Outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents. A review of studies from 1978 to 2000

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 335-351

  Anderssen, Norman ^a   Amlie, Christine ^a   Ytterøy, Erling André ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

Children; Gays; Lesbians; Psychological outcomes; Review

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTITUDE; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; LESBIAN; MALE; PARENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTITUDE; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY, FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 0036726485     PISSN: 00365564     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9450.00302     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Allen, M. & Burrell, N. (1996). Comparing the impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: Meta-analysis of existing research. Journal of Homosexuality, 32, 19-35.
2. Bailey, J. M., Bobrow, D., Wolfe, M. & Mikach, S. (1995). Sexual orientation of adult sons of gay fathers. Developmental Psychology, 31, 124-129.
3. Baumrind, D. (1995). Commentary on sexual orientation: Research and social policy implications. Developmental Psychology, 31, 130-136.
4. Belcastro, P. A., Gramlich, T., Nicholson, T., Price, J. & Wilson, R. (1993). A review of data based studies addressing the affects of homosexual parenting on children's sexual and social functioning. Journal of Divorce and Marriage, 20, 105-122.
5. Bem, S. L. (1995). Dismantling gender polarization and compulsory heterosexuality: Should we turn the volume down or up? Journal of Sex Research, 32, 329-334.
6. Benkov, L. (1995). Lesbian and gay parents: From margin to center. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 7, 49-64.
7. Bohan, J. S. (1993). Regarding gender: Essentialism, constructionism, and feminist psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 17, 5-21.
8. Bozett, F. W. (1987). Gay fathers. In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Gay and lesbian parents (pp. 3-22). London: Praeger.
9. Bozett, F. W. (1988). Social control of identity by children of gay fathers. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 10, 550-565.
10. Brewaeys, A. & Hall, E. V. v. (1997). Review. Lesbian motherhood: The impact on child development and family functioning. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 18, 1-16.
11. Brewaeys, A., Ponjaert, I., Hall, E. V. v. & Golombok, S. (1997). Donor insemination: Child development and family functioning in lesbian mother families. Human Reproduction, 12, 1349-1359.
12. Burman, E. (1994). Deconstructing developmental psychology. London: Routledge.
13. Cameron, P. & Cameron, K. (1997). Did the APA misrepresent the scientific literature to courts in support of homosexual custody? Journal of Psychology, 131, 313-332.
14. Chan, R. W., Raboy, B. & Patterson, C. J. (1998). Psychosocial adjustment among children conceived via donor insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers. Child Development, 69, 443-457.
15. Clarke, V. (2000). "Stereotype, attack and stigmatize those who disagree": Employing scientific rhetoric in debates about lesbian and gay parenting. Feminism and Psychology, 10, 152-159.
16. De Cecco, J. P. (1981). Definition and meaning of sexual orientation. Journal of Homosexuality, 6(4), 51-67.
17. Ernulf, K. E. & Innala, S. M. (1991). Homosexualla män och lesbiska kvinnor som föräldrar: En sammanfatning av aktuell forskning. Nordisk Sexologi, 9, 65-74.
18. Fitzgerald, B. (1999). Children of lesbian and gay parents: A review of the literature. Marriage and Family Review, 29, 57-75.
19. Flaks, D. K., Ficher, I., Masterpasqua, F. & Joseph, G. (1995). Lesbians choosing motherhood: A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children. Developmental Psychology, 31, 105-114.
20. Gershon, T. D., Tschann, J. M. & Jemerin, J. M. (1999). Stigmatization, self-esteem, and coping among the adolescent children of lesbian mothers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 24, 437-445.
21. Goffman, E. (1963/1981). Stigma. Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
22. Golombok, S. (1999). New family forms: Children raised in solo mother families, lesbian mother families, and in families created by assisted reproduction. In L. Balter & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Child psychology. A handbook of contemporary issues (pp. 429-446). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
23. Golombok, S., Spencer, A. & Rutter, M. (1983). Children in lesbian and single-parent households: Psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 551-572.
24. Golombok, S. & Tasker, F. (1996). Do parents influence the sexual orientation of their children? Findings from a longitudinal study of lesbian families. Developmental Psychology, 32, 3-11.
25. Golombok, S., Tasker, F. & Murray, C. (1997). Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: Family relationships and the socioemotional development of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 783-791.
26. Goodman, G. S., Emery, R. E. & Haugaard, J. J. (1998). Developmental psychology and law: Divorce, child maltreatment, foster care, and adoption. In W. Damon, I. E. Sigel & K. A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (vol. 4, pp. 775-874). New York: Wiley.
27. Gottman, J. S. (1990). Children of gay and lesbian parents. In F. W. Bozett & M. B. Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and family relations (pp. 177-196). New York: Haworth Press.
