Chelating agents in root canal treatment: Mode of action and indications for their use

International Endodontic Journal

Volumn 36, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 810-830

  Hulsmann M ^a,b   Heckendorff, M ^a   Lennon, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^b Prev Dentistry and Periodontology   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chelators; Dentine hardness; Dentine permeability; EDTA; Root canal treatment; Smear layer

Indexed keywords

BLEACHING AGENT; CALCINASE; CETRIMIDE; CHELATING AGENT; CHLORHEXIDINE; CYCLOHEXANEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID; DECAL; DIATRIZOATE; DODECYL SULFATE SODIUM; EDETIC ACID; EDETIC ACID DERIVATIVE; EGTAZIC ACID; HYPOCHLORITE SODIUM; NICKEL COMPLEX; PENTETIC ACID; SALVIZOL; SODIUM HYDROXIDE; TITANIUM DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; DEMINERALIZATION; DENTAL CARE; DENTAL SURGERY; DENTIN; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MECHANISM; ENDODONTICS; HARDNESS; LIQUID; LUBRICATION; OINTMENT; PASTE; REVIEW; TOOTH PERMEABILITY; TOOTH ROOT CANAL; TREATMENT INDICATION; ULTRASOUND;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; CHELATING AGENTS; DENTIN; DENTIN PERMEABILITY; DENTIN SOLUBILITY; EDETIC ACID; HUMANS; ROOT CANAL IRRIGANTS; ROOT CANAL PREPARATION; SMEAR LAYER;

EID: 0348047581     PISSN: 01432885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2003.00754.x     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Abbott P, Heijkoop P, Cardaci S, Hume W, Heithersay G (1991) An SEM study of the effects of different irrigation sequences and ultrasonics. International Endodontic Journal 24, 308-16.
2. Ahn A, Yu T (2000) Effects of irrigation solutions on smear layer using Lightspeed instrumentation. Journal of Dental Research 79, 527 (Abstract).
3. Akpata E, Blechman H (1982) Bacterial invasion of pulpal dentin wall in vitro. Journal of Dental Research 61, 435-8.
4. Aktener B, Bilkay U (1993) Smear layer removal with different concentrations of EDTA - ethylenediamine mixtures. Journal of Endodontics 19, 228-31.
5. Aten J (1993) The simulation of clinical corrosion of endodontic flies. MSc Thesis. Chicago, USA: Northwestern University.
6. Attin T, Manolakis A, Buchalla W, Hannig C (2003) Influence of tea on intrinsic colour of previously bleached enamel. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation (in press).
7. Baker N, Eleazer P, Averbach R, Seltzer S (1975) Scanning electron microscopic study of the efficacy of various irrigating solutions. Journal of Endodontics 1, 127-35.
8. Baumgartner J, Mader C (1987) A scanning electron microscopic evaluation of four root canal irrigation regimens. Journal of Endodontics 13, 147-57.
9. Behrend G, Cutler C, Gutmann J (1996) An in vitro study of smear layer removal and microbial leakage along root canal fillings. International Endodontic Journal 29, 99-107.
10. Behrens V, Sierra F (1992) Kristallbildung im Wurzelkanal nach Behandlung mit Spüllösungen. Zahnärztliche Welt/Reform 101, 85-8.
11. Berg M, Jacobsen E, Begole E, Remeikis A (1986) A comparison of five irrigating solutions: a scanning electron microscopic study. Journal of Endodontics 12, 192-7.
12. Biesterfeld R, Taintor J (1980) A comparison of periapical seals of root canals with RC-Prep or Salvizol. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 49, 532-6.
13. Block S (1991) Peroxygen compounds. In: Block S, ed. Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation. Philadelphia, USA: Lea & Febiger.
14. Bramante C, Betti L (2000) Comparative analysis of curved root canal preparation using nickel-titanium instruments with or without EDTA. Journal of Endodontics 26, 278-80.
15. Brandt M, Stiefel A, Schaller HG (2001) Wirkungen von Spüllösungen für die endodontische Behandlung. Zahnärztliche Welt/Reform 110, 74-7.
16. Brännström M (1984) Smear layer: pathological and treatment considerations. Operative Dentistry 9 (Suppl. 3), 35-42.
17. Brännström M, Johnson G (1974) Effects of various conditioners and cleaning agents on prepared dentin surfaces: a scanning electron microscopic investigation. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 31, 322-30.
