Grouping and Assimilation in Perception, Memory, and Conditioning

Review of General Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 23-43

  King, Donald L ^a  

^a HOWARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347666163     PISSN: 10892680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.1.23     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Ambler, B. A., & Proctor, J. D. (1976). The familiarity effect for single-letter pairs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2, 222-234.
2. Bagnara, S., Simion, F., Tagliabue, M. E., & Umilta, C. (1988). Comparison processes on visual mental images. Memory & Cognition, 16, 138-146.
3. Bahrick, H. P., Clark, S., & Bahrick, P. (1967). Generalization gradients as indicants of learning and retention of a recognition task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75, 464-471.
4. Bashinski, H. S., & Bacharach, V. R. (1980). Enhancement of perceptual sensitivity as the result of selectively attending to visual locations. Perception & Psychophysics, 28, 241-248.
5. Becker, C. A., & Killion, T. H. (1977). Interaction of visual and cognitive effects in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 389-401.
6. Begg, I. (1978). Similarity and contrast in memory for relations. Memory & Cognition, 6, 509-517.
7. Behrmann, M., & Tipper, S. P. (1999). Attention accesses multiple reference frames: Evidence from visual neglect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 83-101.
8. Boles, D. B. (1992). Fast visual generation: Its nature and chronometrics. Perception & Psychophysics, 51, 239-246.
9. Bouma, H. (1971). Visual recognition of isolated lowercase letters. Vision Research, 11, 459-474.
10. Bousfield, W. A. (1953). The occurrence of clustering in the recall of randomly arranged associates. Journal of General Psychology, 49, 229-240.
11. Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (1993). Memory independence and memory interference in cognitive development. Psychological Review, 100, 42-67.
12. Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., & Brandse, E. (1995). Are children's false memories more persistent than their true memories? Psychological Science, 6, 359-364.
13. Breland, K., & Breland, M. (1961). The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist, 16, 681-684.
14. Bressan, P., Mingolla, E., Spillman, L., & Watanabe, T. (1997). Neon color spreading: A review. Perception, 26, 1353-1366.
15. Brown, P. L., & Jenkins, H. M. (1968). Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11, 1-8.
16. Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1972). How to make a language user. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 309-351). New York: Academic Press.
17. Coren, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1978). Seeing is deceiving: The psychology of visual illusions. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Coren, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1980). Principles of perceptual organization and spatial distortion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 6, 404-412.
19. Coren, S., & Porac, C. (1983). The creation and reversal of the Muller-Lyer illusion through attentional manipulation. Perception, 12, 49-54.
20. Davis, J., Schiffman, H. R., & Greist-Bousquet, S. (1990). Semantic context and figure-ground organization. Psychological Research, 52, 306-309.
21. Diener, D. (1990). The P&p illusion. Perception & Psychophysics, 47, 65-67.
22. Doyle, J. R., & Leach, C. (1988). Word superiority in signal detection: Barely a glimpse, yet reading nevertheless. Cognitive Psychology, 20, 283-318.
23. Dresp, B. (1993). Bright lines and edges facilitate the detection of small light targets. Spatial Vision, 7, 213-225.
24. Driver, J., & Baylis, G. C. (1989). Movement and visual attention: The spotlight metaphor breaks down. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 448-456.
25. Duncan, J. (1984). Selective attention and the organization of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 501-517.
26. Dworkin, B. R., & Dworkin, S. (1990). Learning of physiological responses: I. Habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 104, 298-319.
27. Egeth, H., & Blecker, H. (1970). Differential effects of familiarity on judgments of sameness and difference. Perception & Psychophysics, 9, 321-326.
28. Egeth, H., & Smith, E. E. (1967). Perceptual selectivity in a visual recognition task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 543-549.
29. Einstein, G. O., & Hunt, R. R. (1980). Levels of processing and organization: Additive effects of individual-item and relational processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 588-598.
30. Epstein, M. I., Phillips, W. D., & Johnson, S. J. (1975). Recall of related and unrelated word pairs as a function of processing level. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1, 149-152.
