Anomalous enrichments of iron monosulfide in euxinic marine sediments and the role of H2S in iron sulfide transformations: Examples from Effingham Inlet, Orca Basin, and the Black Sea

American Journal of Science

Volumn 299, Issue 7-9, 1999, Pages 556-588

  Hurtgen, Matthew T ^a,b   Lyons, Timothy W ^a   Ingall, Ellery D ^c   Cruse, Anna M ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c University of Texas   (United States)

^d WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041125884     PISSN: 00029599     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2475/ajs.299.7-9.556     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Addy, S. K., and Behrens, E. W., 1980, Time of accumulation of hypersaline anoxic brine in Orca Basin (Gulf of Mexico): Marine Geology, v. 37, p. 241-252.
2. Albert, D. B., Taylor, C. D., and Martens, C. S., 1995, Sulfate reduction rates and low molecular weight fatty acid concentrations in the water column and surficial sediments of the Black Sea: Deep-Sea Research, v. 42, p. 1239-1260.
3. Aller, R. C., 1980, Quantifying solute distributions in the bioturbated zone of marine sediments by defining an average microenvironment: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 44, p. 1955-1965.
4. Aller, R. C., and Rude, P. D., 1988, Complete oxidation of solid phase sulfides by manganese and bacteria in anoxic marine sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, p. 751-765.
5. Anderson, R. F., Lyons, T. W., and Cowie, G. L., 1994, Sedimentary record of a shoaling of the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea: Marine Geology, v. 116, p. 373-384.
6. Baumgartner, T., Crusius, J., Thomson, R., Holmgren, D., Francis, R., Soutar, A., Ferreira, V., and Field, J., 1999, A sedimentary record of small pelagic fish abundances from the west coast of Vancouver Island: in press.
7. Behrens, E. W., 1980, On sedimentation rates and porosity: Marine Geology, v. 35, p. M11-M16.
8. Benning, L. G., and Barnes, H. L., 1998, In-situ determination of the stability of iron monosulphides and kinetics of pyrite formation: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 62A, p. 151-152.
9. Berner, R. A., 1964, Iron sulfides formed from aqueous solution at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure: Journal of Geology, v. 72, p. 293-306.
10. _ 1970, Sedimentary pyrite formation: American Journal of Science, v. 268, p. 1-23.
11. _ 1978, Sulfate reduction and the rate of deposition of marine sediments: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 37, p. 492-498.
12. _ 1980, Early Diagenesis: A Theoretical Approach: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 241 p.
13. _ 1984, Sedimentary pyrite formation: an update: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 605-615.
14. _ 1987, Models for carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen: application to Paleozoic geologic history: American Journal of Science, v. 287, p. 177-196.
15. Berner, R. A., Baldwin, T., and Holdren, G. R., Jr., 1979, Authigenic iron sulfides as paleosalinity indicators: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 49, p. 1345-1350.
16. Berner, R. A., and Raiswell, R., 1983, Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic time: a new theory: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, p. 855-862.
17. Boesen, C., and Postma, D., 1988, Pyrite formation in anoxic environments of the Baltic: American Journal of Science, v. 285, p. 193-206.
18. Brock, T. D., and Gustafson, J., 1976, Ferric iron reduction by sulfur-and iron-oxidizing bacteria: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 32, p. 567-571.
19. Calvert, S. E., and Karlin, R. E., 1991, Relationships between sulphur, organic carbon, and iron in the modern sediments of the Black Sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 2483-2490.
20. Canfield, D. E., ms 1988, Sulfate reduction and the diagenesis of iron in anoxic marine sediments: Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
21. _ 1989, Reactive iron in marine sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 619-632.
22. _ 1991, Sulfate reduction in deep-sea sediments: Americanjournal of Science, v. 291, p. 177-188.
23. Canfield, D. E., Lyons, T. W., and Raiswell, R., 1996, A model for iron deposition to euxinic Black Sea sediments: American Journal of Science, v. 296, p. 818-834.
24. Canfield, D. E., Raiswell, R., and Bottrell, S., 1992, The reactivity of sedimentary iron minerals toward sulfide: American Journal of Science, v. 292, p. 659-683.