18. Brännström M, Nordervall K (1978) Bacterial penetration: pulpal reaction and the inner surface of concise enamel pond. Composite fillings in etched and unetched cavities. Journal of Dental Research 57, 3-10.
19. Brännström M, Nyborg H (1973) Cavity treatment with a microbicidal fluoride solution: growth of bacteria and effect on the pulp. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 30, 303-10.
20. Buck R, Eleazer P, Staat R (1999) In vitro disinfection of dentinal tubules by various endodontic irrigants. Journal of Endodontics 25, 786-8.
21. Burns D, Douglas H, Moon P (1993) Comparison of the retention of endodontic posts after preparation with EDTA. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 69, 262-6.
22. Byström A, Sundqvist G (1981) Bacteriologic evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 89, 321-8.
23. Byström A, Sundqvist G (1983) Bacteriologic evaluation of the effect of 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite in endodontic therapy. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 55, 307-12.
24. Byström A, Sundqvist G (1985) The antibacterial action of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA in 60 cases of endodontic therapy. International Endodontic Journal 18, 35-40.
25. Çalt S, Serper A (2000) Smear layer removal by EGTA. Journal of Endodontics 26, 459-61.
26. Çalt S, Serper A (2002) Time dependent effects of EDTA on dentin structures. Journal of Endodontics 28, 17-9.
27. Cameron J (1995) Factors affecting the clinical efficiency of ultrasonic endodontics: a scanning electron microscopy study. International Endodontic Journal 28, 47-53.
28. Cao Z, Huang L, Jiang J (1992) A scanning electron microscopic observation of inner carious dentin after cleansing and of the dentin-resin interface. Quintessence International 23, 439-42.
29. Çehreli ZC, Onur MA, Tasman F, Gümrükçüoglu A, Artuner H (2002) Effects of current and potential dental etchants on nerve compound action potentials. Journal of Endodontics 28, 149-51.
30. Çengiz T, Aktener B, Piskin B (1990) The effect of dentinal tubule orientation on the removal of smear layer by root canal irrigants. A scanning electron microscopic study. International Endodontic Journal 23, 163-71.
31. Cergneux M, Ciucchi B, Dietschi J, Holz J (1987) The influence of the smear layer on the sealing ability of canal obturation. International Endodontic Journal 20, 228-32.
32. Chow T (1983) Mechanical effectiveness of root canal irrigation. Journal of Endodontics 9, 475-9.
33. Ciucchi B, Khettabi M, Holz J (1989) The effectiveness of different endodontic irrigation procedures on the removal of the smear layer: a scanning electron microscopic study. International Endodontic Journal 22, 21-8.
34. Cohen S, Stewart G, Laster L (1970) The effects of acids, alkalies, and chelating agents on dentine permeability. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 29, 631-4.
35. Collet R, Massilamoni M, Kettering J, Torabinejad M (1981) The biocompatibility of some root canal medicaments and irrigants. International Endodontic Journal 14, 115-20.
36. Cooke H, Grower M, Del Rio C (1976) Effects of instrumentation with a chelating agent on the periapical seal of obturated root canals. Journal of Endodontics 2, 312-4.
37. Cruz-Filho A, Sousa-Neto M, Saquy P, Pecora J (2001) Evaluation of the effect of EDTAC, CDTA, and EGTA on radicular dentin microhardness. Journal of Endodontics 27, 183-4.
38. Cruz-Filho A, Paula E, Pecora J, Sousa-Neto M (2002) Effect of different EGTA concentrations on dentin microhardness. Brazil Dental Journal 13, 188-90.
39. Cury J, Bragotto C, Valdrighi L (1981) The demineralizing efficiency of EDTA solutions on dentin. Part I. Influence of pH. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 52, 446-8.
40. -1 citric acid and 15% EDTA irrigation on smear layer removal. International Endodontic Journal 33, 46-52.
41. Diamond A, Carrel R (1984) The smear layer: a review of restorative progress. Journal of Pedodontics 8, 219-26.
42. Dogan H, Çalt S (2001) Effects of chelating agents and sodium hypochlorite on mineral content of root dentin. Journal of Endodontics 27, 578-80.
43. Dow P (1984) EDTA - time for re-evaluation? International Endodontic Journal 17, 2-5.
44. Drake D, Wiemann A, Rivera E, Walton R (1994) Bacterial retention in canal walls in vitro: effect of smear layer. Journal of Endodontics 20, 78-82.
