Genome-wide linkage analysis and evidence of gene-by-gene interactions in a sample of 362 multiplex Parkinson disease families

Human Molecular Genetics

Volumn 12, Issue 20, 2003, Pages 2599-2608

  Pankratz, Nathan ^a   Nichols, William C ^b   Uniacke, Sean K ^b   Halter, Cheryl ^a   Murrell, Jill ^a   Rudolph, Alice ^c   Shults, Clifford W ^d,e   Conneally, P Michael ^a   Foroud, Tatiana ^a   Truong, Daniel ^f   Pathak, Mayank ^f   Tran, An ^f   Rodnitzky, Robert ^g   Dobson, Judith ^g   Koller, William ^h   Weiner, William ^h   Lyons, Kelly ^h   Kurlan, Roger ⁱ   Berry, Debra ⁱ   Bertoni, John ^j   Peterson, Carolyn ^j   Martin, Wayne ^k   Wieler, Marguerite ^k   Tuite, Paul ^l   Schacherer, Robyn ^l   Marder, Karen ^m   Harris, Juliette ^m   Jankovic, Joseph ⁿ   Hunter, Christine ⁿ   Lang, Anthony ^o   Kleimer Fisman, Galit ^o   Nieves, Anette ^o   So, Julie ^o   Factor, Stewart ^p   Evans, Sharon ^p   Manyam, Bala ^q   Wulbrecht, Brian ^q   Walker, Francis ^r   Hunt, Victoria ^r   Gordon, Mark F ^s   Hamman, Joanna ^s   Kang, Un Jang ^t   Young, Joan ^t   Blindauer, Karen ^u   Petit, Jeannine ^u   Rao, Jayaraman ^v   Cook, Maureen ^v   Stacy, Mark ^w   Williamson, Kelli ^w   Pullman, Rachel Saunders ^x   Boyar, Karyn ^x   Leehey, Maureen ^y   Derian, Theresa ^y   Gordon, Paul ^z   Werner, Joan ^z   Racette, Brad ^aa   Good, Laura ^aa   Simon, David ^ab   Scollins, Lisa ^ab   Schwieterman, Donna ^ac   Dewey, Richard ^ac   Meacham, Melinda ^ad   Sutton, James ^ae   Hutchinson, Brad ^ae   Jog, Mandar ^af   Horn, Cheryl ^af   Sethi, Kapil ^ag   Carpenter, Joan ^ag   Atchison, Paul ^ah   Rolli, Susan ^ah   Sudarsky, Lewis ^ai   Corwin, Claire ^ai   Velickovic, Miodrag ^aj   Phipps, Sabrina ^aj   Simuni, Tanya ^ak   Kaczmarek, Annette ^ak   Hermanowicz, Neal ^al   Niswonger, Shari ^al   Feigin, Andrew ^am   Shannon, Barbara ^am   Calabrese, Vincent ^an   Roberge, Peggy ^an   Homes, Hunter ^an   Shulman, Lisa ^ao   Dustin, Kelly ^ao   Ajax, Todd ^ap   Mannetter, Janet ^ap   Podskalny, G David ^aq   Giffin, Lisa ^aq   Uitti, Ryan ^ar   Turk, Margaret Foster ^ar   more..

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b CINCINNATI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^f Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

^j CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^l UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^m Department of Orthopaedic Surgery   (United States)

ⁿ BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^o TORONTO WESTERN HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^p ALBANY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^q TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^r WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^s LONG ISLAND JEWISH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^t UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^u MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^v LOUISIANA STATE UNIV MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^w BARROW NEUROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

^x BETH ISRAEL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^y UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^z UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO   (United States)

^aa WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^ab BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^ac UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^ad UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^ae CA Med Clin for Movement Disorders   (United States)

^af LONDON HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

^ag MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^ah UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^ai BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^aj MOUNT SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^ak NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^al UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^am NORTH SHORE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^an VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^ao UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^ap McFarland Clinic   (United States)

^aq UMDNJ School of Osteopathic Medicine   (United States)

^ar MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PARKIN;

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ALLELE; ARTICLE; CHROMOSOME 10; CHROMOSOME 14; CHROMOSOME 2; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; FAMILY HISTORY; FAMILY STUDY; FEMALE; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE INTERACTION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC EPISTASIS; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARKER GENE; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCORING SYSTEM; SIBLING; X CHROMOSOME;

ALLELES; CHROMOSOME MAPPING; CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, PAIR 10; CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, PAIR 2; CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, X; FAMILY; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOME; GENOME, HUMAN; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; LINKAGE (GENETICS); LOD SCORE; MALE; MUTATION; PARKINSON DISEASE;