25. Canfield, D. E., Raiswell, R., Westrich, J. T., Reaves, C. M., and Berner, R. A., 1986, The use of chromium reduction in the analysis of reduced inorganic sulfur in sediments and shales: Chemical Geology, v. 54, p. 149-155.
26. Canfield, D. E., Thamdrup, B., and Fleischer, S., 1998, Isotope fractionation and sulfur metabolism by pure and enrichment cultures of elemental sulfur-disproportionating bacteria: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 43, p. 253-264.
27. Chanton, J. P., and Martens, C. S., 1985, The effects of heat and stannous chloride addition on the active distillation of acid volatile sulfide from pyrite-rich marine sediment samples: Biogeochemistry, v. 1, p. 375-383.
28. Cline, J. D., 1969, Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulfide in natural water: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 14, p. 454-458.
29. Cloke, P. L., 1963, The geologic role of polysulfides-Part I: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 27, p. 1265-1298.
30. 210Pb in Black Sea sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 327-333.
31. Drobner, E., Huber, H.J., Wächterhauser, G., Rose, D., and Steuer, K. O., 1990, Pyrite formation linked with hydrogen evolution under anaerobic conditions: Nature, v. 246, p. 742-744.
32. Gagnon, C., Mucci, A., and Pelletier, E., 1995, Anomalous accumulation of acid-volatile sulphides (AVS) in a coastal marine sediment, Saguenay Fjord, Canada: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 2663-2675.
33. Goldhaber, M. B., and Kaplan, I. R., 1974, The sulfur cycle, in Goldberg, E. D., editor, The Sea, Volume 5: New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 569-655.
34. Henneke, E., Luther, G. W., III, and De Lange, G. J., 1991, Determination of inorganic sulphur speciation with polarographic techniques: some preliminary results for recent hypersaline anoxic sediments: Marine Geology, v. 100, p. 115-123.
35. Henneke, E., Luther, G. W., III, De Lange, G. J., and Hoefs, J., 1997, Sulphur speciation in anoxic hypersaline sediments from the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 307-321.
36. Holland, H. D., 1973, Systematics of the isotopic composition of sulfur in the oceans during the Phanerozoic and its implications for atmospheric oxygen: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, p. 2605-2616.
37. _ 1984, The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 582 p.
38. Howarth, R. W., 1979, Pyrite: Its rapid formation in a salt marsh and its importance in ecosystem metabolism: Science, v. 203, p. 49-51.
39. 2- reduction measurements: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 1807-1818.
40. Huffman, E. W. D., Jr., 1977, Performance of a new carbon dioxide coulometer: Microchemical Journal, v. 22, p. 567-573.
41. Jannasch, H. W., Truper, H. G., and Tuttle, J. H., 1974, The microbial sulfur cycle of the Black Sea, in Degens, E. T. and Ross, D. A., editors, The Black Sea Geology, Chemistry and Biology: Tulsa, Oklahoma, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p. 419-425.
42. Jørgensen, B. B., 1977, The sulfur cycle of a coastal marine sediment (Limfjorden, Denmark): Limnology and Oceanography, v. 22, p. 814-832.
43. _ 1978, A comparison of methods for the quantification of bacterial sulfate reduction in coastal marine sediments. I. Measurement with radiotracer techniques: Geomicrobiology Journal, v. 1, p. 11-28.
44. Jørgensen, B. B., Fossing, H., Wirsen, C. O., and Jannasch, H. W., 1991, Sulfide oxidation in the anoxic Black Sea chemocline: Deep-Sea Research, v. 41, p. 531-557.
45. Karl, D. M., LaRock, P. A., and Shultz, D. J., 1977, Adenosine triphosphate and organic carbon in the Cariaco Trench: Deep Sea Research, v. 24, p. 105-113.
46. Kennett, J. P., and Penrose, N. L., 1978, The occurrence of fossil Holocene seaweed and attached calcareous polychaetes in an anoxic basin, Gulf of Mexico: Nature, v. 276, p. 172.
47. Klinkhammer, G. P., and Lambert, C. E., 1989, Preservation of organic matter during salinity excursions: Nature, v. 339, p. 271-274.
48. 2 in the global sedimentary redox cycle: American Journal of Science, v. 286, p. 337-360.
