MYCN in neuronal tumours

Cancer Letters

Volumn 204, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 179-187

  Schwab, Manfred ^a  

^a GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Amplification; Astrocytoma; Chromosome; Duplication; Fragile site; Gene dosage; Genetic instability; Glioma; Marker; MYC; N myc; Neuroblastoma; Nuclear protein; Oncogene; Peripheral neuroectodermal tumors; Prognosis; Retinoblastoma; Small cell lung cancer

Indexed keywords

CANCER; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE DOSAGE; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC DAMAGE; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; HUMAN; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NEUROBLASTOMA; NEUROECTODERM TUMOR; NEUROMA; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; ONCOGENE C MYB; POLYPLOIDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; STANDARD; STRATIFICATION; WILD TYPE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0842309106     PISSN: 03043835     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00454-3     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Schwab M. The myc-box oncogenes. Reddy E.P., Skalka A.M., Curran T. The Oncogene Handbook. 1988;381.
2. Schwab M. Amplification of N-myc in human neuroblastomas. Trends Genet. 1:1985;271-275.
3. Alitalo K., Schwab M. Oncogene amplification in tumor cells. Adv. Cancer Res. 47:1986;235-281.
4. Schwab M., Amler L.C. Amplification of cellular oncogenes: a predictor of clinical outcome in human cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1:1990;181-193.
5. Schwab M., Alitalo K., Klempnauer K.H., Varmus H.E., Bishop J.M., Gilbert F., Brodeur G., Goldstein M., Trent J. Amplified DNA with limited homology to myc cellular oncogene is shared by human neuroblastoma cell lines and a neuroblastoma tumour. Nature. 305:1983;245-248.
6. Nau M.M., Brooks B.J., Battey J., Sausville E., Gazdar A.F., Kirsch I.R., McBride O.W., Bertness V., Hollis G.F., Minna J.D. L-myc, a new myc-related gene amplified and expressed in human small cell lung cancer. Nature. 318:1985;69-73.
7. Kohl N.E., Kanda N., Schreck R.R., Bruns G., Latt S.A., Gilbert F., Alt F.W. Transposition and amplification of oncogene-related sequences in human neuroblastomas. Cell. 35:1983;359-367.
8. Schwab M., Varmus H.E., Bishop J.M., Grzeschik K.H., Naylor S.L., Sakaguchi A.Y., Brodeur G., Trent J. Chromosome localization in normal human cells and neuroblastomas of a gene related to c-myc. Nature. 308:1984;288-291.
9. Dalla-Favera R., Bregni M., Erikson J., Patterson D., Gallo R.C., Croce C.M. Human c-myc onc gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 79:1982;7824-7827.
10. Schwab M., Corvi R., Amler L.C. N-MYC oncogene amplification: a consequence of genomic instability in human neuroblastoma. Neuroscientist. 1:1995;277-285.
11. Corvi R., Savelyeva L., Schwab M. Duplication of N-MYC at its resident site 2p24 may be a mechanism of activation alternative to amplification in human neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res. 55:1995;3471-3474.
12. Amler L.C., Schwab M. Amplified N-myc in human neuroblastoma cells is often arranged as clustered tandem repeats of differently recombined DNA. Mol. Cell Biol. 9:1989;4903-4913.
13. Amler L.C., Schurmann J., Schwab M. The DDX1 gene maps within 400 kbp 5′ to MYCN and is frequently coamplified in human neuroblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 15:1996;134-137.
14. Godbout R., Squire J. Amplification of a DEAD box protein gene in retinoblastoma cell lines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;7578-7582.
15. Wimmer K., Zhu X.X., Lamb B.J., Kuick R., Ambros P.F., Kovar H., Thoraval D., Motyka S., Alberts J.R., Hanash S.M. Co-amplification of a novel gene, NAG, with the N-myc gene in neuroblastoma. Oncogene. 18:1999;233-238.
16. De Preter K., Speleman F., Combaret V., Lunec J., Laureys G., Eussen B.H., Francotte N., Board J., Pearson A.D., De Paepe A., Van Roy N., Vandesompele J. Quantification of MYCN, DDX1, and NAG gene copy number in neuroblastoma using a real-time quantitative PCR assay. Mod. Pathol. 15:2002;159-166.