EID: 10744223494     PISSN: 09646906     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg270     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. de Rijk, M.C., Tzourio, C., Breteler, M.M., Dartigues, J.F., Amaducci, L., Lopez-Pousa, S., Manubens-Bertran, J.M., Alperovitch, A. and Rocca, W.A. (1997) Prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in Europe: the EUROPARKINSON Collaborative Study. European Community Concerted Action on the Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 62, 10-15.
2. Gasser, T. (2001) Genetics of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol., 248, 833-840.
3. Fearnley, J.M. and Lees, A.J. (1991) Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain, 114 (Pt 5), 2283-2301.
4. Braak, H. and Braak, E. (2000) Pathoanatomy of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol., 247 (Suppl. 2), II3-10.
5. Kuopio, A., Marttila, R.J., Helenius, H. and Rinne, U.K. (2001) Familial occurrence of Parkinson's disease in a community-based case-control study Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 7, 297-303.
6. Payami, H., Larsen, K., Bernard, S. and Nutt, J. (1994) Increased risk of Parkinson's disease in parents and siblings of patients. Ann. Neurol., 36, 659-661.
7. Autere, J.M., Moilanen, J.S., Myllyla, V.V. and Majamaa, K. (2000) Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease in a Finnish population. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 69, 107-109.
8. Sveinbjornsdottir, S., Hicks, A.A., Jonsson, T., Petursson, H., Gugmundsson, G., Frigge, M.L., Kong, A., Gulcher, J.R. and Stefansson, K. (2000) Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease in Iceland. New Engl. J. Med., 343, 1765-1770.
9. Preux, P.M., Condet, A., Anglade, C., Druet-Cabanac, M., Debrock, C., Macharia, W., Couratier, P., Boutros-Toni, F. and Dumas, M. (2000) Parkinson's disease and environmental factors. Matched case-control study in the Limousin region, France. Neuroepidemiology, 19, 333-337.
10. Elbaz, A., Grigoletto, F., Baldereschi, M., Breteler, M.M., Manubens-Bertran, J.M., Lopez-Pousa, S., Dartigues, J.F., Alperovitch, A., Tzourio, C. and Rocca, W.A. (1999) Familial aggregation of Parkinson's disease: a population-based case-control study in Europe. EUROPARKINSON Study Group. Neurology, 52, 1876-1882.
11. Uitti, R.J., Shinotoh, H., Hayward, M., Schulzer, M., Mak, E. and Calne, D.B. (1997) 'Familial Parkinson's disease' - a case-control study of families. Can. J. Neurol. Sci., 24, 127-132.
12. De Michele, G., Filla, A., Marconi, R., Volpe, G., D'Alessio, A., Scala, R., Ambrosio, G. and Campanella,G. (1995) A genetic study of Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl., 45, 21-25.
13. Vieregge, P. (1994) Genetic factors in the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect., 8, 1-37.
14. Polymeropoulos, M.H., Lavedan, C., Leroy, E., Ide, S.E., Dehejia, A., Dutra, A., Pike, B., Root, H., Rubenstein, J., Boyer, R. et al. (1997) Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science, 276, 2045-2047.
15. Pastor, P., Munoz, E., Ezquerra, M., Obach, V., Marti, M.J., Valldeoriola, F., Tolosa, E. and Oliva, R. (2001) Analysis of the coding and the 5′ flanking regions of the alpha-synuclein gene in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord., 16, 1115-1119.
16. Chan, P., Jiang, X., Forno, L.S., Di Monte, D.A., Tanner, C.M. and Langston, J.W. (1998) Absence of mutations in the coding region of the alpha-synuclein gene in pathologically proven Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 50, 1136-1137.
17. Farrer, M., Wavrant-De Vrieze, F., Crook, R., Boles, L., Perez-Tur, J., Hardy, J., Johnson, W.G., Steele, J., Maraganore, D., Gwinn, K. et al. (1998) Low frequency of alpha-synuclein mutations in familial Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol., 43, 394-397.
