Towards a phylogeny of chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) based on combined analysis of five molecular loci

Organisms Diversity and Evolution

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 281-302

  Okusu, Akiko ^a,d   Schwabe, Enrico ^b   Eernisse, Douglas J ^c   Giribet, Gonzalo ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ZOOLOGISCHE STAATSSAMMLUNG MÜNCHEN   (Germany)

^c CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Dartmouth College   (United States)

Author keywords

Direct optimization; Evolution; Maximum likelihood; Molecular phylogeny; Parsimony; POY

Indexed keywords

PHYLOGENY;

ACANTHOCHITONINA; CALLOCHITON; CHITON; INVERTEBRATA; LEPIDOPLEURIDAE; MOLLUSCA; POLYPLACOPHORA; SCHIZOCHITON;

EID: 0842302391     PISSN: 14396092     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1078/1439-6092-00085     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Beesley, P. L., Ross, G. J. B. & Wells, A. (eds) (1998). Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia, Vol. 5. Part A. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
2. Bergenhayn, J. R. M. (1930): Kurze Bemerkungen zur Kenntnis der Schalenstruktur und Systematik der Loricaten. K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. (3rd Series) 9: 1-54, 10 pls.
3. Bergenhayn, J. R. M. (1955): Die fossilen Schwedischen Loricaten nebst einer vorläufigen Revision der ganzen Klasse Loricata. K. Fysiogr. Sällsk. Handl., Lund, N.F. 66: 1-44, Figs. 1-10, pls 1-2.
4. Buckland-Nicks, J. (1993): Hull cupules of chiton eggs: parachute structures and sperm focusing devices? Biol. Bull. 184: 269-276.
5. Buckland-Nicks, J. (1995): Ultrastructure of sperm and sperm-egg interaction in Aculifera: implications for molluscan phylogeny. In: Jamieson, B. G. M., Ausió, J. & Justine, J.-L. (eds) Advances in Spermatozoal Phylogeny and Taxonomy. Mém. Mus. Natl Hist. Nat. (Paris) 166: 129-153.
6. Buckland-Nicks, J., Chia, F-S. & Koss, R. (1990): Spermiogenesis in Polyplacophora, with special reference to acrosome formation (Mollusca). Zoomorph. 109: 179-188.
7. Buckland-Nicks, J. & Eernisse, D. J. (1993): Ultrastructure of mature sperm and eggs of the brooding hermaphroditic chiton, Lepidochitona fernaldi Eernisse, 1986, with special reference to the mechanism of fertilization. J. Exp. Zool. 265: 567-574.
8. Buckland-Nicks, J. & Hodgson, A. N. (2000): Fertilization in Callochiton castaneus (Mollusca). Biol. Bull. 199: 59-67.
9. Buckland-Nicks, J. & Scheltema, A. H. (1995): Was internal fertilization an innovation of early Bilateria? Evidence from the sperm structure of a mollusc. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B (Biol.) 261: 11-18.
10. Colgan, D. J., McLauchlan, A., Wilson, G. D. F., Livingston, S. P., Edgecombe, G. D., Macaranas, J., Cassis, G. & Gray, M. R. (1998): Histone H3 and U2 snRNA DNA sequences and arthropod molecular evolution. Aust. J. Zool. 46: 419-437.
11. Durfort, M., Bargalló, B., Bozzo, M. G., Fontarnau, R. & Lopez-Camps, J. (1982): Relationship between follicular cells and oocytes of Trachydermon cinereus Thiele (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). Malacologia 22: 211-217.
12. Eernisse, D. J. (1984): Lepidochitona Gray, 1821 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora), from the Pacific coast of the United States: systematics and reproduction. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz, 358 pp.
13. Eernisse, D. J. (1988): Reproductive patterns in six species of Lepidochitona (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the Pacific Coast of North America. Biol. Bull. 174: 287-302.
14. Eernisse, D. J. & Reynolds, P. D. (1994): Polyplacophora. Pp. 55-110 in: Harrison, F. W. & Kohn A. J. (eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 5: Mollusca I. Wiley-Liss, New York.