17. Stanton L.W., Schwab M., Bishop J.M. Nucleotide sequence of the human N-myc gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1986;1772-1776.
18. Ibson J.M., Rabbitts P.H. Sequence of a germ-line N-myc gene and amplification as a mechanism of activation. Oncogene. 2:1988;399-402.
19. Schwab M., Bishop J.M. Sustained expression of the human protooncogene MYCN rescues rat embryo cells from senescence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;9585-9589.
20. Lutz W., Schwab M. In vivo regulation of single copy and amplified N-myc in human neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene. 15:1997;303-315.
21. Schwab M., Westermann F., Hero B., Berthold F. Biology, and molecular and chromosomal pathology of human neuroblastoma. Lancet Oncol. 4:2003;472-480.
22. Seeger R.C., Brodeur G.M., Sather H., Dalton A., Siegel S.E., Wong K.Y., Hammond D. Association of multiple copies of the N-myc oncogene with rapid progression of neuroblastomas. N Engl. J. Med. 313:1985;1111-1116.
23. Rubie H., Hartmann O., Michon J., Frappaz D., Coze C., Chastagner P., Baranzelli M.C., Plantaz D., Avet-Loiseau H., Benard J., Delattre O., Favrot M., Peyroulet M.C., Thyss A., Perel Y., Bergeron C., Courbon-Collet B., Vannier J.P., Lemerle J., Sommelet D. N-Myc gene amplification is a major prognostic factor in localized neuroblastoma: results of the French NBL 90 study. Neuroblastoma Study Group of the Societe Francaise d'Oncologie Pediatrique. J. Clin. Oncol. 15:1997;1171-1182.
24. Berthold F., Sahin K., Hero B., Christiansen H., Gehring M., Harms D., Horz S., Lampert F., Schwab M., Terpe J. The current contribution of molecular factors to risk estimation in neuroblastoma patients. Eur. J. Cancer. 33:1997;2092-2097.
25. Roelofs H., Schuuring E., Wiegant J., Michalides R., Giphart-Gassler M. Amplification of the 11q13 region in human carcinoma cell lines: a mechanistic view. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 7:1993;74-84.
26. Smith K.A., Gorman P.A., Stark M.B., Groves R.P., Stark G.R. Distinctive chromosomal structures are formed very early in the amplification of CAD genes in Syrian hamster cells. Cell. 63:1990;1219-1227.
27. Debatisse M., Coquelle A., Toledo F., Buttin G. Gene amplification mechanisms: the role of fragile sites. Recent Results Cancer Res. 154:1998;216-226.
28. Coquelle A., Pipiras E., Toledo F., Buttin G., Debatisse M. Expression of fragile sites triggers intrachromosomal mammalian gene amplification and sets boundaries to early amplicons. Cell. 89:1997;215-225.
29. Smith K.A., Stark M.B., Gorman P.A., Stark G.R. Fusions near telomeres occur very early in the amplification of CAD genes in Syrian hamster cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;5427-5431.
30. Toledo F., Le Roscouet D., Buttin G., Debatisse M. Co-amplified markers alternate in megabase long chromosomal inverted repeats and cluster independently in interphase nuclei at early steps of mammalian gene amplification. EMBO J. 11:1992;2665-2673.
31. Hellman A., Zlotorynski E., Scherer S.W., Cheung J., Vincent J.B., Smith D.I., Trakhtenbrot L., Kerem B. A role for common fragile site induction in amplification of human oncogenes. Cancer Cell. 1:2002;89-97.
32. Corvi R., Amler L.C., Savelyeva L., Gehring M., Schwab M. MYCN is retained in single copy at chromosome 2 band p23-24 during amplification in human neuroblastoma cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;5523-5527.
33. Hyrien O., Debatisse M., Buttin G., de Saint Vincent B.R. The multi-copy appearance of a large inverted duplication and the sequence at the inversion joint suggest a new model for gene amplification. EMBO J. 7:1988;407-417.
34. Schwab M., Ellison J., Busch M., Rosenau W., Varmus H.E., Bishop J.M. Enhanced expression of the human gene N-myc consequent to amplification of DNA may contribute to malignant progression of neuroblastoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 81:1984;4940-4944.