18. Vaughan, J.R., Farrer, M.J., Wszolek, Z.K., Gasser, T., Durr, A., Agid, Y., Bonifati, V., DeMichele, G., Volpe, G., Lincoln, S. et al. (1998) Sequencing of the alpha-synuclein gene in a large series of cases of familial Parkinson's disease fails to reveal any further mutations. The European Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility in Parkinson's Disease (GSPD). Hum. Mol. Genet., 7, 751-753.
19. Kitada, T., Asakawa, S., Hattori, N., Matsumine, H., Yamamura, Y., Minoshima, S., Yokochi, M., Mizuno, Y. and Shimizu, N. (1998) Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature, 392, 605-608.
20. Foroud, T., Uniacke, S.K., Liu, L., Pankratz, N., Rudolph, A., Halter, C., Shults, C., Marder, K., Conneally, P.M., Nichols, W.C. and the Parkinson Study Group (2003) Heterozygosity for a mutation in the parkin gene leads to later onset Parkinson disease. Neurology, 60, 796-801.
21. Oliveira, S.A., Scott, W.K., Martin, E.R., Nance, M.A., Watts, R.L., Hubble, J.P., Koller, W.C., Pahwa, R., Stern, M.B., Hiner, B.C. et al. (2003) Parkin mutations and susceptibility alleles in late-onset Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol., 53, 624-629.
22. Nichols, W.C., Pankratz, N., Uniacke, S.K., Pauciulo, M.W., Halter, C., Rudolph, A., Conneally, P.M. and Foroud, T. (2002) Linkage stratification and mutation analysis at the parkin locus identifies mutation positive Parkinson's disease families. J. Med. Genet., 39, 489-492.
23. Kann, M., Jacobs, H., Mohrmann, K., Schumacher, K., Hedrich, K., Garrels, J., Wiegers, K., Schwinger, E., Pramstaller, P.P., Breakefield, X.O. et al. (2002) Role of parkin mutations in 111 community-based patients with early-onset parkinsonism. Ann. Neurol., 51, 621-625.
24. West, A., Periquet, M., Lincoln, S., Lucking, C.B., Nicholl, D., Bonifati, V., Rawal, N., Gasser, T., Lohmann, E., Deleuze, J.F. et al. (2002) Complex relationship between Parkin mutations and Parkinson disease. Am. J. Med. Genet., 114, 584-591.
25. Hedrich, K., Marder, K., Harris, J., Kann, M., Lynch, T., Meija-Santana, H., Pramstaller, P.P., Schwinger, E., Bressman, S.B., Fahn, S. et al. (2002) Evaluation of 50 probands with early-onset Parkinson's disease for Parkin mutations. Neurology, 58, 1239-1246.
26. Lucking, C.B., Durr, A., Bonifati, V., Vaughan, J., De Michele, G., Gasser, T., Harhangi, B.S., Meco, G., Denefle, P., Wood, N.W. et al. (2000) Association between early-onset Parkinson's disease and mutations in the parkin gene. French Parkinson's Disease Genetics Study Group. New Engl. J. Med., 342, 1560-1567.
27. Abbas, N., Lucking, C.B., Ricard, S., Durr, A., Bonifati, V., De Michele, G., Bouley, S., Vaughan, J.R., Gasser, T., Marconi, R. et al. (1999) A wide variety of mutations in the parkin gene are responsible for autosomal recessive parkinsonism in Europe. French Parkinson's Disease Genetics Study Group and the European Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility in Parkinson's Disease. Hum. Mol. Genet., 8, 567-574.
28. Lucking, C.B., Abbas, N., Durr, A., Bonifati, V., Bonnet, A.M., de Broucker, T., De Michele, G., Wood, N.W., Agid, Y. and Brice, A. (1998) Homozygous deletions in parkin gene in European and North African families with autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. The European Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility in Parkinson's Disease and the French Parkinson's Disease Genetics Study Group. Lancet, 352, 1355-1356.
29. Wintermeyer, P., Kruger, R., Kuhn, W., Muller, T., Woitalla, D., Berg, D., Becker, G., Leroy, E., Polymeropoulos, M., Berger, K. et al. (2000) Mutation analysis and association studies of the UCHL1 gene in German Parkinson's disease patients. Neuroreport, 11, 2079-2082.
30. Zhang, J., Hattori, N., Giladi, N. and Mizuno, Y. (2000) Failure to find mutations in ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 gene in familial Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 6, 199-200.
31. Harhangi, B.S., Farrer, M.J., Lincoln, S., Bonifati, V., Meco, G., De Michele, G., Brice, A., Durr, A., Martinez, M., Gasser, T. et al. (1999) The Ile93Met mutation in the ubiquitin carboxy-terminal-hydrolase-L1 gene is not observed in European cases with familial Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lett., 270, 1-4.