15. Farris, J. S. (1997): The future of phylogeny reconstruction. Zool. Scripta 26: 303-311.
16. Farris, J. S., Källersjö, M., Kluge, A. G. & Bult, C. (1995): Testing significance of incongruence. Cladistics 10: 315-319.
17. Felsenstein, J. (1981): Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. J. Mol. Evol. 17: 368-376.
18. Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. C. (1994): DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 3: 294-299.
19. Giribet, G. (2001): Exploring the behavior of POY, a program for direct optimization of molecular data. Cladistics 17: S60-S70.
20. Giribet, G. (2002a): Current advances in the phylogenetic reconstruction of metazoan evolution. A new paradigm for the Cambrian explosion? Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 24: 345-357.
21. Giribet, G. (2002b): Relationships among metazoan phyla as inferred from 18S rRNA sequence data: a methodological approach. Pp. 85-101 in: DeSalle, R., Giribet, G. & Wheeler, W. C. (eds) Molecular Systematics and Evolution: Theory and Practice. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel.
22. Giribet, G. (2003): Stability in phylogenetic formulations and its relationship to nodal support. Syst. Biol. 52: 554-564.
23. Giribet, G., Carranza, S., Baguñà, J., Riutort, M. & Ribera, C. (1996): First molecular evidence for the existence of a Tardigrada + Arthropoda clade. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 76-84.
24. Giribet, G., Distel, D. L., Polz, M., Sterrer, W. & Wheeler, W. C. (2000): Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: a combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Biol. 49: 539-562.
25. Giribet, G. & Wheeler, W. C. (2001): Some unusual small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences of metazoans. American Mus. Novitates 3337: 1-14.
26. Giribet, G. & Wheeler, W. C. (2002): On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121: 271-324.
27. Goloboff, P. A. ( 1999): Analyzing large data sets in reasonable times: solutions for composite optima. Cladistics 15: 415-428.
28. Goloboff, P. A. (2002): Techniques for analyzing large data sets. Pp. 70-79 in: DeSalle, R., Giribet, G. & Wheeler, W. (eds) Techniques in Molecular Systematics and Evolution. Brikhäuser Verlag, Basel.
29. Gowlett-Holmes, K. L. (1987): The suborder Choriplacina Starobogatov & Sirenko, 1975 with a redescription of Choriplax grayi (H. Adams & Angas, 1864) (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Trans. Proc. R. Soc. South Australia 111: 105-110.
30. Haszprunar, G. (2000): Is the Aplacophora monophyletic? A cladistic point of view. Am. Malacol. Bull. 15: 115-130.
31. Healy, J. M., Keys J. L. & Daddow L. Y. M. (2000): Comparative sperm ultrastructure in pteriomorphian bivalves with special reference to phylogenetic and taxonomic implications. Pp. 169-190 in: Harper, E. M., Taylor, J. D. & Crame, J. A. (eds) The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia. The Geological Society of London, London.
32. Hodgson, A. N., Baxter, J. M., Sturrock, M. G. & Bernard, R. T. F. (1988): Comparative spermatology of 11 species of Polyplacophora (Mollusca) from the suborders Lepidopleurina, Chitonina, and Acanthochitonina. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B (Biol.) 235: 161-177.
33. Hyman, L. H. (1967): The Invertebrates. Volume VI. Mollusca I. 792 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.
34. Kaas, P., Jones, A. M. & Gowlett-Holmes, K. L. (1998): Class Polyplacophora. Pp. 161-194, pls 7-9 in: Beesley, P. L., Ross, G. J. B. & Wells, A. (eds) Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Fauna of Australia. Vol. 5. Part A. xvi+563 pp., pls 1-37, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
35. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1985a): Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 1. Order Neoloricata: Lepidopleurina. 240 pp., E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys, Leiden.
36. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1985b): Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 2. Suborder Ischnochitonina Ischnochitonidae: Schizoplacinae, Callochitoninae & Lepidochitoninae. 198 pp., E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys, Leiden.
37. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1987): Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 3. Suborder Ischnochitonina Ischnochitonidae: Chaetopleurinae & Ischnochitoninae (pars). 302 pp., E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys, Leiden.
38. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1990): Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 4. Suborder Ischnochitonina Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (continued). 298 pp., E. J. Brill, Leiden.
39. Kaas, P. & Van Belle, R. A. (1994): Monograph of living chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Vol. 5. Suborder Ischnochitonina Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (continued). 402 pp. E. J. Brill/W. Backhuys, Leiden.
40. Linnaeus, C. (1758): Vermes II I Testacea, genus 226 Chiton. P. 667 in: Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 4 + 824 pp.
41. Mickevich, M. F. & Farris, J. S. (1981): The implications of congruence in Menidia. Syst. Zool. 27: 143-158.
42. Okusu, A. (2003): Evolution of "early" molluscs. Chapter 3: Chiton phylogeny. Ph.D. thesis. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 154 pp.
43. Okusu, A. & Giribet, G. (2003): New 18S rRNA sequences from neomenioid aplacophorans, and the possible origin of persistent exogenous contamination. J. Mollusc. Stud. 69: 385-387.
44. Pashchenko, S. V. & Drozdov, A. L. (1998): Morphology of gametes in five species of far-eastern chitons. Invertbr. Repr. Dev. 33: 47-56.
45. Pearse, J. S. (1979): Polyplacophora. Pp. 27-85 in: Giese, A. C. & Pearse, J. S. (eds) Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates, Vol. V. Molluscs: Pelecypods and Lesser Classes. Academic Press, New York.
46. Pelseneer, P. (1899): Recherches morphologiques ou phylogé nétiques sur les Mollusques archaiques. Mém. Acad. R. Sci. Lett. Beaux-Arts Belg. 57: 7-29.
47. Pilsbry, H. A. (1892-1894): Monograph of the Polyplacophora. In: Tryon, G. W., Jr. (ed.) Manual of Conchology: Structural and Systematic, Vol. 14. (1892): pp. 1-128; Vol. 14 (1893): pp. 129-350; Vol. 15 (1893): pp. 1-64; Vol. 15 (1894): pp. 65-133. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
48. Pilsbry, H. A. (1892-1894): Monograph of the Polyplacophora. In: Tryon, G. W., Jr. (ed.) Manual of Conchology: Structural and Systematic, Vol. 14. (1892): pp. 1-128; Vol. 14 (1893): pp. 129-350; Vol. 15 (1893): pp. 1-64; Vol. 15 (1894): pp. 65-133. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
49. Pilsbry, H. A. (1892-1894): Monograph of the Polyplacophora. In: Tryon, G. W., Jr. (ed.) Manual of Conchology: Structural and Systematic, Vol. 14. (1892): pp. 1-128; Vol. 14 (1893): pp. 129-350; Vol. 15 (1893): pp. 1-64; Vol. 15 (1894): pp. 65-133. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
50. Pilsbry, H. A. (1892-1894): Monograph of the Polyplacophora. In: Tryon, G. W., Jr. (ed.) Manual of Conchology: Structural and Systematic, Vol. 14. (1892): pp. 1-128; Vol. 14 (1893): pp. 129-350; Vol. 15 (1893): pp. 1-64; Vol. 15 (1894): pp. 65-133. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
51. Richter, H. P. (1986): Ultrastructure of follicular epithelia in the ovary of Lepidochitona cinerea L. (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Dev. Growth Differ. 28: 7-16.
52. Runnegar, B., Pojeta, J., Taylor, M. E. & Collins, D. (1979): New species of the Cambrian and Ordovician chitons Matthevia and Chelodes from Wisconsin and Queensland: evidence for the early history of polyplacophoran mollusks. J. Paleontol. 53: 1374-1394.
53. Scheltema, A. H. (1996): Phylogenetic position of Sipuncula, Mollusca and the progenetic Aplacophora. Pp. 53-58 in: Taylor, J. D. (ed) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
54. Scheltema, A. H. & Ivanov, D. (2002): An aplacophoran post-larva with iterated dorsal groups of spicules and skeletal similarities to Paleozoic fossils. Invertebr. Biol. 121: 1-10.