45. Evans J, Simon J (1986) Evaluation of the apical seal produced by injected thermoplasticized gutta-percha in the absence of smear layer and root canal sealer. Journal of Endodontics 12, 101-7.
46. Fogel H, Pashley D (1990) Dentin permeability: effects of endodontic procedures on root slabs. Journal of Endodontics 16, 442-5.
47. Fraser J (1974) Chelating agents: their softening effect on root canal dentin. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 37, 803-11.
48. Fromme H, Guttzeit R, Riedel H (1970) Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Frage der mechanischen und chemischen Wurzelkanalaufbereitung sowie zur Wandständigkeit von Wurzelfüllungsmaterialien. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 25, 865-76.
49. Galvan D, Ciarlone A, Pashley D, Kulild J, Primack P, Simpson M (1994) Effect of smear layer removal on the diffusion permeability of human roots. Journal of Endodontics 20, 83-6.
50. Garberoglio R, Becce C (1994) Smear layer removal by root canal irrigants: a comparative scanning electron microscopic study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 78, 359-67.
51. Goldberg F, Abramovich A (1977) Analysis of the effect of EDTAC on the dentinal walls of the root canal. Journal of Endodontics 3, 101-5.
52. Goldberg F, Spielberg C (1982) The effect of EDTAC and the variation of its working time analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 53, 74-7.
53. Goldberg F, Bernat M, Spielberg C, Massone E, Plavano S (1985) Analysis of the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the apical seal of root canal fillings. Journal of Endodontics 11, 544-7.
54. Goldberg F, Massone J, Spielberg C (1986) Effect of irrigation solutions on the filling of lateral root canals. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology 2, 65-6.
55. Goldman M, Goldman L, Cavaleri R, Bogis J, Peck S (1982) The efficacy of several endodontic irrigating solutions: a scanning electron microscopic study. Part 2. Journal of Endodontics 8, 487-92.
56. Goldman M, Devitre R, White R, Nathanson D (1984a) A SEM study of posts cemented with an unfilled resin. Journal of Dental Research 63, 1003-5.
57. Goldman M, Devitre R, Pier M (1984b) Effect of the dentin smeared layer on tensile strength of cemented posts. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 52, 485-8.
58. Goldman L, Goldman M, Kronman J, Lin P (1985) The efficacy of several irrigating solutions for endodontics: a scanning electron microscopic study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 2, 197-204.
59. Grandini S, Balleri P, Ferrari M (2002) Evaluation of Glyde File Prep in combination with sodium hypochlorite as a root canal irrigant. Journal of Endodontics 28, 300-3.
60. Grawehr M, Sener B, Waltimo T, Zehnder M (2003) Interactions of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with sodium hypochlorite in aqeous solutions. International Endodontic Journal 36, 411-5.
61. Grossman LI, Oliet S, Del Rio CE (1988) Endodontic Practice, 11th edn. Philadelphia, USA: Lea & Febiger.
62. Guerisoli DM, Marchesan MA, Walmsley AD, Lumley PJ, Pecora JD (2002) Evaluation of smear layer removal by EDTAC and sodium hypochlorite with ultrasonic agitation. International Endodontic Journal 35, 418-21.
63. Guignes P, Faure J, Maurette A (1996) Relationship between endodontic preparations and human dentin permeability measured in situ. Journal of Endodontics 22, 60-7.
64. Hahn F, Reygadas F (1951) Demineralization of hard tissues. Science 114, 462-3.
65. Hampson E, Atkinson A (1964) The relation between drugs used in root canal therapy and the permeability of the dentine. British Dental Journal 116, 546-60.
66. Heling I, Chandler NP (1998) Antimicrobial effect of irrigant combinations within dentinal tubules. International Endodontic Journal 32, 8-14.
67. Heling B, Shapiro S, Sciaky I (1965) An in vitro comparison of the amount of calcium removed by the disodium salt EDTA and hydrochloric acid during endodontic procedures. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 19, 531-3.
68. Heling I, Irani E, Karni S, Steinberg D (1999) In vitro antimicrobial effect of RC-Prep within dentinal tubules. Journal of Endodontics 25, 782-5.