32. Bonifati, V., Rizzu, P., van Baren, M.J., Schaap, O., Breedveld, G.J., Krieger, E., Dekker, M.C., Squitieri, F., Ibanez, P., Joosse, M. et al. (2003) Mutations in the DJ-1 gene associated with autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism. Science, 299, 256-259.
33. Gasser, T., Muller-Myhsok, B., Wszolek, Z.K., Oehlmann, R., Calne, D.B., Bonifati, V., Bereznai, B., Fabrizio, E., Vieregge, P. and Horstmann, R.D. (1998) A susceptibility locus for Parkinson's disease maps to chromosome 2p13. Nat. Genet., 18, 262-265.
34. Farrer, M., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Muenter, M., DeVrieze, F.W., Crook, R., Perez-Tur, J., Lincoln, S., Maraganore, D., Adler, C., Newman, S. et al. (1999) A chromosome 4p haplotype segregating with Parkinson's disease and postural tremor. Hum. Mol. Genet., 8, 81-85.
35. Valente, E.M., Bentivoglio, A.R., Dixon, P.H., Ferraris, A., Ialongo, T., Frontali, M., Albanese, A. and Wood, N.W. (2001) Localization of a novel locus for autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism, PARK6, on human chromosome 1p35-p36. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 68, 895-900.
36. Funayama, M., Hasegawa, K., Kowa, H., Saito, M., Tsuji, S. and Obata, F. (2002) A new locus for Parkinson's disease (PARK8) maps to chromosome 12p11.2-q13.1. Ann. Neurol., 51, 296-301.
37. Xu, P.Y., Liang, R., Jankovic, J., Hunter, C., Zeng, Y.X., Ashizawa, T., Lai, D., and Le, W.D. (2002) Association of homozygous 7048G7049 variant in the intron six of Nurr1 gene with Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 58, 881-884.
38. Zheng, K., Heydari, B. and Simon, D.K. (2003) A Common NURR1 Polymorphism associated with Parkinson disease and diffuse Lewy body disease. Arch. Neurol., 60, 722-725.
39. Le, W.D., Xu, P., Jankovic, J., Jiang, H., Appel, S.H., Smith, R.G. and Vassilatis, D.K. (2003) Mutations in NR4A2 associated with familial Parkinson disease. Nat. Genet., 33, 85-89.
40. van der Walt, J.M., Nicodemus, K.K., Martin, E.R., Scott, W.K., Nance, M.A., Watts, R.L., Hubble, J.P., Haines, J.L., Koller, W.C., Lyons, K. et al. (2003) Mitochondrial polymorphisms significantly reduce the risk of Parkinson disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 72, 804-811.
41. Marx, F.P., Holzmann, C., Strauss, K.M., Li, L., Eberhardt, O., Gerhardt, E., Cookson, M.R., Hernandez, D., Farrer, M.J., Kachergus, J. et al. (2003) Identification and functional characterization of a novel R621C mutation in the synphilin-1 gene in Parkinson's disease. Hum. Mol. Genet., 12, 1223-1231.
42. Hicks, A.A., Petursson, H., Jonsson, T., Stefansson, H., Johannsdottir, H.S., Sainz, J., Frigge, M.L., Kong, A., Gulcher, J.R., Stefansson, K. et al. (2002) A susceptibility gene for late-onset idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol., 52, 549-555.
43. Pankratz, N., Nichols, W.C., Uniacke, S.K., Halter, C., Rudolph, A., Shults, C., Conneally, P.M. and Foroud, T. (2002) Genome screen to identify susceptibility genes for Parkinson disease in a sample without parkin mutations. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 71, 124-135.
44. Pankratz, N., Nichols, W.C., Uniacke, S.K., Halter, C., Rudolph, A., Shults, C., Conneally, P.M. and Foroud, T. (2003) Significant linkage of Parkinson disease to chromosome 2q36-36. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 72, 1053.
45. Klein, C., Pramstaller, P.P., Kis, B., Page, C.C., Kann, M., Leung, J., Woodward, H., Castellan, C.C., Scherer, M., Vieregge, P. et al. (2000) Parkin deletions in a family with adult-onset, tremor-dominant parkinsonism: expanding the phenotype. Ann. Neurol., 48, 65-71.
46. Lucking, C.B., Bonifati, V., Periquet, M., Vanacore, N., Brice, A. and Meco, G. (2001) Pseudo-dominant inheritance and exon 2 triplication in afamily with parkin gene mutations. Neurology, 57, 924-927.