35. Ramsay G., Stanton L., Schwab M., Bishop J.M. Human proto-oncogene N-myc encodes nuclear proteins that bind DNA. Mol. Cell Biol. 6:1986;4450-4457.
36. Jakobovits A., Schwab M., Bishop J.M., Martin G.R. Expression of N-myc in teratocarcinoma stem cells and mouse embryos. Nature. 318:1985;188-191.
37. Lee W.H., Murphree A.L., Benedict W.F. Expression and amplification of the N-myc gene in primary retinoblastoma. Nature. 309:1984;458-460.
38. Nisen P.D., Zimmerman K.A., Cotter S.V., Gilbert F., Alt F.W. Enhanced expression of the N-myc gene in Wilms' tumors. Cancer Res. 46:1986;6217-6222.
39. Squire J., Goddard A.D., Canton M., Becker A., Phillips R.A., Gallie B.L. Tumour induction by the retinoblastoma mutation is independent of N-myc expression. Nature. 322:1986;555-557.
40. Zimmerman K.A., Yancopoulos G.D., Collum R.G., Smith R.K., Kohl N.E., Denis K.A., Nau M.M., Witte O.N., Toran-Allerand D., Gee C.E., et al. Differential expression of myc family genes during murine development. Nature. 319:1986;780-783.
41. Grady E.F., Schwab M., Rosenau W. Expression of N-myc and c-src during the development of fetal human brain. Cancer Res. 47:1987;2931-2936.
42. Muller R., Tremblay J.M., Adamson E.D., Verma I.M. Tissue and cell type-specific expression of two human c-onc genes. Nature. 304:1983;454-456.
43. Thiele C.J., Reynolds C.P., Israel M.A. Decreased expression of N-myc precedes retinoic acid-induced morphological differentiation of human neuroblastoma. Nature. 313:1985;404-406.
44. Slamon D.J., Boone T.C., Seeger R.C., Keith D.E., Chazin V., Lee H.C., Souza L.M. Identification and characterization of the protein encoded by the human N-myc oncogene. Science. 232:1986;768-772.
45. Hamann U., Wenzel A., Frank R., Schwab M. The MYCN protein of human neuroblastoma cells is phosphorylated by casein kinase II in the central region and at serine 367. Oncogene. 6:1991;1745-1751.
46. Kouzarides T., Ziff E. The role of the leucine zipper in the fos-jun interaction. Nature. 336:1988;646-651.
47. Landschulz W.H., Johnson P.F., McKnight S.L. The leucine zipper: a hypothetical structure common to a new class of DNA binding proteins. Science. 240:1988;1759-1764.
48. Murre C., McCaw P.S., Baltimore D. A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and myc proteins. Cell. 56:1989;777-783.
49. Blackwood E.M., Eisenman R.N. Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc. Science. 251:1991;1211-1217.
50. Wenzel A., Cziepluch C., Hamann U., Schurmann J., Schwab M. The N-Myc oncoprotein is associated in vivo with the phosphoprotein Max(p20/22) in human neuroblastoma cells. EMBO J. 10:1991;3703-3712.
51. Sakamuro D., Prendergast G.C. New Myc-interacting proteins: a second Myc network emerges. Oncogene. 18:1999;2942-2954.
52. Wood M.A., McMahon S.B., Cole M.D. An ATPase/helicase complex is an essential cofactor for oncogenic transformation by c-Myc. Mol. Cell. 5:2000;321-330.
53. Bao J., Zervos A.S. Isolation and characterization of Nmi, a novel partner of Myc proteins. Oncogene. 12:1996;2171-2176.
54. Bannasch D., Weis I., Schwab M. Nmi protein interacts with regions that differ between MycN and Myc and is localized in the cytoplasm of neuroblastoma cells in contrast to nuclear MycN. Oncogene. 18:1999;6810-6817.
55. Bannasch D., Madge B., Schwab M. Functional interaction of Yaf2 with the central region of MycN. Oncogene. 20:2001;5913-5919.
56. Henriksson M., Luscher B. Proteins of the Myc network: essential regulators of cell growth and differentiation. Adv. Cancer Res. 68:1996;109-182.
57. Dang C.V. c-Myc target genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and metabolism. Mol. Cell Biol. 19:1999;1-11.
