Properties of subvisible cirrus clouds formed by homogeneous freezing

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 161-170

  Karcher B ^a,b  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0842343021     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-2-161-2002     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Beyerle, G., Schäfer, H.-J., Neuber, R., Schrems, O., and McDermid, I. S.: Dual wavelength lidar observation of tropical high altitude cirrus clouds during the ALBATROSS 1996 campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 919-922, 1998.
2. Borrmann, S., Solomon, S., Dye, J. E., and Luo, B.: The potential of cirrus clouds for heterogeneous chlorine activation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2133-2136, 1996.
3. Chiou, E. W., McCormick, M. P., and Chu, W. P.: Global water vapor distributions in the stratosphere and upper troposphere derived from 5.5 years of SAGE II observations (1986-1991), J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19 105-19 118, 1997.
4. Dessler, A. E., Minschwaner, K., Weinstock, E. M., Hintsa, E. J., Anderson, J. G., and Russell, III, J. M.: The effects of tropical cirrus clouds on the abundance of lower stratospheric ozone, J. Atmos. Chem., 23, 209-220, 1996.
5. Gierens, K. M., Schumann, U., Helten, M., Smit, H., and Marenco, A.: A distribution law for relative humidity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere derived from three years of MOZAIC measurements, Ann. Geophysicae, 17, 1218-1226, 1999.
6. Goldfarb, L., Keckhut, P., Chanin, M.-L., and Hauchecorne, A.: Cirrus climatological results from lidar measurements at OHP (44° N, 6° E), Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1687-1690, 2001.
7. Hartmann, D. L., Holton, J. R., and Fu, Q.: The heat balance of the tropical tropopause, cirrus, and stratospheric dehydration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1969-1972, 2001.
8. 2O on ice surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 8502-8509, 1992.
9. Hervig, M. and McHugh, M.: Cirrus detection using HALOE measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 719-722, 1999.
10. Jensen, E. J., Loon, O. B., Pfister, L., and Selkirk, H. B.: Dehydration of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by subvisible cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 825-828, 1996.
11. Jensen, E. J., Toon, O. B., Vay, S. A., Ovarlez, J., May, R., Bui, P., Twohy, C. H., Gandrud, B., Pueschel, R. F., and Schumann, U.: Prevalence of ice-supersaturated regions in the upper troposphere: Implications for optically thin ice cloud formation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17 253-17 266, 2001.
12. Kärcher, B. and Solomon, S.: On the composition and optical extinction of particles in the tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 27 441-27 459, 1999.
13. Kärcher, B. and Lohmann, U.: A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000470, 2002a.
14. Kärcher, B. and Lohmann, U.: A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing including effects of aerosol size, J. Geophys. Res., 107, in press, 2002b.
15. Kent, G. S., Winker, D. M., Osborn, M. T., and Skeens, K. M.: A model for the separation of cloud and aerosol in SAGE II occultation data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20 725-20 735, 1993.
16. Koop, Th., Luo, B. P., Tsias, A., and Peter, Th.: Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions, Nature, 406, 611-614, 2000.
17. Lelieveld, J., Bregman, A., Scheeren, H. A., Ström, J., Carslaw, K. S., Fischer, H., Siegmund, P. C., and Arnold, F.: Chlorine activation and ozone destruction in the northern lowermost stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8201-8213, 1999.
18. Lin, R.-F., Starr, D. O'C., DeMott, P. J., Cotton, R., Sassen, K., Jensen, E., Kärcher, B., and Liu, X.: Cirrus parcel model comparison project phase 1: The critical components to simulate cirrus initiation explicity, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, in press, 2002.
19. Lynch, D. K.: Subvisual cirrus: What it is and where you find it, in: Passive infrared remote sensing of clouds and the atmosphere, (Ed) Lynch, D. K., Society of Photooptical Instrumentation and Engineering (SPIE) Proceedings Series, Bellingham, WA, Vol. 1934, 264-274, 1993.
20. McFarquhar, G. M., Heymsfield, A. J., Spinhirne, J., and Hart, B.: Thin and subvisual tropopause tropical cirrus: Observations and radiative impacts, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 1841-1853, 2000.
21. Meilinger, S. K., Kärcher, B., and Peter, Th.: On the impact of heterogeneous chemistry on ozone in the tropopause region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 515-518, 2001.
22. Murphy, D. M., Kelly, K. K., Luck, A. F., Proffitt, M. H., and Kinne, S.: Ice saturation at the tropopause observed from the ER-2 aircraft, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 353-356, 1990.
23. Ovarlez, J., van Velthoven, P., Sachse, G., Vay, S., Schlager, H., and Ovarlez, H.: Comparisons of water vapor measurements from POLINAT 2 with ECMWF analyses in high-humidity conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3737-3744, 2000.
24. Peter, Th., Luo, B. P., Kiemle, C., Flentje, H., Wirth, M., Borrmann, S., Thomas, A., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Di Donfrancesco, G., Stefanutti, L., Santacesaria, V., Carslaw, K. S., and MacKenzie, A.R.: Ultrathin subvisible cirrus clouds at the tropical tropopause, in: 15th Int. Conf. Nucl. Atmos. Aerosols, American Institute of Physics, (Eds) Hale, B. N. and Kulmala, M., 619-622, 2000
25. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, 1997.
26. Rogers, D. C., DeMott, P. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., and Chen, Y.: Measurements of ice nucleating aerosols during SUCCESS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1383-1386, 1998.
27. Sassen, K. and Cho, B. S.: Subvisual-thin cirrus lidar dataset for satellite verification and climatological research, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 1275-1285, 1992.
28. Sassen, K. and Campbell, J. R.: A midlatitude cirrus cloud climatology from the facility for atmospheric remote sensing. Part I: Macrophysical and synoptic properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 481-496, 2001.
29. Smith, J. B., Hintsa, E. J., Allen, N. T., Stimpfle, R. M., and Anderson, J. G.: Mechanisms for midlatitude ozone loss: Heterogeneous chemistry in the lowermost stratosphere?, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 1297-1309, 2001.
30. Solomon, S., Borrmann, S., Garcia, R. R., Portmann, R., Thomason, L., Poole, L. R., Winker, D., and McCormick, M. P.: Heterogeneous chlorine chemistry in the tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21 411-21 429, 1997.
31. Wang, P.-H., Minnis, P., McCormick, M. P., Kent, G. S., and Skeens, K. M.: A 6-year climatology of cloud occurrence frequency from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II observations (1985-1990), J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29 407-29 429, 1996.
32. Winker, D. M. and Trepte, C. R.: Laminar cirrus observed near the tropical tropopause by LITE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3351-3354, 1998.
33. Van De Hulst, H. C.: Light Scattering by Small Particles, John Wiley, New York, 1957.