Gay and lesbian issues in pediatric health care

Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care

Volumn 34, Issue 10, 2004, Pages 355-398

  Perrin, Ellen C ^a   Cohen, Kenneth M ^b   Gold, Melanie ^c   Ryan, Caitlin ^d   Savin Williams, Ritch C ^b   Schorzman, Cindy M ^e  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Cornell University ^*  (United States)

^c CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^d SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Olympia Physical Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD; CHILD CARE; EROTISM; FAMILY LIFE; GENDER IDENTITY; GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER; HEALTH CARE; HERITABILITY; HETEROSEXUALITY; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; LESBIAN; MEDICAL EDUCATION; NARCISSISM; PARENTAL BEHAVIOR; PEDIATRICIAN; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX ROLE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL ORIENTATION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; WELLBEING;

EID: 10644285647     PISSN: 15385442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2004.08.001     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. J. Hutter The social construction of homosexuals in the Nineteenth Century: The shift from the sin to the influence of medicine on criminalizing sodomy in Germany J Homosex 24 1993 73-93
2. S. LeVay E. Nonas City of Friends: A Portrait of the Gay and Lesbian Community in America 1995 MIT Press Cambridge, MA
3. N. Oudshoorn Female or male: The classification of homosexuality and gender J Homosex 28 1995 79-86
4. R. Herrn On the history of biological theories of homosexuality J Homosex 28 1995 31-56
5. K. Lewes The Psychoanalytic Theory of Homosexuality 1988 Meridian New York
6. I. Bieber H.J. Dain P.R. Dince M.G. Drellich H.G. Grand R.H. Gundlach M.W. Kremer A.H. Rifkin C.B. Wilbur T.B. Bieber Homosexuality: A psychoanalytic study 1962 Basic Books New York
7. C.W. Socarides A provisional theory of aetiology in male homosexuality Int J Psychoanal 49 1968 27-37
8. A.P. Bell M.S. Weinberg S.K. Hammersmith Sexual preference: Its development in men and women 1981 Indiana University Press Bloomington
9. R.C. Savin-Williams Theoretical perspectives accounting for adolescent homosexuality J Adolesc Health Care 9 1988 95-104
10. S. LeVay Queer science: The use and abuse of research into homosexuality 1996 MIT Press Cambridge, MA
11. N. Cameron Development and Psychopathology 1963 Houghton-Mifflin Boston
12. L. Ellis Theories of homosexuality. In: R.C. Savin-Williams K.M. Cohen (Eds.). The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals Children to Adults 1996 Harcourt Brace College Fort Worth, TX 11-34
13. R. Blanchard A.F. Bogaert Biodemographic comparisons of homosexual and heterosexual men in the Kinsey interview data Arch Sex Behav 25 1996 551-579
14. R.C. Savin-Williams An exploratory study of pubertal maturation timing and self-esteem among gay and bisexual male youths Dev Psychol 31 1995 56-64
15. R.C. Savin-Williams "And Then I Became Gay." Young Men's Stories 1998 Routledge New York
16. M.D. Storms A theory of erotic orientation development Psychol Rev 88 1981 340-353
17. D.J. Bem Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation Psychol Rev 103 1996 320-335
18. L.A. Peplau L.D. Garnets L.R. Spalding T.D. Conley R.C. Veniegas A critique of Bem's "Exotic Becomes Erotic" theory of sexual orientation Psychol Rev 105 1998 387-394
19. R.C. Pillard J.D. Weinrich Evidence of familial nature of male homosexuality Arch Gen Psychiatry 43 1986 808-812
20. J.M. Bailey D.S. Benishay Familial aggregation of female sexual orientation Am J Psychiatry 150 1993 272-277
21. J.M. Bailey R.C. Pillard A genetic study of male sexual orientation Arch Gen Psychiatry 48 1991 1089-1096
22. J.M. Bailey R.C. Pillard M.C. Neale Y. Agyei Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 1993 217-223
23. D.H. Hamer S. Hu V.L. Magnuson N. Hu A.M.L. Pattatucci A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation Science 261 1993 321-327
24. G. Rice C. Anderson N. Risch G. Ebers Male homosexuality: Absence of linkage to microsatellite markers at Xq28 Science 284 1999 665-667
25. M.L. Collaer M. Hines Human behavioral sex differences: A role for gonadal hormones during early development? Psychol Bull 118 1995 55-107
26. K.M. Cohen Relationships among childhood sex-atypical behavior, spatial ability, handedness, and sexual orientation in men Arch Sex Behav 31 2002 129-143
27. C.M. McCormick S.F. Witelson A cognitive profile of homosexual men compared to heterosexual men and women Psychoneuroendocrinology 16 1991 459-473