69. Hendershot L, Mansell R, Forsaith J (1960) The effect of zinc, nickel and manganese on rat dental caries and dental enamel metal levels. In: Seven M, Johnson L, eds. Metal Binding in Medicine. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott.
70. Hottel T, El-Refai N, Jones J (1999) A comparison of the effects of three chelating agents on the root canals of extracted human teeth. Journal of Endodontics 25, 716-7.
71. Hülsmann M, Heckendorff M (2002) Comparative evaluation of three chelator pastes. International Endodontic Journal 35, 668-79.
72. Hülsmann M, Schade MJ, Schäfers F (2001) A comparative study of root canal preparation with HERO 642 and Quantec SC rotary NiTi instruments. International Endodontic Journal 34, 538-46.
73. Jenkins JA, Walker WA III, Schindler WG (2001) An in vitro evaluation of the accuracy of the Root ZX in the presence of various irrigants. Journal of Endodontics 27, 209-11.
74. Kaufman AY, Binderman I, Tal M, Gedalia I, Peretz O (1978) New chemotherapeutic agent for root canal treatment. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 48, 283-95.
75. Kawasaki K, Ruben J, Stokroos I, Takagi O, Arends J (1999) The remineralization of EDTA-treated human dentine. Caries Research 33, 275-80.
76. Kennedy W, Walker W, Gough R (1986) Smear layer removal effects on apical leakage. Journal of Endodontics 12, 21-7.
77. Koçkapan C (1987) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Struktur der Schmierschicht. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 42, 1028-34.
78. Koçkapan C (1995) Die Bedeutung der Schmierschicht bei der Wurzelkanalbehandlung: Eine Übersicht. Endodontie 1, 33-48.
79. Komiya T, Kröncke A (1968) Mikrohärtemessungen im Wurzeldentin von Zähnen mit gesunder und gangränöser Pulpa. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 23, 975-80.
80. Koskinen K, Meurman J, Stenvall H (1980) Appearance of chemically treated root canal walls in the scanning electron microscope. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 88, 505-12.
81. Kotula R, Bordacova J (1969) Über die Wirkung der Aethylendiamintetraessigsäure auf die Mundflora. Deutsche Stomatologie 19, 575-81.
82. Koulaouzidou E, Margelos J, Beltes P, Kortsaris A (1999) Cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of neutral and alkaline EDTA solutions used as root canal irrigants. Journal of Endodontics 25, 21-3.
83. Kuboki Y, Fujusawa R, Aoyama K, Sasaki S (1979) Calcium-specific precipitation of dentin phosphoprotein. A new method of purification and significance for the mechanism of calcification. Journal of Dental Research 58, 1926-32.
84. Lim T, Wee T, Choi M, Koh W, Sae-Lim V (2003) Light and scanning electron microscopic evaluation of Glyde™ File Prep in smear layer removal. International Endodontic Journal 36, 336-43.
85. Lindemann R, Hume W, Wolcott R (1985) Dentin permeability and pulpal response to EDTA. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 53, 341-3.
86. Liolios E, Economides N, Parissis-Messimeris S, Boutsioukis (1997) The effectiveness of three irrigating solutions on root cleaning after hand and mechanical preparation. International Endodontic Journal 30, 51-7.
87. Lovdahl P, Gutmann J (1997) Problems in locating and negotiating fine and calcified canals. In: Gutmann J, Dumsha T, Lovdahl P, Hovland E, eds. Problem Solving in Endodontics, 3rd edn. St. Louis, USA: CV Mosby, pp. 69-89.
88. Mader C, Baumgartner J, Peters D (1984) Scanning electron microscopic investigation of the smeared layer on root canal walls. Journal of Endodontics 10, 477-83.
89. Madison S, Krell K (1984) Comparison of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium hypochlorite on the apical seal of endodontically treated teeth. Journal of Endodontics 10, 499-503.
90. Matis B, Cochran M, Eckert G, Carlson T (1998) The effect and safety of a carbamide peroxide bleaching gel. Quintessence International 29, 555-63.
91. McComb D, Smith D (1975) A preliminary scanning electron microscopic study of root canals after endodontic procedures. Journal of Endodontics 1, 238-42.
92. Meryon S, Brook A (1990) Penetration of dentine by three oral bacteria in vitro and their associated cytotoxicity. International Endodontic Journal 23, 196-202.