28. Green, R. (1974). Sexual identity conflicts in children and adults. New York: Basic Books.
29. Green, R. (1978). Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 692-697.
30. Green, R., Mandel, J. B., Hotvedt, M. E., Gray, J. & Smith, L. (1986). Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparison with solo parent heterosexual mothers and their children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 167-184.
31. Haack-Møller, A. & Møhl, H. (1984). Børn af lesbiske mødre [Children of lesbian mothers]. Dansk Psykolog Nyt, 38, 316-318.
32. Halvorsen, M. S. & Joner, A. (1999). Barns oppvekst i lesbiske parforhold. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforeninng, 36, 514-522.
33. Hegna, K., Kristiansen, H. W. & Moseng, B. U. (1999). Levekår og livskvalitet blant lesbiske kvinner og homofile menn [Living conditions and life quality among lesbian women and men] (vol. 1). Oslo: Norsk institutt for forskning om oppvekst, velferd og aldring (NOVA - Norwegian social research).
34. Herek, G. M. & Capitanio, J. P. (1996). "Some of my best friends": Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 412-424.
35. Hoeffer, B. (1981). Children's acquisition of sex-role behavior in lesbian-mother families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 536-544.
36. Hooker, E. (1957). The adjustment of the male overt homosexual. Journal of Projective Techniques, 21, 18-31.
37. Hotvedt, M. E. & Mandel, J. B. (1982). Children of lesbian mothers. In P. William, J. D. Weinreich, J. C. Gonsiorek & M. E. Hotvedt (Eds.), Homosexuality. Social, psychological, and biological issues (pp. 275-285). London: Sage Publications.
38. Huggins, S. L. (1989). A comparative study of self-esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced heterosexual mothers. Journal of Homosexuality, 18, 123-135.
39. Javaid, G. A. (1993). The children of homosexual and heterosexual single mothers. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 23, 235-248.
40. King, B. R. & Black, K. N. (1999). Extent of relational stigmatization of lesbians and their children by heterosexual college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 37, 65-81.
41. Kirkpatrick, M., Smith, C. & Roy, R. (1981). Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparative study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 545-551.
42. Leick, N. & Nielsen, J. (1974). Om lesbiske familier [On lesbian families]. København Universitet, København.
43. Lewis, K. G. (1980). Children of lesbians: their point of view. Social Work (May), 198-203.
44. Lynch, J. M. & Murray, K. (2000). For the love of the children: The coming out process for lesbian and gay parents and stepparents. Journal of Homosexuality, 39, 1-24.
45. Mandel, J. B. & Hotvedt, M. E. (1980). Lesbians as parents. A preliminary comparison of heterosexual and homosexual mothers and their children. Huisarts and Praktijk, 31-34.
46. McCandlish, B. M. (1987). Against all odds: Lesbian mother family dynamics. In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Gay and lesbian parents (pp. 23-36). London: Praeger.
47. Miller, B. (1979). Gay fathers and their children. Family Coordinator (October), 544-552.
48. Money, J. & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1972). Man and woman boy and girl. The differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
49. O'Connell, A. (1993). Voices from the heart: The developmental impact of a mother's lesbianism on her adolescent children. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63, 281-299.
50. Patterson, C. J. (1992). Children of lesbian and gay parents. Child Development, 63, 1025-1042.
51. Patterson, C. J. (1994). Children of the lesbian baby boom. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology. Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 156-175). London: Sage Publications.
52. Patterson, C. J. & Redding, R. E. (1996). Lesbian and gay families with children: Implications of social science research for policy. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 29-50.
53. Pollack, S. (1990). Lesbian parents: Claiming our visibility. In J. P. Knowles & E. Cole (Eds.), Motherhood. A feminist perspective (pp. 181-194). London: Haworth Press.
54. Rafkin, L. (1990). Different mothers. Sons and daughters of lesbians talk about their lives. Pittsburgh: Cleis Press.
55. Richardson, D. (1984). The dilemma of essentiality in homosexual theory. Journal of Homosexuality, 9, 79-90.
56. Rivera, R. R. (1987). Legal issues in gay and lesbian parenting. In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Gay and lesbian parents (pp. 199-227). London: Praeger.
57. Statistisk Sentralbyrå (1997). Verdiundersøkelsen, 1996: Vi er blitt mer liberale. Ukens statistikk (33).
58. Shivery, M. G. & De Cecco, J. P. (1977). Components of sexual identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 3, 41-48.
59. Steckel, A. (1987). Psychosocial development of children of lesbian mothers. In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Gay and lesbian parents (pp. 75-85). London: Praeger.
60. Strommen, E. F. (1989). "You're a what?": Family member reactions to the disclosure of homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 18, 37-58.
61. Tasker, F. & Golombok, S. (1995). Adults raised as children in lesbian families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 203-215.
62. Tasker, F. L. & Golombok, S. (1997). Growing up in a lesbian family. Effects on child development. London: Guilford Press.
63. Wardle, L. D. (1997). The potential impact of homosexual parenting on children. University of Illinois Law Review, 833-920.