28. D.J. Wegesin A neuropsychologic profile of homosexual and heterosexual men and women Arch Sex Behav 27 1998 91-108
29. Q. Rahman S. Abrahams G.D. Wilson Sexual-orientation-related differences in verbal fluency Neuropsychology 17 2 2003 240-246
30. J.E. Alexander K.J. Sufka Cerebral lateralization in homosexual males: A preliminary EEG investigation Int J Psychophysiol 15 1993 269-274
31. D.J. Wegesin Event-related potentials in homosexual and heterosexual men and women: Sex-dimorphic patterns in verbal asymmetries and mental rotation Brain Cogn 36 1998 73-92
32. M. Reite J. Sheeder D. Richardson P. Teale Cerebral laterality in homosexual males: Preliminary communication using magnetoencephalography Arch Sex Behav 24 1995 585-593
33. W. Harms Study shows sexual orientation is linked to brain metabolism Univ Chicago Chronicle 23 5 2003 1,8
34. W. Byne S. Tobet L.A. Mattiace M.S. Lasco E. Kemether M.A. Edgar et al. The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: An investigation of variation within sex, sexual orientation and HIV status Horm Behav 40 2001 86-92
35. S. LeVay A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men Science 253 1991 1034-1037
36. L.S. Allen R.A. Gorski Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 1992 7199-7202
37. D.F. Swaab M.A. Hofman An enlarged suprachiasmatic nucleus in homosexual men Brain Res 537 1990 141-148
38. R. Blanchard Fraternal birth order and the maternal immune hypothesis of male homosexuality Horm Behav 40 2001 105-114
39. J.A.Y. Hall D. Kimura Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and sexual orientation in men Behav Neurosci 108 1994 1203-1206
40. D. McFadden Masculinization effects in the auditory system Arch Sex Behav 31 2002 99-111
41. Q. Rahman V. Kumari G.D. Wilson Sexual orientation-related differences in prepulse inhibition of the human startle response Behav Neurosci 117 5 2003 1096-1102
42. R.A. Lippa Are 2D:4D finger-length ratios related to sexual orientation? Yes for men, no for women J Pers Soc Psychol 85 2003 179-188
43. L.S. Hall C.T. Love Finger-length ratios in female monozygotic twins discordant for sexual orientation Arch Sex Behav 32 2003 23-28
44. J.T. Martin D.H. Nguyen Anthropometric analysis of homosexuals and heterosexuals: Implications for early hormone exposure Horm Behav 45 2004 31-39
45. J.A.Y. Hall D. Kimura Sexual orientation and performance on sexually dimorphic motor tasks Arch Sex Behav 24 1995 395-407
46. M.L. Lalumière R. Blanchard K.J. Zucker Sexual orientation and handedness in men and women: A meta-analysis Psychol Bull 126 2000 575-592
47. Q. Rahman K. Silber Sexual orientation and the sleep-wake cycle: A preliminary investigation Arch Sex Behav 29 2000 127-134
48. R. Green The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality 1987 Yale University Press New Haven, CT
49. J.M. Bailey K.J. Zucker Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review Dev Psychol 31 1995 43-55
50. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team M. Hines S. Golombok J. Rust K.J. Johnston J. Golding Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal, population study Child Dev 73 6 2002 1678-1687
51. American Psychiatric Association Position statement on psychiatric treatment and sexual orientation Am J Psychiatry 156 7 1999 1131
52. K.M. Cohen R.C. Savin-Williams Are converts to be believed? assessing sexual orientation "conversions" Arch Sex Behav 32 2003 427-429
53. D.C. Haldeman The practice and ethics of sexual orientation conversion therapy J Consult Clin Psychol 62 1994 221-227
54. American Psychological Association Resolution on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation Am Psychol 53 1998 934-935
55. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Adolescence Homosexuality and adolescence (RE9332) Pediatrics 92 4 1993 631-634
56. American Psychiatric Association Position statement on therapies focused on attempts to change sexual orientation (reparative or conversion therapies) Am J Psychiatry 157 10 2000 1719-1721
57. S. Pickstone-Taylor Children with gender non-conformity J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42 3 2003 266
58. K.J. Zucker S.J. Bradley Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents 1995 Guilford Press New York
59. E.C. Perrin Sexual Orientation in Child and Adolescent Health Care 2002 Kluwer/Plenum New York
60. E.J. Menvielle C. Tuerck A support group for parents of gender non-comforming boys J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 2002 1010-1013
61. E.J. Menvielle C. Tuerck E.C. Perrin The beat of a different drummer: children who do not follow gender-typical expectations Contemp Pediatr 2004 (in press)
