-Cold War World: The Spoils of Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) and G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
21. See, for example, Ian Clark, The Post-Cold War World: The Spoils of Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) and G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
22. G. John Ikenberry, 'American Power and the Empire of Capitalist Democracy', Review of International Studies, 27 (2001), p. 191.
23. Susan Strange, 'The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony', International Organization, 41 (1987), pp. 551-74. On arguments for US decline and a survey of potential challengers, see John Agnew and Stuart Corbridge, Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy (London: Routledge, 1995), chs. 5 and 6.
24. Susan Strange, 'The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony', International Organization, 41 (1987), pp. 551-74. On arguments for US decline and a survey of potential challengers, see John Agnew and Stuart Corbridge, Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy (London: Routledge, 1995), chs. 5 and 6.
25. Barry Buzan and Richard Little, 'Beyond Westphalia? Capitalism after the "Fall"', Review of International Studies, 25 (1999), Special Issue, p. 89.
26. Martin Shaw, Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) is the most challenging account of this phenomenon. See also Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey (eds.), Democracy, Liberalism and War: Rethinking the Democratic Peace Debates (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
27. Martin Shaw, Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) is the most challenging account of this phenomenon. See also Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey (eds.), Democracy, Liberalism and War: Rethinking the Democratic Peace Debates (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
28. Robert Jervis, 'Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power Peace. Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 2001', American Political Science Review, 96 (2002), p. 1.
29. See, for example, Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 353-8.
30. See, respectively, David Held et al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Cambridge: Polity, 1999); and James H. Mittelman, 'Globalization as an Ascendant Paradigm?' International Studies Perspectives, 3 (2002), pp. 1-14.
31. See, respectively, David Held et al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Cambridge: Polity, 1999); and James H. Mittelman, 'Globalization as an Ascendant Paradigm?' International Studies Perspectives, 3 (2002), pp. 1-14.
32. For a summary, see David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), chs. 5 and 6.
33. See, for a critical discussion, Michael N. Barnett and Raymond Duvall (eds.) Power and Global Governance (forthcoming).
34. See, for example, Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: Polity, 1999). On the dubious novelty of globalization, see A.G. Hopkins (ed.), Globalization in World History (London: Pimlico, 2002).
35. See, for example, Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: Polity, 1999). On the dubious novelty of globalization, see A.G. Hopkins (ed.), Globalization in World History (London: Pimlico, 2002).
36. See, for example, Robert Jervis, 'A Usable Past for the Future', in Michael J. Hogan (ed.), The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 257-68.
37. George Bush, 'Address before a Joint Session of Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit', 11 September 1990, Public Papers of the Presidents, George Bush, 1990, Book II (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1991), p. 1219.
38. See, for example, Josef Joffe, '"Bismarck" or "Britain"? Toward an American grand strategy after bipolarity', International Security, 19(1995), pp. 94-117; and Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross. 'Competing visions for US grand strategy,' International Security, 21(1996), pp. 5-53.
39. See, for example, Josef Joffe, '"Bismarck" or "Britain"? Toward an American grand strategy after bipolarity', International Security, 19(1995), pp. 94-117; and Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross. 'Competing visions for US grand strategy,' International Security, 21(1996), pp. 5-53.
40. See Stanley Hoffmann, 'An American Social Science: International Relations', Daedalus 106 (1977), pp. 41-60; Steve Smith, 'The Discipline of International Relations: Still An American Social Science?', British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2 (2000), pp. 374-402; and Ido Oren, Our Enemies and Us: America's Rivalries in the Making of Political Science (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
41. See Stanley Hoffmann, 'An American Social Science: International Relations', Daedalus 106 (1977), pp. 41-60; Steve Smith, 'The Discipline of International Relations: Still An American Social Science?', British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2 (2000), pp. 374-402; and Ido Oren, Our Enemies and Us: America's Rivalries in the Making of Political Science (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
42. See Stanley Hoffmann, 'An American Social Science: International Relations', Daedalus 106 (1977), pp. 41-60; Steve Smith, 'The Discipline of International Relations: Still An American Social Science?', British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2 (2000), pp. 374-402; and Ido Oren, Our Enemies and Us: America's Rivalries in the Making of Political Science (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
43. For a representative example, see Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen (eds.), International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
44. Descriptions of world politics in terms of a new medievalism share a number of features with the second account above; see Jorg Friedrichs, 'The Meaning of the New Medievalism', European Journal of International Relations, 1 (2001), pp. 475-502.