93. Meryon S, Jakeman K, Browne R (1986) Penetration in vitro of human and ferret dentine by three bacterial species in relation to their potential role in pulpal inflammation. International Endodontic Journal 19, 213-20.
94. Meryon S, Tobias R, Jakeman K (1987) Smear removal agents: a quantitative study in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 57, 174-9.
95. Michelich V, Schuster G, Pashley D (1980) Bacterial penetration of human dentin in vitro. Journal of Dental Research 59, 1398-403.
96. Mjör I, Smith M, Ferrari M, Mannocci F (2001) The structure of dentine in the apical region of human teeth. International Endodontic Journal 34, 346-53.
97. Mjör I, Sveen O, Heyeraas K (2002) Normal structure and physiology. In: Mjör I, ed. Pulp-dentin Biology in Restorative Dentistry. Chicago. USA: Quintessence, pp. 1-22.
98. Morgan L, Baumgartner C (1997) Demineralization of resected root ends with methylene blue. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 84, 74-8.
99. Morris M, Lee K, Agee K, Bouillaguet S, Pashley D (2001) Effects of sodium hypochlorite and RC-Prep on bond strengths of resin cement to endodontic surfaces. Journal of Endodontics 27, 753-7.
100. Mueller H (1982) Corrosion determination techniques applied to endodontic instruments - irrigating solutions systems. Journal of Endodontics 8, 246-52.
101. Nawrath M, Ott W, Schafer P (1960) Vergleichende Versuche mit Salvizol und Sorot bei Erkrankungen der Mund-und Rachenhöhle. Arzneimittelforschung in der Medizin 11, 763-7.
102. Neal R, Craig R, Powers J (1983) Effect of sterilization and irrigants on the cutting ability of stainless steel files. Journal of Endodontics 9, 93-6.
103. 45-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 26, 563-6.
104. Nikiforuk G, Screebny L (1953) Demineralization of hard tissue by organic chelating agents at neutral pH. Journal of Dental Research 32, 859-67.
105. Niu W, Yoshioka T, Kobayashi C, Suda H (2002) A scanning electron microscopic study of dentinal erosion by final irrigation with EDTA and NaOCl solutions. International Endodontic Journal 35, 934-9.
106. Nygaard-Østby B (1957) Chelation in root canal therapy: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for cleansing and widening of root canals. Odontologisk Tidskrift 65, 3-11.
107. O'Connell M, Morgan L, Beeler W, Baumgartner C (2000) A comparative study of smear layer removal using different salts of EDTA. Journal of Endodontics 26, 739-43.
108. Ohara P, Torabinejad M, Kettering J (1993) Antibacterial effects of various endodontic irrigants on selected anaerobic bacteria. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology 9, 95-100.
109. Oksan T, Aktener B, Sen B, Tezel H (1993) The penetration of root canal sealers into dentinal tubules. A scanning electron microscopic study. International Endodontic Journal 26, 301-5.
110. Olgart L, Brännström M, Johnson G (1974) Invasion of bacteria into dentinal tubules. Experiments in vivo and in vitro. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 32, 61-70.
111. Ørstavik D, Haapasalo M (1990) Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings of experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology 6, 142-9.
112. Öztan D, Akman AA, Zaimoglu L, Bilgiç S (2002) Corrosion rates of stainless-steel files in different irrigating solutions. International Endodontic Journal 35, 655-9.
113. Pashley D (1984) Smear layer: pathological considerations. Operative Dentistry 9, 13-29.
114. Pashley D (1992) Smear layer: overview of structure and function. Proceedings of the Finnish Dental Society 88 (Suppl. 1), 215-24.
115. Pashley D (2002) Pulpodentin Complex. In: Hargreaves K, Goodis E, eds. Seltzer and Bender's Dental Pulp. Chicago. USA: Quintessence, pp. 63-94.
116. Pashley D, Depew D (1986) Effects of the smear layer, Copalite and oxalate on microleakage. Operative Dentistry 11, 95-102.
117. Pashley D, Okabe A, Parham P (1985) The relationship between dentin microhardness and tubule density. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology 1, 176-9.
118. Pashley D, Tao L, Boyd L, King G, Horner J (1988) Scanning electron microscopy of the substructure of smear layer in human dentine. Archives of Oral Biology 33, 265-70.
119. Patterson S (1963) In vivo and in vitro studies of the effect of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetate on human dentine and its endodontic implications. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 16, 83-103.