58. Facchini L.M., Penn L.Z. The molecular role of Myc in growth and transformation: recent discoveries lead to new insights. FASEB J. 12:1998;633-651.
59. Claassen G.F., Hann S.R. Myc-mediated transformation: the repression connection. Oncogene. 18:1999;2925-2933.
60. Lutz W., Stohr M., Schurmann J., Wenzel A., Lohr A., Schwab M. Conditional expression of N-myc in human neuroblastoma cells increases expression of alpha-prothymosin and ornithine decarboxylase and accelerates progression into S-phase early after mitogenic stimulation of quiescent cells. Oncogene. 13:1996;803-812.
61. Boon K., Caron H.N., van Asperen R., Valentijn L., Hermus M.C., van Sluis P., Roobeek I., Weis I., Voute P.A., Schwab M., Versteeg R. N-myc enhances the expression of a large set of genes functioning in ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. EMBO J. 20:2001;1383-1393.
62. Lutz W., Fulda S., Jeremias I., Debatin K.M., Schwab M. MycN and IFNgamma cooperate in apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene. 17:1998;339-346.
63. Fulda S., Lutz W., Schwab M., Debatin K.M. MycN sensitizes neuroblastoma cells for drug-induced apoptosis. Oncogene. 18:1999;1479-1486.
64. Wiedemeyer R., Westermann F., Wittke I., Nowock J., Schwab M. Ataxin-2 promotes apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene. 22:2003;401-411.
65. Collins V.P. Amplified genes in human gliomas. Semin. Cancer Biol. 4:1993;27-32.
66. Hui A.B., Lo K.W., Yin X.L., Poon W.S., Ng H.K. Detection of multiple gene amplifications in glioblastoma multiforme using array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Lab. Invest. 81:2001;717-723.
67. Rouah E., Wilson D.R., Armstrong D.L., Darlington G.J. N-myc amplification and neuronal differentiation in human primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer Res. 49:1989;1797-1801.
68. Bayani J., Zielenska M., Marrano P., Kwan Ng Y., Taylor M.D., Jay V., Rutka J.T., Squire J.A. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of medulloblastomas and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors by using conventional banding, comparative genomic hybridization, and spectral karyotyping. J. Neurosurg. 93:2000;437-448.
69. Fruhwald M.C., O'Dorisio M.S., Rush L.J., Reiter J.L., Smiraglia D.J., Wenger G., Costello J.F., White P.S., Krahe R., Brodeur G.M., Plass C. Gene amplification in PNETs/medulloblastomas: mapping of a novel amplified gene within the MYCN amplicon. J. Med. Genet. 37:2000;501-509.
70. Schutz B.R., Scheurlen W., Krauss J., du Manoir S., Joos S., Bentz M., Lichter P. Mapping of chromosomal gains and losses in primitive neuroectodermal tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 16:1996;196-203.
71. Khoddami M., Squire J., Zielenska M., Thorner P. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy: a molecular genetic study. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 1:1998;295-299.
72. Miura I., Graziano S.L., Cheng J.Q., Doyle L.A., Testa J.R. Chromosome alterations in human small cell lung cancer: frequent involvement of 5q. Cancer Res. 52:1992;1322-1328.
73. Dietzsch E., Lukeis R.E., Vrazas V., Hasthorpe S., Garson O.M. Characterization of homogeneously staining regions in a small cell lung cancer cell line, using in situ hybridization with an MYCN probe. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 10:1994;213-216.
74. Brooks B., Battey J., Nau M.M., Gazdar A., Minna J. Amplification and expression of the myc gene in small cell lung cancer. Adv. Viral Oncol. 7:1987;155-172.
75. Nau M.M., Brooks B.J. Jr., Carney D.N., Gazdar A.F., Battey J.F., Sausville E.A., Minna J.D. Human small-cell lung cancers show amplification and expression of the N-myc gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1986;1092-1096.
76. Squire J., Gallie B.L., Phillips R.A. A detailed analysis of chromosomal changes in heritable and non-heritable retinoblastoma. Hum. Genet. 70:1985;291-301.
77. Garson J.A., McIntyre P.G., Kemshead J.T. N-myc amplification in malignant astrocytoma. Lancet. 2:1985;718-719.