45. Cox, 'Whatever happened to American decline?', p. 331.
46. See for example, Ethan Nadelmann, Cops Across Borders: The Internationalization of US Criminal Law Enforcement (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993).
47. Peter Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washington's Faustian Bid for World Dominance (London: Verso, 1999). But cf. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, pp. 300-356.
48. Peter Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washington's Faustian Bid for World Dominance (London: Verso, 1999). But cf. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century, pp. 300-356.
49. Ikenberry, 'American Power and the Empire of Capitalist Democracy', p. 212. Similar arguments are made by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
50. Ikenberry, 'American Power and the Empire of Capitalist Democracy', p. 212. Similar arguments are made by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
51. Emmanuel Adler, 'Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics', European Journal of International Relations, 3 (1997), pp. 319-63.
52. Agnew and Corbridge, Mastering Space, ch. 7; Robert Latham, The Liberal Moment: Modernity, Security, and the Making of Postwar International Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed, 2001).
53. Agnew and Corbridge, Mastering Space, ch. 7; Robert Latham, The Liberal Moment: Modernity, Security, and the Making of Postwar International Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed, 2001).
54. Agnew and Corbridge, Mastering Space, ch. 7; Robert Latham, The Liberal Moment: Modernity, Security, and the Making of Postwar International Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed, 2001).
55. Latham, The Liberal Moment makes this point.
56. See, for example, Sebastian Mallaby, 'The Reluctant Imperialist: Terrorism, Failed States, and the Case for American Empire', Foreign Affairs, 81(2002), pp. 2-7. Of course, empires always represent themselves as benign.
57. The most prominent exponents of this view are Ikenberry, 'American Power and the Empire of Capitalist Democracy' and Hardt and Negri, Empire; cf. Friedrichs, 'The New Medievalism'.
58. The most prominent exponents of this view are Ikenberry, 'American Power and the Empire of Capitalist Democracy' and Hardt and Negri, Empire; cf. Friedrichs, 'The New Medievalism'.
59. The most prominent exponents of this view are Ikenberry, 'American Power and the Empire of Capitalist Democracy' and Hardt and Negri, Empire; cf. Friedrichs, 'The New Medievalism'.
60. See, for example, Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Age (Cambridge: Polity, 2001).
61. This is the title of one of Chomsky's books; World Orders, Old and New (London: Pluto Press, 1997). In discussing his work, I focus primarily on Chomsky's scholarly publications.
62. American Power and the New Mandarins; At War with Asia: Essays on Indochina (New York: Pantheon, 1970); For Reasons of State (London: Fontana, 1973); and The Backroom Boys (London: Fontana, 1973).
63. American Power and the New Mandarins; At War with Asia: Essays on Indochina (New York: Pantheon, 1970); For Reasons of State (London: Fontana, 1973); and The Backroom Boys (London: Fontana, 1973).
64. American Power and the New Mandarins; At War with Asia: Essays on Indochina (New York: Pantheon, 1970); For Reasons of State (London: Fontana, 1973); and The Backroom Boys (London: Fontana, 1973).
65. See, for example, Deterring Democracy; and World Orders, Old and New.
66. See, for example, Deterring Democracy; and World Orders, Old and New.
67. See, for example, Rai, Chomsksy's Politics; and Chomsky, Profits over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1999).