55. Sirenko, B. I. (1993): Revision of the system of the order Chitonida (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) on the basis of correlation between the type of gills arrangement and the shape of the chorion processes. Ruthenica 3: 93-117.
56. Sirenko, B. I. (1997): The importance of the development of articulamentum for taxonomy of chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora). Ruthenica 7: 1-24.
57. Slieker, F. J. A. (2000): Chitons of the World. 154 pp., L'Informatore Piceno, Ancona.
58. Smith, A. G. (1960): Amphineura. Pp. 141-176 in: Moore, R. C. (ed) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part 1, Mollusca 1. Geological Society of America, New York.
59. Smith, S. W., Overbeek, R., Woese, C. R., Gilbert, W. & Gillevet, P. M. (1994): The Genetic Data Environment: an expandable GUI for multiple sequence analysis. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10: 671-675.
60. th meeting on the investigation of molluscs). Acad. Sci. USSR, Zool. Inst., Leningrad.
61. English translation in Malacol. Rev. 11 (1978): 73-74.
62. Steiner, G. & Salvini-Plawen, L. (2001): Acaenoplax - polychaete or mollusc? Nature 414: 601-602.
63. Stinchcomb, B. L. & Darrough, G. (1995): Some molluscan problematica from the Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician of the Ozark uplift. J. Paleontol. 69: 52-65.
64. Sutton, M. D., Briggs, D. E. G., Siveter, D. J., and Siveter, D. J. (2001a): An exceptionally preserved vermiform mollusc from the Silurian of England. Nature 410: 461-463.
65. Sutton, M. D., Briggs, D. E. G., Siveter, D. J., and Siveter, D. J. (2001b): Invertebrate evolution - Acaenoplax - polychaete or mollusc? Reply. Nature 414: 602-602.
66. Thiele, J. (1909): Revision des Systems der Chitonen. Zoologica Stuttgart 22: 1-70.
67. Thorne, J. L., Kishino, H. & Felsenstein, J. (1991): An evolutionary model for maximum likelihood alignment of DNA sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 33: 114-124.
68. Van Belle, R. A. (1983): The systematic classification of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Inform. Soc. Belge Malacol. 11: 1-179.
69. Van Belle, R. A. (1985): The systematic classification of the chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Addenda I (with the description of the genus Incisiochiton gen. n.). Inform. Soc. Belge Malacol. 13: 49-59.
70. Wheeler, W. C. (1995): Sequence alignment, parameter sensitivity, and the phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. Syst. Biol. 44: 321-331.
71. Wheeler, W. C. (1996): Optimization alignment: the end of multiple sequence alignment in phylogenetics? Cladistics 12: 1-9.
72. Wheeler, W. C. (2003): Implied alignment: a synapomorphy-based multiple-sequence alignment method and its use in cladogram search. Cladistics 19: 261-268.
73. Wheeler, W. C., Gladstein, D., & DeLaet, J. (2002): POY version 3.0. Program and documentation available at ftp.amnh.org/pub/molecular. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
74. Whiting, M. F., Carpenter, J. M., Wheeler, Q. D. & Wheeler, W. C. (1997): The Strepsiptera problem: phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Biol. 46: 1-68.
75. Wingstrand, K. G. (1985): On the anatomy and relationships of Recent Monoplacophora. Galathea Rep. 16: 7-94.
76. Xiong, B. & Kocher, T. D. (1991): Comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequences of seven morphospecies of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Genome 34: 306-311.
77. Yates, A. M., Gowlett-Holmes, K. L. & McHenry, B. J. (1992): Triplicatella disdoma Conway Morris, 1990, reinterpreted as the earliest known polyplacophoran. J. Malacol. Soc. Aust. 13: 71 (abstract).