31. Epstein, W., & Rock, I. (1960). Perceptual set as an artifact of recency. American Journal of Psychology, 73, 214-228.
32. Eriksen, C. W., & Hoffman, J. E. (1972). Some characteristics of selective attention to visual perception determined by vocal/reaction time. Perception & Psychophysics, 11, 169-171.
33. Farah, M. J. (1988). Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology. Psychological Review, 95, 307-317.
34. Farell, B. (1985). "Same"-"different" judgments: A review of current controversies in perceptual comparisons. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 419-456.
35. Finke, R. A., & Schmidt, M. J. (1977). Orientation-specific color aftereffects following imagining. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 599-606.
36. Fuchs, W. (1967). The influence of form on the assimilation of colours. In W. D. Ellis (Ed. and Trans.), A source book of Gestalt psychology (pp. 95-103). New York: Humanities Press. (Original work published 1923)
37. Garner, W. R., & Felfoldy, G. L. (1970). Integrality of stimulus dimensions in various types of information processing. Cognitive Psychology, 1, 225-241.
38. Gernsbacher, M. A. (1985). Surface information loss in comprehension. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 324-363.
39. Girgus, J. J., Rock, I., & Egatz, R. (1977). The effect of knowledge of reversibility on the reversibility of ambiguous figures. Perception & Psychophysics, 22, 550-556.
40. Gogel, W. C., & Tietz, J. D. (1976). Adjacency and attention as determiners of perceived motion. Vision Research, 16, 839-845.
41. Goldstein, E. B. (1999). Sensation and perception (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
42. Grastyan, E., & Vereczkei, L. (1974). Effects of spatial separation of the conditioned signal from the reinforcement: A demonstration of the conditioned character of the orienting response or the orientational character of conditioning. Behavioral Biology, 10, 121-146.
43. Hall, G. (1991). Perceptual and associative learning. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
44. Hall, G. (1994). Pavlovian conditioning: Laws of association. In N. J. Mackintosh (Ed.), Animal learning and cognition (pp. 15-43). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
45. Hall, G., & Pearce, J. M. (1979). Latent inhibition of a CS during CS-US pairings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 5, 31-42.
46. Hawkins, H. L., Shafto, M. G., & Richardson, K. (1988). Effects of target luminance and cue validity on the latency of visual detection. Perception & Psychophysics, 44, 484-492.
47. Hawkins, H. L., & Shigley, R. H. (1972). Irrelevant information and processing mode in speeded discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 96, 389-395.
48. Heyes, C. M., & Dawson, G. R. (1990). A demonstration of observational learning in rats using a bidirectional control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 42B, 59-71.
49. Hockley, W. E. (1991). Recognition memory for item and associative memory: A comparison of forgetting rates. In W. E. Hockley & S. Lewandowsky (Eds.), Relating theory and data: Essays on human memory in honor of Bennet R. Murdoch (pp. 227-248). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
50. Homa, D., Rhoads, D., & Chambliss, D. (1979). Evolution of conceptual structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 11-23.
51. Hunt, R. R., & McDaniel, M. A. (1993). The enigma of organization and distinctiveness. Journal of Memory and Language, 32, 421-445.
52. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process disassociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
53. Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.
54. Kanizsa, G. (1979). Organization in vision: Essays on Gestalt psychology. New York: Praeger.
55. Kerr, B. (1973). Processing demands during mental operation. Memory & Cognition, 1, 401-412.
56. King, D. L. (1979). Conditioning: An image approach. New York: Gardner Press.
57. King, D. L. (1988a). Assimilation is due to one perceived whole and contrast is due to two perceived wholes. New Ideas in Psychology, 6, 277-288.
58. King, D. L. (1988b). Similar as well as dissimilar contextual stimuli increase rated similarity. Memory & Cognition, 16, 71-78.
59. King, D. L. (1988c). Strong phenomenal wholes are associated with fast "same" and slow "different" responses and superior overall performance. Perception & Psychophysics, 43, 485-493.