49. LaRock, P. A., Lauer, R. D., Schwartz, J. R., Watanabe, K. K., and Wiesenburg, D. A., 1979, Microbial biomass and activity distribution in an anoxic, hypersaline basin: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 37, p. 466-470.
50. Lewis, B. L., and Landing, W. M., 1991, The biogeochemistry of manganese and iron in the Black Sea: Deep Sea Research, v. 38, p. S773-S803.
51. Lin, S., and Morse, J. W., 1991, Sulfate reduction and iron sulfide mineral formation in Gulf of Mexico anoxic sediments: American Journal of Science, v. 291, p. 55-89.
52. Luther, G. W., III, Church, T. M., Giblin, A. E., and Howarth, R. W., 1986, Speciation of dissolved sulfur in salt marshes by polarographic methods, in Sohn, editor, Organic Marine Geochemistry; American Chemical Society Symposium Series 305, p. 339-355.
53. Luther, G. W., III., 1991, Pyrite synthesis via polysulfide compounds: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 2839-2849.
54. Lyons, T. W., 1991, Upper Holocene sediments of the Black Sea: Summary of Leg 4 box cores (1988 Black Sea Oceanographic Expedition), in Idzar, E., and Murray, J. W., editors, Black Sea Oceanography: Boston, Massachusetts, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 401-441.
55. _ 1992, Contrasting sediment types from oxic and anoxic sites of the modern Black Sea: Geochemical and sedimentological criteria: Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
56. _ 1997, Sulfur isotopic trends and pathways of iron sulfide formation in upper Holocene sediments of the anoxic Black Sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 3367-3382.
57. Lyons, T. W., and Berner, R. A., 1992, Carbon-sulfur-iron systematics of the uppermost deep-water sediments of the Black Sea: Chemical Geology, v. 99, p. 1-27.
58. McKee, T. R., Jeffrey, L. M., Presley, B. J., and Whitehouse, U. G., 1978, Holocene sediment geochemistry of continental slope and intraslope basin areas, northwest Gulf of Mexico, in Bouma, A. H., Moore, G. T., and Coleman, J. M., editors, Framework, Facies, and Oil-Trapping Characteristics of the Upper Continen tal Margin, American Association Petroleum Geologist Studies in Geology, no. 7, p. 313-326.
59. Middelburg, J. J., 1989, A simple rate model for organic matter decomposition: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 1577-1581.
60. _ 1991, Organic carbon, sulphur, and iron in recent semi-euxinic sediments of Kau Bay, Indonesia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 815-828.
61. Moore, W. S., and O'Neill, D. J., 1991, Radionuclide distributions in recent Black Sea sediments, in Idzar, E., and Murray, J. W., editors, Black Sea Oceanography: Boston, Massachusetts, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 343-359.
62. Morse, J. W., and Cornwell, J. C., 1987, Analysis and distribution of iron sulfide minerals in recent anoxic marine sediments: Marine Chemistry, v. 22, p. 55-69.
63. Morse, J. W., Millero, F. J., Cornwell, J. C., and Rickard, D., 1987, The chemistry of the hydrogen sulfide and iron sulfide systems in natural waters: Earth Science Reviews, v. 24, p. 1-42.
64. Pyzik, A. J., and Sommer, S. E., 1981, Sedimentary iron monosulfides: kinetics and mechanism of formation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 45, p. 687-698.
65. Raiswell, R., and Berner, R. A., 1985, Pyrite formation in euxinic and semi-euxinic sediments: American Journal of Science, v. 285, p. 710-724.
66. Raiswell, R., Buckley, F., Berner, R. A., and Anderson, T. F., 1988, Degree of pyritization of iron as a paleoenvironmental indicator of bottom-water oxygenation: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 58, p. 812-819.
67. Raiswell, R., and Canfield, D. E., 1996, Rates of reaction between silicate iron and dissolved sulfide in Peru Margin sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 2777-2787.
68. _ 1998, Sources of iron for pyrite formation in marine sediments: American Journal of Science v. 298, p. 219-245.
69. Raiswell, R., Canfield, D. E., and Berner, R. A., 1994, A comparison of iron extraction methods for the determination of degree of pyritisation and the recognition of iron-limited pyrite formation: Chemical Geology, v. 111, p. 101-110.