120. Pawlicka H (1982) Verwendung der Chelatverbindungen zur Erweiterung der Wurzelkanäle: Mikrohärteuntersuchung. Stomatologie der DDR 3, 355-61.
121. Pawlicka H, Nowacka K (1982) Die Verwendung von Chelatoren zur Wurzelkanalerweiterung: Bakteriologische Untersuchungen. Stomatologie der DDR 32, 257-61.
122. Pawlicka H, Piatkowska D, Hajdukiewicz G (1981) Effektivität der Spülmittel bei Wurzelkanalaufbereitung: Untersuchungen im Rasterelektronenmikroskop. Stomatologie der DDR 31, 684-8.
123. Pecora JD, Cussiolo AL, Guerisoli DM, Marchesan MA, Sousa-Neto MD, Brugnera A Jr (2001) Evaluation of Er: YAG laser and EDTAC on dentin adhesion of six endodontic sealers. Brazil Dental Journal 12, 27-30.
124. Perdigao J, Eiriksson S, Rosa BT, Lopes M, Gomes G (2001) Effect of calcium removal on dentin bond strength. Quintessence International 32, 142-6.
125. Perez V, Cardenas M, Planells U (1989) The possible role of pH changes during EDTA demineralization of teeth. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 68, 220-2.
126. Peters O, Barbakow F (2000) Effects of irrigation on debris and smear layer on canal walls prepared by two rotary techniques: a scanning electron microscopic study. Journal of Endodontics 26, 6-10.
127. Peters O, Eggert C, Barbakow F (1997) Wurzelkanalobreflächen nach Lightspeed-Präparation im REM dargestellt - eine Pilotstudie. Endodontie 6, 225-31.
128. Petschelt A, Oberschachtsiek H (1985) Über die Schmierschicht ('Smear-Layer') nach der Wurzelkanalaufbereitung (REM-Untersuchung). Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 40, 845-9.
129. Petschelt A, Stumpf B, Raab W (1987) Dichtigkeit von Wurzelfü llungen mit und ohne Schmierschicht ('Smear-Layer'). Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 42, 743-6.
130. Picoli F, Brugnera-Junior A, Saquy P, Guerisoli D, Pecora J (2003) Effect of Er:YAG laser and EDTAC on the adhesiveness to dentine of different sealers containing calcium hydroxide. International Endodontic Journal 36, 472-5.
131. Ram Z (1977) Effectiveness of root canal irrigation. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 44, 306-12.
132. Ram Z (1980) Chelation in root canal therapy. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 49, 64-74.
133. Reeder O, Walton R, Livingston M, Pashley D (1978) Dentin permeability: determinants of hydraulic conductance. Journal of Dental Research 57, 187-93.
134. Rotstein I, Karawani M, Sahar-Helft S, Mor C, Steinberg D (2001) Effect of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA on mercury released from amalgam. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 92, 556-60.
135. Rubin L, Skobe Z, Drokow A, Gron P (1979) The effect of instrumentation and flushing of freshly extracted teeth in endodontic therapy: a scanning electron microscope study. Journal of Endodontics 5, 328-35.
136. Ruddle C (2002) Cleaning and shaping the root canal system. In: Cohen S, Burns R, eds. Pathways of the Pulp, 8th edn. St. Louis, USA: C.V. Mosby, pp. 260-1.
137. Russell A, Hugo W, Ayliffe G (1999) Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization, 3rd edn. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science.
138. Sand H (1961) The dissociation of EDTA and EDTA-sodium salts. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 19, 469-82.
139. Scarfe W, Fana C, Farman A (1995) Radiographic detection of accessory/lateral canals: use of Radiovisiography and Hypaque. Journal of Endodontics 21, 185-90.
140. Scelza M, Antoniazzi J, Scelza P (2000) Efficacy of final irrigation - a scanning electron microscopic evaluation. Journal of Endodontics 26, 355-8.
141. Scelza M, Daniel R, Santos E, Jaeger M (2001) Cytotoxic effects of 10% citric acid and EDTA-T used as root canal irrigants: an in vitro analysis. Journal of Endodontics 27, 741-3.
142. Scelza M, Teixeira A, Scelza P (2003) Decalcifying effect of EDTA-T, 10% citric acid, and 17% EDTA on root canal dentin. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 95, 234-6.