60. King, D. L. (1990). Gestalts are more closely associated with performance on a discrimination task than are component stimuli. American Journal of Psychology, 103, 37-52.
61. King, D. L. (1996a). Immediately preceding stimuli increase the detection of a less detectable but not a more detectable stimulus. Psychological Research, 59, 94-99.
62. King, D. L. (1996b). Memorial effects on perception according to the 1group-assimilation and 2groups-contrast positions. Gestalt Theory, 18, 219-232.
63. King, D. L. (1999a). Sentences and rehearsals increase rated similarity: Support for assimilation-in-salience theory. Psychological Reports, 84, 1253-1266.
64. King, D. L. (1999b, November). The Weber fraction versus perceived similarity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Los Angeles, CA.
65. King, D. L., Brown, P. D., & Hicks, H. (1998). Assimilation in visibility: Additional evidence. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 1299-1309.
66. King, D. L., Crittenden, K. B., Pearlman, R. C., & Tishman, A. (1999). A longer retention interval increases subjective similarity. Psychological Record, 49, 605-612.
67. King, D. L., Henry, G. E., & Shanks, S. C. (1999). The Weber fraction versus perceived similarity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89, 903-914.
68. King, D. L., Hicks, H., & Brown, P. D. (1993). Context-produced increase in visibility. Psychological Research, 55, 10-14.
69. King, D. L., Jones, F. L., Pearlman, R. C., Tishman, A., & Felix, C. A. (2000). The length of the retention interval, forgetting, and subjective similarity. Manuscript submitted for publication.
70. King, D. L., Mose, J. F., & Nixon, N. (1995). One line decreases the visibility of a simultaneous identical distant second line. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 393-401.
71. King, D. L., & Normington, J. (1999). Regular versus randomized sentences, nouns versus prepositions, and assimilation in salience. Journal of General Psychology, 126, 177-183.
72. King, D. L., Phillips, W., & Mose, J. F. (1995). The association of assimilation and an increase in visibility in perceptual grouping. Psychological Research, 58, 83-91.
73. King, D. L., Robinson, E. L., & Roberts, T. R. (1996). A dotted line assimilates in visibility to a solid line. Psychological Research, 59, 4-15.
74. King, D. L., Shanks, C., & Hart, L. L. (1996). Discrimination learning decreases perceived similarity according to an objective measure. Psychological Research, 59, 187-195.
75. King, D. L., & Thomas, J. (1993). Two effects of context on the presence/absence of connecting segments. Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 489-497.
76. Kintsch, W., Welsch, D., Schmalhofer, F., & Zimny, S. (1990). Sentence memory: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 133-159.
77. Kobari, H., Fujita, O., & Goto, T. (1997). Effects of contour-line thickness of the test figure on hue contrast in Koffka-ring type patterns. Psychologia, 40, 172-178.
78. Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of Gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World.
79. Kolers, P. A. (1972). Aspects of motion perception. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
80. Konorski, J. (1967). Integrative activity of the brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
81. Kovacs, I., & Julesz, B. (1996). Gestalten of today: Early processing of visual contours and surfaces. Behavioral Brain Research, 82, 1-11.
82. Lau, E. (1925). Versuche uber das stereoskopische Sehen [Investigations into stereoscopic sight]. Psychologische Forschung, 6, 121-126.
83. Leeper, R. (1935). A study of a neglected portion of the field of learning - The development of sensory organization. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 46, 41-75.
84. Livingston, K. R., Andrews, J. K., & Hamad, S. (1998). Categorical perception effects induced by category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 732-753.
85. Lockhead, G. R. (1988). Assimilation and contrast: Two processes or one? A response to King. New Ideas in Psychology, 6, 293-299.
86. Lockhead, G. R. (1992). Psychophysical scaling: Judgments of attributes or objects? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 543-601.
87. Long, G. M., Toppino, T. C., & Mondin, G. W. (1992). Prime time: Fatigue and set effects in the perception of reversible figures. Perception & Psychophysics, 52, 609-616.