47. Farrer, M., Chan, P., Chen, R., Tan, L., Lincoln, S., Hernandez, D., Forno, L., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Petrucelli, L., Hussey, J. et al. (2001) Lewy bodies and parkinsonism in families with parkin mutations. Ann. Neurol., 50, 293-300.
48. Hedrich, K., Kann, M., Lanthaler, A.J., Dalski, A., Eskelson, C., Landt, O., Schwinger, E., Vieregge, P., Lang, A.E., Breakefield, X.O. et al. (2001) The importance of gene dosage studies: mutational analysis of the parkin gene in early-onset parkinsonism. Hum. Mol. Genet., 10, 1649-1656.
49. Lander, E. and Kruglyak, L. (1995) Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results. Nat. Genet., 11, 241-247.
50. DeStefano, A.L., Golbe, L.I., Mark, M.H., Lazzarini, A.M., Maher, N.E., Saint-Hilaire, M., Feldman, R.G., Guttman, M., Watts, R.L., Suchowersky, O. et al. (2001) Genome-wide scan for Parkinson's disease: the GenePD Study. Neurology, 57, 1124-1126.
51. Scott, W.K., Nance, M.A., Watts, R.L., Hubble, J.P., Koller, W.C., Lyons, K., Pahwa, R., Stern, M.B., Colcher, A., Hiner, B.C. et al. (2001) Complete genomic screen in Parkinson disease: evidence for multiple genes. JAMA, 286, 2239-2244.
52. Tanner, C.M. (1992) Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Neurol. Clin., 10, 317-329.
53. Lee, L.V., Munoz, E.L., Tan, K.T. and Reyes, M.T. (2001) Sex linked recessive dystonia parkinsonism of Panay, Philippines (XDP). Mol. Pathol., 54, 362-368.
54. Myers, A., Holmans, P., Marshall, H., Kwon, J., Meyer, D., Ramic, D., Shears, S., Booth, J., DeVrieze, F.W., Crook, R. et al. (2000) Susceptibility locus for Alzheimer's disease on chromosome 10. Science, 290, 2304-2305.
55. Ertekin-Taner, N., Graff-Radford, N., Younkin, L.H., Eckman, C., Baker, M., Adamson, J., Ronald, J., Blangero, J., Hutton, M. and Younkin, S.G. (2000) Linkage of plasma Abeta42 to a quantitative locus on chromosome 10 in late-onset Alzheimer's disease pedigrees. Science, 290, 2303-2304.
56. Mouradian, M.M. (2002) Recent advances in the genetics and pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Neurology, 58, 179-185.
57. Yoshimoto, M., Iwai, A., Kang, D., Otero, D.A., Xia, Y. and Saitoh, T. (1995) NACP, the precursor protein of the non-amyloid beta/A4 protein (A beta) component of Alzheimer disease amyloid, binds A beta and stimulates A beta aggregation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 9141-9145.
58. Giasson, B.I., Forman, M.S., Higuchi, M., Golbe, L.I., Graves, C.L., Kotzbauer, P.T., Trojanowski, J.Q. and Lee, V.M. (2003) Initiation and synergistic fibrillization of tau and alpha-synuclein. Science, 300, 636-640.
59. Lang, A.E. and Fahn, S. (1989) In Munsat, T.L. (ed.), Quantification of Neurologic Deficit. Butterworth, Boston, MA, pp. 285-309.
60. Siemers, E.R., Hubble, J., Tuite, P., Comella, C., Kompoliti, K., Oakes, D., Wojcieszek, J., Foroud, T. and Conneally, P.M. (1998) Clinical diagnostic criteria for idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord., 13, 862.
61. O'Connell, J.R. and Weeks, D.E. (1998) PedCheck: a program for identification of genotype incompatibilities in linkage analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 63, 259-266.
62. Goring, H.H. and Ott, J. (1997) Relationship estimation in affected sib pair analysis of late-onset diseases. Eur. J. Hum. Genet., 5, 69-77.
63. Holmans, P. (1993) Asymptotic properties of affected-sib-pair linkage analysis. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 52, 362-374.
64. Gudbjartsson, D.F., Jonasson, K., Frigge, M.L. and Kong, A. (2000) Allegro, a new computer program for multipoint linkage analysis. Nat. Genet., 25, 12-13.
65. Murrell, J.R., Spillantini, M.G., Zolo, P., Guazzelli, M., Smith, M.J., Hasegawa, M., Redi, F., Crowther, R.A., Pietrini, P., Ghetti, B. et al. (1999) Tau gene mutation G389R causes a tauopathy with abundant pick body-like inclusions and axonal deposits. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 58, 1207-1226.