143. Schäfer E, Lohmann D (2002) Efficiency of rotary nickel-titanium FlexMaster instruments compared with stainless steel hand K-Flexofile. Part 2. Cleaning effectiveness and instrumentation results in severely curved root canals of extracted teeth. International Endodontic Journal 35, 514-21.
144. Schmidt H (1968) Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure (EDTA) auf menschliches Zahnhartgewebe. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 23, 25-33.
145. Schroeder H (1992) Orale Strukturbiologie. Stuttgart, Germany: Georg. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
146. Schwarze T, Geurtsen W (1995) In-vitro-Studie zur Kristallbildung bei chemischer Wurzelkanalaufbereitung. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 50, 790-2.
147. Screebny L, Nikiforuk G (1951) Demineralization of hard tissues by organic chelating agents. Journal of Sciences 113, 560-4.
148. Segura J, Calvo J, Guerrero J, Jimenez-Planas A, Sampedro C, Llamas R (1997) EDTA inhibits in vitro substrate adherence capacity of macrophages: endodontic implications. Journal of Endodontics 23, 205-8.
149. Segura J, Calvo J, Guerrero J, Sampedro C, Jimenez A, Llamas R (1996) The disodium salt of EDTA inhibits the binding of vasoactive intestinal peptide to macrophage membranes: endodontic implications. Journal of Endodontics 22, 337-40.
150. Seidberg B, Schilder H (1974) An evaluation of EDTA in endodontics. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 37, 609-20.
151. Sen B, Wesselink P, Türkün M (1995) The smear layer: a phenomenon in root canal therapy. International Endodontic Journal 28, 141-8.
152. Serene T (1976) Technique for the location and length determination of calcified canals. Journal of the Californian Dental Association 4, 62-5.
153. Serper A, Çalt S (2002) The demineralizing effects of EDTA at different concentrations and pH. Journal of Endodontics 28, 501-2.
154. Serper A, Çalt S, Dogan AL, Guç D, Ozçelik B, Kuraner T (2001) Comparison of the cytotoxic effects and smear layer removing capacity of oxidative potential water, NaOCl and EDTA. Journal of Oral Sciences 43, 233-8.
155. Shovelton D (1964) The presence and distribution of microorganisms within non-vital teeth. British Dental Journal 3, 101-7.
156. Spångberg L, Kaufman A, Spångberg E, Rutberg M (1978) Salvizol as an intracanal antiseptic for endodontic use. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 46, 427-32.
157. Steinberg D, Abid-El-Raziq D, Heling I (1999) In vitro antibacterial effect of RC-Prep components on streptococcus sobrinus. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology 15, 171-4.
158. Stewart G (1986) Chelation and flotation in endodontic practice: an update. Journal of the American Dental Association 113, 618-22.
159. Stewart G (1995) Gaining access to calcified canals. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 79, 764-8.
160. Stewart G (1998) A scanning electron microscopic study of the cleansing effectiveness of three irrigating modalities on the tubular structure of dentin. Journal of Endodontics 24, 485-6.
161. Stewart G, Cobe H, Rappaport H (1961) A study of a new medicament in the chemomechanical preparation of infected root canals. Journal of the American Dental Association 63, 33-7.
162. Stewart G, Kapsimalis P, Rappaport H (1969) EDTA and urea peroxide for root canal preparation. Journal of the American Dental Association 78, 335-8.
163. Stock C, Nehammer C (1985) Negotiation of obstructed canals: bleaching of teeth. British Dental Journal 158, 457-62.
164. Takeda FH, Harashima T, Kimura Y, Matsumoto K (1999) A comparative study of the removal of smear layer by three endodontic irrigants and two types of laser. International Endodontic Journal 32, 32-9.
165. Tao L, Anderson R, Pashley D (1991) Effect of endodontic procedures on root dentin permeability. Journal of Endodontics 17, 583-8.
166. Tasman F, Çehreli Z, Ogan C, Etikan I (2000) Surface tension of root canal irrigants. Journal of Endodontics 26, 586-7.
167. Tatsuta C, Morgan L, Baumgartner J, Adey J (1999) Effect of calcium hydroxide and four irrigation regimens on instrumented and uninstrumented canal wall topography. Journal of Endodontics 25, 93-8.
168. Torabinejad M, Handysides R, Khademi A, Bakland L (2002) Clinical implications of the smear layer in endodontics. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 94, 658-66.