68. See, for example, Rai, Chomsksy's Politics; and Chomsky, Profits over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1999).
69. Mohameden Ould-Mey, 'The New Global Command Economy', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 17 (1999), pp. 155-80.
70. Quoted in Rai, Chomsky's Politics, p. 102.
71. See the debate between Chomsky and Foucault, 'Human Nature versus Power', in Fons Elders (ed.), Reflexive Water: The Basic Concerns of Mankind (London: Souvenir Press, 1974); online in two parts at monkeyfist.com/ChomskyArchive/talks/foucaultl_html and /foucault2_html.
72. E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1946); on Weber's relationship with Nietzsche, see William Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London: Allen and Unwin, 1988).
73. E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1946); on Weber's relationship with Nietzsche, see William Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London: Allen and Unwin, 1988).
74. E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (New York: Harper and Row, 1946); on Weber's relationship with Nietzsche, see William Hennis, Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction (London: Allen and Unwin, 1988).
75. Deterring Democracy, p. 19.
76. For Reasons of State, pp. 7, 9.
77. Quoted in Rai, p. 91; see also Edgley, chs. 3 and 4.
78. As in other of his writings, Chomsky takes the side of classical liberals, with their suspicion of concentrated power, against contemporary neoliberals. For a related argument in the context of IR, see Christian Reus-Smit, 'The Strange Death of Liberal International Relations Theory', European Journal of International Law, 12 (2001), pp. 573-94.
79. See, for example, Alan Wolfe, The Limits of Legitimacy (New York: Free Press, 1977).
80. World Orders, Old and New, p. 5.
81. Ibid., p. 1.
82. Ibid., p. 5, quoting Adam Smith.
83. As in Manufacturing Consent, for example.
84. See, for example, Christian Parenti, Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (London: Verso, 1999).
85. David Garland, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001); see also Ian Taylor, Crime in Context: A Critical Criminology of Market Societies (Cambridge: Polity, 1999).
86. David Garland, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001); see also Ian Taylor, Crime in Context: A Critical Criminology of Market Societies (Cambridge: Polity, 1999).
87. See Mark Laffey and Jutta Weldes, 'Policing and Global Governance', in Michael N. Barnett and Raymond D. Duvall (eds.), Power and Global Governance.
88. The classic analysis is Saskia Sassen, The Mobility of Capital and Labour (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). For an excellent case study, see Leslie Gill, Teetering on the Rim: Global Restructuring, Daily Life, and the Armed Retreat of the Bolivian State (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
89. The classic analysis is Saskia Sassen, The Mobility of Capital and Labour (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). For an excellent case study, see Leslie Gill, Teetering on the Rim: Global Restructuring, Daily Life, and the Armed Retreat of the Bolivian State (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
90. See, for example, Year 501: The Conquest Continues.
91. World Orders, Old and New, p. 77. See also Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy 1945-1980 (New York: Pantheon, 1988).
92. World Orders, Old and New, p. 77. See also Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy 1945-1980 (New York: Pantheon, 1988).
93. See, for example, Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs (London: Pluto, 2000).
94. See, for example, the extensive documentation of these issues for the EU by Statewatch; 〈www.statewatch.org〉
95. 'Chomsky's Challenges', in Otero, Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments, vol II, p. 320.
96. See, for example, Noam Chomsky, 'International Terrorism: Image and Reality', in Alexander George, Western State Terrorism (New York: Routledge, 1991), p. 34; and Noam Chomsky, The Culture of Terrorism (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1988).
97. See, for example, Noam Chomsky, 'International Terrorism: Image and Reality', in Alexander George, Western State Terrorism (New York: Routledge, 1991), p. 34; and Noam Chomsky, The Culture of Terrorism (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1988).