62. M. Rosenberg Children with gender identity issues and their parents J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 2002 619-621
63. S.J. Bradley K.J. Zucker Gender Identity Disorder: A review of the past 10 years J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 1994 872-880
64. K.M. Cohen Relationships among childhood sex-atypical behavior, spatial ability, handedness, and sexual orientation in men Arch Sex Behav 31 2002 129-143
65. Savin-Williams RC. (Ed.). Sexual-Minority Youth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; in press
66. A.C. Kinsey W.B. Pomeroy C.E. Martin Sexual Behavior in the Human Male 1948 WB Saunders Philadelphia
67. A.C. Kinsey W.B. Pomeroy C.E. Martin P.H. Gebhard Sexual Behavior in the Human Female 1953 WB Saunders Philadelphia
68. L.S. Brown Lesbian identities concepts and issues. In: A.R. D'Augelli C.J. Patterson (Eds.). Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities over the Lifespan Psychological Perspectives 1995 Oxford Univ. Press New York 3-23
69. R.C. Savin-Williams A critique of research on sexual-minority youth J Adolesc 24 2001 15-23
70. B. Denizet-Lewis Double lives on the down low 2003 New York Times Magazine 28-33, 48, 52-53. August 3
71. Marech M. Nuances of gay identities reflected in new language: "homosexual" is passé in a "boi's" life. San Francisco Chronicle 2004 February 8. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/ 02/08/MNGKO4RNJP1.DTL#sections
72. E.O. Laumann J. Gagnon R.T. Michael S. Michaels The social organization of sexuality sexual: Practices in the United States 1994 Univ. of Chicago Press Chicago
73. G. Remafedi M. Resnick R. Blum L. Harris Demography of sexual orientation in adolescents Pediatrics 89 1992 714-721
74. E.M. Dubé The role of sexual behavior in the identification process of gay and bisexual males J Sex Res 7 2003 123-132
75. V.C. Cass Homosexual identity: A concept in need of a definition J Homosex 9 1984 105-126
76. R.C. Savin-Williams "And Then I Became Gay." Young Men's Stories 1998 Routledge New York
77. L.M. Diamond Was it a phase? Young women's relinquishment of lesbian/bisexual identities over a 5-year period J Pers Soc Psychol 84 2003 352-364
78. R.C. Savin-Williams "Mom, Dad. I'm gay. How families negotiate coming out" 2001 American Psychological Association Washington, DC
79. I.H. Meyer Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence Psychol Bull 129 5 2003 674-697
80. R.C. Savin-Williams K.M. Cohen Psychological outcomes of verbal and physical abuse among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. In: R.C. Savin-Williams K.M. Cohen (Eds.). The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals Children to Adults 1996 Harcourt Brace College Fort Worth, TX 181-200
81. R.C. Savin-Williams Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of sexual minority youth: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution, and suicide J Consult Clin Psychol 62 1994 261-269
82. P. Gibson Gay male and lesbian youth suicide. Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide, Prevention and Interventions in Youth Suicide Vol. 3 1989 US Department of Health and Human Services Rockville, MD 110-142
83. J.S. McDaniel D. Purcell A.R. D'Augelli The relationship between sexual orientation and risk for suicide: Research findings and future directions for research and prevention Suicide Life Threat Behav 31 Suppl 2001 84-105
84. S.A. Safren R.G. Heimberg Depression, hopelessness, suicidality, and related factors in sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents J Consult Clin Psychol 67 1999 859-866
85. R.C. Savin-Williams G.L. Ream Suicide attempts among sexual-minority male youth J Clin Child Adol Psychol 32 2003 509-522
86. G. Remafedi Death by Denial: Studies of Suicide in Gay and Lesbian Teenagers 1994 Alyson Publishers Boston
87. S.L. Hershberger N.W. Pilkington A.R. D'Augelli Predictors of suicide attempts among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth J Adolesc Res 12 1997 477-497
88. G.M. Herek J.R. Gillis J.C. Cogan Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults J Consult Clin Psychol 67 1999 945-951
89. S.L. Hershberger A.R. D'Augelli Issues in counseling lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. In: R.M. Perez K.A. De Bord K.J. Bieschke (Eds.). Handbook of Counseling and Therapy with Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals 1999 American Psychological Association Washington, DC 225-247
90. Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network The 2001 national school climate survey: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender students and their experiences in school 2001 New York: Author
91. N.W. Pilkington A.R. D'Augelli Victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings J Commun Psychol 23 1995 34-56