169. Torabinejad M, Al Khademi A, Babagoli J et al. (2003a) A new solution for the removal of the smear layer. Journal of Endodontics 29, 170-5.
170. Torabinejad M, Cho Y, Al Khademi A, Baklend L, Shabahang S (2003b) The effect of various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on the ability of MTAD to remove the smear layer. Journal of Endodontics 29, 233-9.
171. Vasiliadis L, Darling A, Levers B (1983) The histology of sclerotic human root dentine. Archives of Oral Biology 28, 693-700.
172. Velvart P (1987) Beständigkeit von Natriumhypochlorit zur Wurzelkanalspülung. Schweizer Monatsschrift Zahnmedizin 97, 1509-12.
173. Verdelis K, Eliades G, Oviir T, Margelos J (1999) Effect of chelating agents on the molecular composition and extent of decalcification at composition and extent of decalcification at cervical, middle and apical root dentin locations. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology 15, 164-70.
174. Versümer J, Hülsmann M, Schäfers F (2002) A comparative study of root canal preparations using ProFile .04 and Lightspeed rotary Ni-Ti instruments. International Endodontic Journal 35, 37-46.
175. Villegas JC, Yoshioka T, Kobayashi C, Suda H (2002) Obturation of accessory canals after four different final irrigation regimes. Journal of Endodontics 28, 534-6.
176. Vojinovic O, Nyborgh H, Brännström M (1973) Acid treatment of cavities under resin fillings: bacterial growth in dentinal tubules and pulpal reactions. Journal of Dental Research 52, 1189-93.
177. Von der Fehr F, Nygaard Østby B (1963) Effect of EDTAC an sulfuric acid on root canal dentine. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 16, 199-205.
178. Wandelt S (1961) Eine kritische Betrachtung zur Aufbereitung von Wurzelkanälen mit Komplexbildnern. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 16, 81-6.
179. Wandelt S (1965) Kann man enge Wurzelkanäle mit Komplexbildnern chemisch erweitern? Experimentelle Untersuchungen und klinische Erfahrungen. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 20, 621-6.
180. Wayman B, Kopp W, Pinero G, Lazzari E (1979) Citric and lactic acids as root canal irrigants in vitro. Journal of Endodontics 5, 258-65.
181. Weine FS (1988) Endodontic Therapy, 4th edn. St Louis, USA: CV Mosby.
182. Weinreb MM, Meier E (1965) The relative efficiency of EDTA, sulfuric acid, and mechanical instrumentation in the enlargement of root canals. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 19, 247-52.
183. Wennberg A, Ørstavik D (1990) Adhesion of root canal sealers to bovine dentine and gutta-percha. Part 2. International Endodontic Journal 3, 13-9.
184. White R, Goldman M, Lin P (1984) The influence of the smeared layer upon dentinal tubule penetration by plastic filling materials. Journal of Endodontics 10, 558-62.
185. White R, Goldman M, Lin P (1987) The influence of the smeared layer upon dentinal tubule penetration by endodontic filling materials. Part II. Journal of Endodontics 13, 369-74.
186. Williams S, Goldman M (1985) Penetrability of the smeared layer by a strain of Proteus vulgaris. Journal of Endodontics 11, 385-8.
187. Yamada R, Armas A, Goldman M, Lin P (1983) A scanning electron microscopic comparison of a high-volume final flush with several irrigation solutions. Part III. Journal of Endodontics 9, 137-42.
188. Yamashita J, Filho M, Leonardo M, Rossi M, Silva L (2003) Scanning electron microscopic study of the cleaning ability of chlorhexidine as a root canal irrigant. International Endodontic Journal 36, 391-4.
189. Yang SE, Bae KS (2002) Scanning electron microscopy study of the adhesion of Prevotella nigrescens to the dentin of prepared root canals. Journal of Endodontics 28, 433-7.
190. Yoshida T, Shibata T, Shinohara T, Gomyo S, Sekine I (1995) Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of EDTA solution as an endodontic irrigant. Journal of Endodontics 21, 592-3.
191. Zeeck A, Eick S, Krone B, Schröder K (1992) Chemie für Mediziner. München, Germany: Urban & Schwarzenberg.
192. Zurbriggen T, Del Rio C, Brady J (1975) Postdebridement retention of endodontic reagents: a quantitative measurement with radioactive isotope. Journal of Endodontics 2, 298-9.