78. Yochelson, E. L., McAllister, J. F. & Reso, A. (1965): Stratigraphic distribution of the Late Cambrian mollusk Matthevia Walcott, 1885: Pp. B73-B78 in: Geological Survey Research 1965, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Pap. 124°23′27″E; near wreck of Nieuwkerk, north coast of Koka Atoll, Flores Sea (Indonesia); ESC 1045 (j); MCZ DNA100520
79. Chaetopleura apiculata (Say in Conrad, 1834) - Old Silver Beach, Falmouth (MA, USA); July 2000; A. Okusu leg.; MCZ DNA100833
80. Chaetopleura angulata (Spengler, 1797) - 42°17′48″N 8°49′18″W; playa de Menduiña, Ría de Aldán, (Pontevedra, Spain); 21 July 2002; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100564
81. Ischnochiton comptus(Gould, 1859) - Amakusa (Kumamoto, Japan); August 2000; A. Okusu leg.; MCZ DNA100834
82. Ischnochiton australis (Sowerby, 1840) - 33°51.18′S 151°16′0″E; Nielsen Park Shore, Port Jackson, Sydney Harbor (Sydney, NSW, Australia); 2-6 m; kelp forest; 12 April 2000; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100835
83. Ischnochiton elongatus (de Blainville, 1825) - 33°51.18′S 151°16′00″E; Nielsen Park Shore, Port Jackson, Sydney Harbor (Sydney, NSW, Australia); 12 April 2000; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100576
84. Ischnochiton rissoi (Payraudeau, 1826) - Porto Cristo (Mallorca, Spain); 45 m; November 1996; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100573
85. Lepidozona mertensii (von Middendorff, 1847) - Monastery Beach, Carmel (CA, USA); August 2000; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100584
86. Stenoplax alata (Sowerby, 1841) - 8°30′803″S 124°03′460″E; under basalt rocks; SE Panter Island (Cape Boda, Indonesia); 5-7 m; ESC 28 (a); MCZ DNA100582
87. Callistochition antiquus (Reeve, 1847) - 33°51′18′S 151°16′00E; Port Jackson, Nielsen Park Shore (Sydney, NSW, Australia) ; 12 April 2000; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100579
88. Schizochiton incisus (Sowerby, 1841) - 8°14′50″S 124°6′00″E; north entrance Alor Strait (Batang Island, Indonesia); 0.02-3.8 m; ESC 208; MCZ DNA100521
89. Lorica volvox (Reeve, 1847) - Coles Bay, east coast (Tasmania); 12 m; ESC 1576 (c); MCZ DNA100571
90. Chiton olivaceus Spengler, 1797 - Tossa de Mar (Girona, Spain); 6 June 1997; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100157
91. Liolophura japonica (Lischke, 1873) - Amakusa (Kumamoto, Japan); August 2000; A. Okusu leg.; MCZ DNA100836
92. Sypharochiton pellisserpentis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1836) - Cooge Beach (Sydney, NSW, Australia); 19 March 2000; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100513
93. Acanthopleura granulata (Gmelin, 1791) - Cozumel Island (Quintana Roo, Mexico); January 1998; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100511
94. Mopalia muscosa (Gould, 1846) - Palos-Verdes (CA, USA); November 1999; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100522
95. Nuttallochiton mirandus (Thiele, 1906) - Station 136-1: 70°50′20″S 10°35′40″W; 271 m; M. Schrödl leg.; ZSM20008500; MCZ DNA100574
96. Plaxiphora albida (de Blainville, 1825) - Cooge Beach (Sydney, NSW, Australia); 19 March 2000; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100578
97. Katharina tunicata (Wood, 1815) - Bodega Bay (CA, USA); 2 April 2002; A. Lindgren leg.; MCZ DNA100599
98. Tonicella lineata (Woòd, 1815) - Monastery Beach, Carmel (CA, USA); 11 August 2000; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100580
99. Lepidochitona cinerea (Linnaeus, 1767) - Cala Fosca, Palamós (Girona, Spain); 21 May 1993; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100832
100. Acanthochitona crinita (Pennant, 1777) - Blanes (Girona, Spain); 31 July 1997; G. Giribet & C. Palacín leg.; MCZ DNA100109
101. Cryptochiton stelleri (von Middendorff, 1847) - Bodega Bay (CA, USA); 2 April 2002; A. Lindgren leg.; MCZ DNA100592
102. Cryptoplax japonica Pilsbry, 1901 - Amakusa (Kumamoto, Japan); August 2000; A. Okusu, leg.; MCZ DNA100837
103. Cocculina messingi McLean & Harasewych, 1995 - Smithsonian Institution; M. G. Harasewych leg.; MCZ DNA100663
104. Entemnotrochus adansonianus (Crosse & Fischer, 1861) - Smithsonian Institution; M. G. Harasewych leg.; MCZ DNA100665
105. Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tossa de Mar (Girona, Spain), 5 August 1997; G. Giribet & C. Palacin leg.; MCZ DNA100114
106. Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus, 1758 - Tossa de Mar (Girona, Spain), 6 June 1997; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100110