92. G. Remafedi J.A. Farrow R.W. Deisher Risk factors for attempted suicide in gay and bisexual youth Pediatrics 87 1991 869-875
93. J.A. East F. El Rayess Pediatricians' approach to health care of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth J Adol Health 23 1998 191-199
94. M.J. Eliason R. Schope Does "don't ask don't tell" apply to health care? Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people's disclosure to health care providers J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 5 4 2001 125-134
95. M.A.A. Van Dam A.S. Koh S.L. Dibble Lesbian disclosure to health care providers and delay of care J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 5 1 2001 11-19
96. C. Tellez M. Ramos B. Umland T. Palley B. Skipper Attitudes of physicians in New Mexico toward gay men and lesbians J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 3 3 1999 83-90
97. Gay and Lesbian Medical Association. Creating a safe clinical environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) patients. http://www.glma.org/medical/clinical/lgbti_clinical_guidelines.pdf (Retrieved 2-23-04)
98. K.M. Cohen R.C. Savin-Williams Are converts to be believed? Assessing sexual orientation "conversions." Arch Sex Behav 32 2003 427-429
99. A.R. D'Augelli S.L. Hershberger Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings: Personal challenges and mental health problems Am J Commun Psychol 21 1993 421-448
100. G. Herdt A. Boxer Children of Horizons: How Lesbian and Gay Teens Are Leading a New Way Out of the Closet 1993 Beacon Press Boston
101. M. McClintock G. Herdt Rethinking puberty: The development of sexual attraction Curr Directions Psychol Sci 5 8 1996 178-183
102. M. Rosario H.F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg J. Hunter T.M. Exner M. Gwadz A.M. Keller The psychosexual development of urban lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths J Sex Res 33 2 1996 113-126
103. R.M. Diaz G. Ayala Social Discrimination and Health: The Case of Latino Gay Men and HIV Risk 2001 Policy Institute, National Gay & Lesbian Task Force New York
104. B.N. Cochran M.S. Angela B.A. Stewart J.A. Ginzler A.M. Cauce Challenges faced by homeless sexual minorities: Comparison of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender homeless adolescents with their heterosexual counterparts Am J Public Health 92 2002 773-777
105. M.W. Moon D. Binson K. Page-Shafer R. Diaz Correlates of HIV risk in a random sample of street youths in San Francisco J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 12 6 2001 18-27
106. C. Ryan D. Futterman Lesbian and gay youth: Care and counseling Adolesc Med State Art Rev 8 2 1997 207-374
107. C.J. Patterson L.V. Friel Sexual orientation and fertility. In: G. Bentley N. Mascie-Taylor (Eds.). Infirtility in the Modern World biosocial perspectives 2000 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 238-260
108. C.J. Patterson Children of lesbian and gay parents Child Dev 63 1992 1025-1042
109. M. Allen N. Burrell Comparing the impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: Meta-analysis of existing research J Homosex 32 1996 19-35
110. C.A. Parks Lesbian parenthood: A review of the literature Am J Orthopsychiatry 68 1998 376-389
111. J.F. Morris K.F. Balsam E.D. Rothblum Lesbian and bisexual mothers and nonmothers: Demographics and the coming-out process J Fam Psychol 16 2002 144-156
112. R. Buhrke L. Ben-Ezra M. Hurley L. Ruprecht Content analysis and methodological critique of articles concerning lesbian and gay male issues in counseling journals J Counsel Psychol 39 1992 91-99
113. S.L. Huggins A comparative study of self-esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced heterosexual mothers J Homosex 18 1989 123-135
114. S. Golombok F. Tasker C. Murray Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: Family relationships and the socioemotional development of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers J Child Psychol Psychiatry 38 1997 783-791
115. D. Flaks I. Ficher F. Masterpasqua G. Joseph Lesbians choosing motherhood: A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children Dev Psychol 31 1995 105-114
116. R. Green J. Mandel M. Hotvedt J. Gray L. Smith Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparison with solo parent heterosexual mothers and their children Arch Sex Behav 15 2 1986 167-184
117. R.W. Chan B. Raboy C.J. Patterson Psychosocial adjustment among children conceived via donor insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers Child Dev 69 2 1998 443-457
118. N. Anderssen C. Amlie E.A. Ytteroy Outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents A review of studies from 1978 to 2000. Scand J Psychol 43 2002 335-351