70. Rickard, D. T., 1969, The chemistry of iron sulphide formation at low temperatures: Stockholm, Contributions to Geology, v. 20, p. 67-95.
71. _ 1975, Kinetics and mechanism of pyrite formation at low temperatures: American Journal of Science v. 275, p. 636-652.
72. _ 1997, Kinetics of pyrite formation by the H2S oxidation of iron (II) monosulfide in aqueous solutions between 25 and 125°C: The rate equation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 115-134.
73. 2S oxidation of iron(II) monosulfide in aqueous solutions between 25 and 125°C: The mechanism: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 135-147.
74. 2 below 100°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 1495-1504.
75. _ 1991b, Reactions forming pyrite and marcasite from solution: II. Via FeS precursors below 100°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 1505-1514.
76. Sheu, D.-D., 1987, Sulfur and organic carbon contents in sediment cores from the Tyro and Orca Basins: Marine Geology, v. 75, p. 157-164.
77. _ 1990, The anoxic Orca Basin (Gulf of Mexico): Geochemistry of brines and sediments: Reviews in Aquatic Science, v. 2, p. 491-507.
78. Sheu, D.-D., and Presley, B. J., 1986, Variations of calcium carbonate, organic carbon and iron sulfides in anoxic sediment from the Orca Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico: Marine Geology, v. 70, p. 103-118.
79. Sheu, D.-D., Shakur, A., Pigott, J. D., Wiesenburg, D. A., Brooks, J. M., and Krouse, H. R., 1987, Sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions of dissolved sulfate in the Orca Basin: implications for origin of the high-salinity brine and oxidation of sulfides at the brine-seawater interface: Marine Geology, v. 78, p. 303-310.
80. Shokes, R. F., Trabant, P. K., Presley, B. J., and Reid, D. R., 1977, Anoxic, hypersaline basin in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Science, v. 196, p. 1443-1446.
81. Stookey, L. L., 1970, Ferrozine - a new spectrophotometric reagent for iron: Analytical Chemistry, v. 42, p. 779-781.
82. Taylor, P., Rummery, T. E., and Owen, D. G., 1979, Reactions of iron monosulfide solids with aqueous hydrogen sulfide up to 160°C: Journal of Inorganic Nuclear Chemistry, v. 41, p. 1683-1687.
83. Teder, A., 1971, The equilibrium between elementary sulfur and aqueous polysulfide solutions: Acta Chem. Scand., v. 25, p. 1711-1728.
84. 0 in coastal marine sediment: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 34, p. 793-806.
85. Toth, D. J., and Lerman, A., 1977, Organic matter reactivity and sedimentation rates in the ocean: American Journal of Science, v. 277, p. 265-285.
86. Trabant, P. K., and Presley, B. J., 1978, Orca Basin, anoxic depression on the continental slope, northwest Gulf of Mexico, in Bouma, A. H., Moore, G. T., and Coleman, J. M., editors, Framework, Facies, and Oil-Trapping Characteristics of the Upper Continental Margin: American Association Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, no. 7, p. 303-316.
87. Trefry, J. H., Presley, B. J., Keeney-Kennicutt, W. L., and Trocine, R. P., 1984, Distribution and chemistry of manganese, iron, and suspended particulates in Orca Basin: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 4, p. 125-130.
88. Van Cappellen, P., Viollier, E., Roychoudhury, A., Clark, L., Ingall, E., Lowe, K., and DiChristina, T., 1998, Biogeochemical cycles of manganese and iron at the oxic-anoxic transition of a stratified marine basin (Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico): Environmental Science and Technology, 1998, v. 32, p. 2931-2939.
89. Westrich, J. T., and Berner, R. A., 1984, The role of sedimentary organic matter in bacterial sulfate reduction: the G model tested: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 29, p. 236-249.
90. Wiesenburg, D. A., Brooks, J. M., and Bernard, B. B., 1985, Biogenic hydrocarbon gases and sulfate reduction in the Orca Basin brine: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 2069-2080.
91. Wilkin, R. T., and Barnes, H. L., 1996, Pyrite formation by reactions of iron monosulfides with dissolved inorganic and organic sulfur species: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 4167-4179.
92. Wilkin, R. T., and Barnes, H. L., 1997, Pyrite formation in an anoxic estuarine basin: American Journal of Science, v. 297, p. 620-650.