107. Sinezona confusa Rolán & Luque, 1994 - Florida (USA), May 1998; M. G. Harasewych leg.
108. Viviparus georgianus (Lea, 1834) - Smithsonian Institution Acc. 420309; M. G. Harasewych leg.; MCZ DNA100112
109. Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758) - Woods Hole (Massachusetts, USA), December 1997; purchased from Marine Biological Laboratory; MCZ DNA100119
110. Siphonaria pectinata (Linnaeus, 1758) - El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz, Spain), 27 April 1993; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100660
111. Solemya velum Say, 1822 - Woods Hole (Massachusetts, USA), December 1997; purchased from Marine Biological Laboratory; MCZ DNA100116
112. Nucula proxima Say, 1822 - Beaufort (North Carolina, USA); DNA from D. Campbell.
113. Nuculana pernula (Müller, 1779) - between Blåbergsholmen and Lysekil (Gullmaren, Bohuslän, Sweden); O. Israelson leg.; MCZ DNA100121
114. Yoldia limatula (Say, 1831) - Woods Hole (Massachusetts, USA), December 1997; purchased from Marine Biological Laboratory; MCZ DNA100119
115. Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 - 28S rRNA sequence data from Woods Hole (Massachusetts, USA), December 1997; purchased from Marine Biological Laboratory [18S rRNA and COI sequence data from GenBank]; MCZ DNA100122
116. Limaria hians (Gmelin, 1791) - Roses (Girona, Spain), 13 May 1998; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100129
117. Pecten jacobaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Banyuls Sur Mer (Languedoc- Roussillon, France), July 2000; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100085
118. Neotrigonia margaritacea (Lamarck, 1804) - D'Entrecasteau channel (Tasmania, Australia), 19 April 2000; The Marine Discovery Centre (contacted through L. Turner, Tasmanian Museum); dredged [COI sequence data from GenBank]. MCZ DNA100031
119. Cardita calyculata (Linnaeus, 1758) - Roses (Girona, Spain), 13 May 1998; G. Giribet leg.; MCZ DNA100140
120. Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) - South Korea, 2 February 1997 (specimens donated by D. Ó Foighil); MCZ DNA100149
121. Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) - Huron River (Michigan, USA), 24 August 1998; D. Ó Foighil leg.; MCZ DNA100143
122. Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758 - Martha's Vineyard (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA); MCZ DNA100152
123. Rhabdus rectius (Carpenter, 1864) - DNA from M. G. Harasewych
124. Antalis pilsbryi (Rehder, 1942) - DNA from M. G. Harasewych
125. Dentalium vulgare (da Costa, 1778) - collection data not available
126. Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758 - captive specimens from Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls sur Mer (Languedoc-Roussillon, France), September 1995; DNA from M.K. Nishiguchi.
127. Sepia elegans d'Orbigny, 1838 - Banyuls sur Mer (Languedoc-Roussillon, France), September 1995. DNA from M. K. Nishiguchi.
128. Loligo pealei Lesueur, 1821 - from fish market. MCZ DNA100115
129. Architeuthis dux Steenstrup, 1857 - New Zealand, December 1997; AMNH
130. Octopus joubini Robson, 1929 - Carolina Supplies, 2002