119. J. Bailey D. Bobrow M. Wolfe S. Mikach Sexual orientation of adult sons of gay fathers Dev Psychol 31 1995 124-129
120. F. Tasker S. Golombok Adults raised as children in lesbian families Am J Orthopsychiatry 65 1995 203-215
121. C. Patterson Children of lesbian and gay parents. In: T.H. Ollendick R.J. Prinz (Eds.). Adv Clin Child Psychol 19 1997 235-281
122. M. Stevens S. Golombok M. Beveridge Does father abscence influence children's gender development? Parentin: Science and Practice 2 1 2002 49-62
123. A. Haack-Moller H. Mohl Born af lesbiske modre [Children of lesbian mothers] Dansk Psykolog 38 1984 316-318
124. A. O'Connell Voices from the heart: The developmental impact of a mother's lesbianism on her adolescent children Smith College Studies Soc Work 63 1993 281-299
125. P. Cameron K. Cameron T. Landess Errors by the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, and the National Educational Association in representing homosexuality in amicus briefs about Amendment 2 to the U.S. Supreme Court Psychol Rep 79 1996 383-404
126. R. Lerner A. Nagai No Basis: What the Studies Don't Tell Us About Same-Sex Parenting 2001 Marriage Law Project Washington, D.C Accessed 3/12/2004
127. S. Golombok B. Perry A. Burston C. Murray J. Mooney-Somers M. Stevens J. Golding Children with Lesbian Parents: A Community Study Developmental Psychology 39 1 2003 20-33
128. R. McNair D. Dempsey S. Wise A. Perlesz Lesbian parenting: Issues, strengths and challenges Fam Matt Spring/Summer 63 2002 40-49
129. G. Dunne Opting into motherhood: Lesbians blurring the boundaries and transforming the meaning of parenthood and kinship Gender Soc 14 1 2003 11-35
130. N. Gartrell J. Hamilton A. Banks D. Mosbacher N. Reed C.H. Sparks et al. The national lesbian family study: 1. Interviews with prospective mothers Am J Orthopsychiatry 66 1996 272-281
131. N. Gartrell A. Banks J. Hamilton N. Reed H. Bishop C. Rodas The National Lesbian Family Study: 2. Interviews with mothers of toddlers Am J Orthopsychiatry 69 1999 362-369
132. N. Gartrell A. Banks N. Reed J. Hamilton C. Rodas A. Deck The National Lesbian Family Study: 3. Interviews with mothers of five-year-olds Am J Orthopsychiatry 70 2000 542-548
133. C. Ciano-Boyce L. Shelley-Sireci Who is mommy tonight? Lesbian parenting issues J Homosex 43 2002 1-13
134. E.C. Perrin Technical report: Coparent or second-parent adoption by same-sex parents Pediatrics 109 2002 341-344
135. A.E. Harrison Primary care of lesbian and gay patients: Educating ourselves and our students Fam Med 28 1996 10-23
136. T.F. Kelley D. Langsang Pediatric residency training and the needs of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 3 1 1999 5-9
137. M.A. Gold E.C. Perrin D. Futterman S.B. Friedman Children of gay or lesbian parents Pediatr Rev 15 1994 354-358
138. E.C. Perrin H. Kulkin Pediatric care for children whose parents are gay or lesbian Pediatrics 97 1996 629-635
139. E. Ahmann Working with families having parents who are gay or lesbian Pediatr Nurs 25 1999 531-535
140. T.D. Gershon J.M. Tschann J.M. Jemerin Stigmatization, self-esteem, and coping among the adolescent children of lesbian mothers J Adolesc Health 24 1999 437-445
141. G.E. Israel D.E. Tarver II Transgender Care: Recommended Guidelines, Practical Information and Personal Accounts 1997 Temple University Press Philadelphia, PA
142. E. Lombardi Enhancing transgender health care Am J Public Health 91 2000 965-971
143. B.L. Frankowski Sexual orientation and adolescents Pediatrics 113 6 2004 1827-1832
144. American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs Health care needs of gay men and lesbians in the United States JAMA 275 17 1996 1354-1359
145. American Academy of Pediatrics Parent and child guides to pediatric visits: Guidelines for Health Supervision III 1997 Chicago
146. L.A. Rawitscher R. Saltz L.S. Friedman Adolescents' preferences regarding HIV-related physician counseling Pediatrics 96 1996 52-58
147. H.J. Makadon Improving our health care and our health: An educational imperative J Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 2 4 1998 153-154
148. D.J. Brogan E. Frank L. Elon S.P. Sivanesan K.A. O'Hanlan Harassment of lesbians as medical students and physicians J Am Med Assoc 282 1999 1290-1292
149. B. Schatz K. O'Hanlan Anti-gay discrimination in medicine: Results of a national survey of lesbian, gay, and bisexual physicians Gay Lesbian Med Assoc 1994 May
150. S. Sack E. Perrin B. Drabant Pediatric curriculum on the health and development of gay and lesbian youth 2001 Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, New Orleans (October 1)