88. Mackintosh, N. J. (Ed.). (1994). Animal learning and cognition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
89. Mandler, G. (1980). Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review, 87, 252-271.
90. Marshall, E., & Walker, P. (1987). Visual memory for pictorial stimuli in a serial choice reaction-time task. British Journal of Psychology, 78, 213-231.
91. Marx, M. H., & Henderson, B. B. (1996). A fuzzy trace analysis of categorical inferences and instantial associations as a function of retention interval. Cognitive Development, 11, 551-569.
92. Mewhort, D. J. K., Campbell, A. J., Marchetti, F. M., & Campbell, J. I. D. (1981). Identification, localization, and "iconic" memory: An evaluation of the bar-probe task. Memory & Cognition, 9, 50-67.
93. Moore, B. R. (1973). The role of directed Pavlovian reactions in simple instrumental learning in the pigeon. In R. A. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Constraints on learning (pp. 159-188). London: Academic Press.
94. Moore, B. R. (1992). Avian movement imitation and a new form of mimicry: Tracing the evolution of a complex form of learning. Behaviour, 122, 231-263.
95. Moore, B. R. (1996). The evolution of imitative learning. In C. M. Heyes & B. G. Galef, Jr. (Eds.), Social learning in animals: The roots of culture (pp. 245-265). New York: Academic Press.
96. Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. New York: Wiley.
97. Murdock, B. B. (1997). Context and mediators in a theory of distributed associative memory (TODAM2). Psychological Review, 104, 839-862.
98. Murray, D. J. (1995). Gestalt psychology and the cognitive revolution. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
99. Musatti, C. (1931). Forma e assimilazione [Form and assimilation]. Archivio Italiano di Psicologia, 9, 213-269.
100. Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226-254.
101. Neisser, U., & Becklen, R. (1975). Selective looking: Attending to visually specified events. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 480-494.
102. Ono, H. (1967). Difference threshold for stimulus length under simultaneous and nonsimultaneous viewing conditions. Perception & Psychophysics, 2, 201-207.
103. Ostergaard, A. L. (1998). The effects on priming of word frequency, number of repetitions, and delay depend on the magnitude of priming. Memory & Cognition, 26, 40-60.
104. Palmer, S. E. (1975). The effects of contextual scenes on the identification of objects. Memory & Cognition, 3, 519-526.
105. Payne, D. G., Elie, C. J., Blackwell, J. M., & Neuschatz, J. S. (1996). Memory illusions: Recalling, recognizing, and recollecting events that never occurred. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 261-285.
106. Peterson, G. B., Ackil, J. E., Frommer, G. P., & Hearst, E. S. (1972). Conditioned approach and contact behavior toward signals for food or brain-stimulation reinforcement. Science, 177, 1009-1011.
107. Peterson, M. A. (1999). What's in a stage name? Comment on Vecera and O'Reilly (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 276-286.
108. Pollatsek, A., & Digman, L. (1977). Dependent spatial channels in visual processing. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 326-352.
109. Posner, M. I., & Keele, S. W. (1968). On the genesis of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 353-363.
110. Posner, M. I., & Keele, S. W. (1970). Retention of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 304-308.
111. Posner, M. I., Snyder, M. J., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 160-174.
112. Potter, M. C., Moryadas, A., Abrams, I., & Noel, A. (1993). Word perception and misperception in context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 3-22.
113. Prinzmetal, W. (1981). Principles of feature integration in visual perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 30, 330-340.
114. Prinzmetal, W., & Banks, W. P. (1977). Good continuation affects visual detection. Perception & Psychophysics, 21, 389-395.
115. Prinzmetal, W., & Keysar, B. (1989). Functional theory of illusory conjunctions and neon colors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 165-190.
116. Prinzmetal, W., & Millis-Wright, M. (1984). Cognitive and linguistic factors affect visual feature integration. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 305-340.
117. Prinzmetal, W., & Silvers, B. (1994). The word without the tachistoscope. Perception & Psychophysics, 55, 296-312.
118. Pritchard, R. M. (1958). Visual illusions viewed as stable retinal images. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 77-81.