98. Ikenberry, 'American Power and the Empire of Capitalist Democracy', pp. 209-11.
99. See, for example, Jon Cruz, 'From Farce to Tragedy: Reflections on the Reification of Race at Century's End', in Avery F. Gordon and Christopher Newfield (eds.), Mapping Multiculturalism (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); and Timothy Brennan, At Home in the World: Cosmopolitanism Now (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
100. See, for example, Jon Cruz, 'From Farce to Tragedy: Reflections on the Reification of Race at Century's End', in Avery F. Gordon and Christopher Newfield (eds.), Mapping Multiculturalism (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); and Timothy Brennan, At Home in the World: Cosmopolitanism Now (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
101. See, for example, Parenti, Lockdown America.
102. See, for example, Edward Said, 'Permission to Narrate' in The Politics of Dispossession: The Struggle for Palestinian Self-Determination 1969-1994 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1994).
103. Quoted in Mitchell and Schoeffel, Understanding Power, p. 137. This volume consists of transcribed recordings of question and answer sessions between Chomsky and various audiences; see 'Editors' Preface', pp. xi-xii.
104. Understanding Power, p. 137.
105. Ibid., pp. 211, 229
106. Ibid., p. 137. See also Edgley, The Social and Political Thought of Noam Chomsky, pp. 29-32.
107. Ibid., p. 137. See also Edgley, The Social and Political Thought of Noam Chomsky, pp. 29-32.
108. Burchill et al., Theories of International Relations, p. 8.
109. Understanding Power, p. 211.
110. See, for example, Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Press, 1994), and Michael J. Shapiro and Hayward R. Alker (eds.), Challenging Boundaries: Global Flows, Territorial Identities (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
111. See, for example, Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Press, 1994), and Michael J. Shapiro and Hayward R. Alker (eds.), Challenging Boundaries: Global Flows, Territorial Identities (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
112. Understanding Power, pp. 227, 228-230, 231.
113. George, Discourses of Global Politics, pp. 16-18.
114. Understanding Power, p. 229; see also 137.
115. David Sylvan and Barry Glassner, A Rationalist Methodology for the Social Sciences (Basil Blackwell: Oxford, 1985), p. 4. My brief account of rationalism follows Sylvan and Glassner.
116. Human Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972), quoted in Sylvan and Glassner, p. 3.
117. Quoted in Edgley, p. 29. See Sylvan and Glassner, A Rationalist Methodology, for several examples of rationalist social science.
118. Edward Said, 'Permission to Narrate', p. 267.
119. Understanding Power, p. 228.
120. On critical social science, see Robert Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', Millennium, 10 (1981), pp. 126-55; and David Harvey, Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001).
121. On critical social science, see Robert Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', Millennium, 10 (1981), pp. 126-55; and David Harvey, Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001).
122. 'On Staying Informed and Intellectual Self-Defense.' Online at 〈http://www.zmag.org/ZSustainers/ZDaily/1999-03%5Cmar_8_1999.htm〉
123. See, for example, the Preface to World Orders, Old and New, p. vii.
124. Karl Marx, Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, trans. Martin Nicholaus (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1974), pp. 608 and 119.
125. See, for example, Chomsky, 'Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship', in American Power and the New Mandarins (London: Chatto and Windus, 1969). Compare, Oren, Our Enemies and Us.
126. See, for example, Chomsky, 'Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship', in American Power and the New Mandarins (London: Chatto and Windus, 1969). Compare, Oren, Our Enemies and Us.
127. See, for example, Alexander E. Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
128. 'American Intellectuals and the Schools', Harvard Educational Review, 36 (1966), pp. 484-91; reprinted in American Power and the New Mandarins, p. 252.
129. American Intellectuals and the Schools', Harvard Educational Review, 36 (1966), pp. 484-91; reprinted in American Power and the New Mandarins, p. 252.
130. See Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, 'Retrieving the Imperial: Empire and International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 31(2002), pp. 109-27.
131. Said, 'Permission to Narrate', p. 267.