119. Proctor, R. W. (1981). A unified theory for matching-task phenomena. Psychological Review, 88, 291-326.
120. Purcell, D. G., & Stewart, A. L. (1988). The face-detection effect: Configuration enhances detection. Perception & Psychophysics, 43, 355-366.
121. Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1968). Repetition effects and signal classification strategies in serial choice response tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 232-240.
122. Ramachandran, V. S. (1985). Apparent motion of subjective contours. Perception, 14, 127-134.
123. Ramachandran, V. S. (1992). Blind spots. Scientific American, 266, 86-91.
124. Regan, D. (1986). Luminance contrast: Vernier discrimination. Spatial Vision, 1, 305-318.
125. Reicher, G. M. (1969). Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 275-280.
126. Reinitz, M. T., Wright, E., & Loftus, G. R. (1989). Effects of semantic priming on visual encoding of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 280-297.
127. Rescorla, R. A. (1985). Pavlovian conditioning analogues to Gestalt perceptual principles. In F. R. Brush & J. B. Overmier (Eds.), Affect, conditioning, and cognition: Essays on the determinants of behavior (pp. 113-130). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
128. Riccio, D. C., Ackil, J., & Burch-Vernon, A. (1992). Forgetting of stimulus attributes: Methodological implications for assessing associative phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 433-445.
129. Rock, I. (Ed.). (1997). Indirect perception. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
130. Rock, I., & Brosgole, L. (1964). Grouping based on phenomenal proximity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 531-538.
131. Rock, I., Gopnik, A., & Hall, S. (1994). Do young children reverse ambiguous figures? Perception, 23, 635-644.
132. Rock, I., & Gutman, D. (1981). The effect of inattention on form perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 275-285.
133. Rock, I., Hall, S., & Davis, J. (1994). Why do ambiguous figures reverse? Acta Psychologica, 87, 33-59.
134. Rock, I., Nijhawan, R., Palmer, S., & Tudor, L. (1992). Grouping based on phenomenal similarity of achromatic color. Perception, 21, 779-789.
135. Sachs, S. S. (1967). Recognition memory for syntactic and semantic aspects of connected discourse. Perception & Psychophysics, 2, 437-442.
136. Schmidt, S. R. (1991). Can we have a distinctive theory of memory? Memory & Cognition, 19, 523-542.
137. Scialfa, C. T., & Thomas, D. M. (1994). Age differences in same-different judgments as a function of multidimensional similarity. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 173-178.
138. Segal, S. J. (1972). Assimilation of a stimulus in the construction of an image: The Perky effect revisited. In P. W. Sheehan (Ed.), The function and nature of imagery (pp. 203-230). New York: Academic Press.
139. Shepard, N., & Metzler, J. (1971). Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science, 171, 701-703.
140. Shepp, B. E., & Swartz, K. (1976). Selective attention and the processing of integral and nonintegral dimensions: A developmental study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 22, 73-85.
141. Shimojo, S. (1987). Attention-dependent visual capture in double vision. Perception, 16, 445-447.
142. Smith, J. D., & Kemler Nelson, D. G. (1984). Overall similarity in adults' classification: The child in all of us. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 137-159.
143. Smith, J. D., & Minda, J. P. (1998). Prototypes in the mist: The early epochs of category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 1411-1436.
144. Smith, L. B., & Kemler, D. G. (1978). Levels of experienced dimensionality in children and adults. Cognitive Psychology, 10, 502-532.
145. Sperber, R. D., McCauley, C., Ragain, R. D., & Weil, C. M. (1979). Semantic priming effects on picture and word processing. Memory & Cognition, 7, 339-345.
146. Spoehr, K. T., & Lehmkuhle, S. W. (1982). Visual information processing. San Francisco: Freeman.
147. Squires, P. C. (1956). Stereopsis produced without horizontally disparate stimulus loci. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52, 199-203.
148. Stevens, S. S. (1961). The psychophysics of sensory function. In W. A. Rosenblith (Ed.), Sensory communication (pp. 1-33). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
149. Strange, W., & Jenkins, J. J. (1978). Role of linguistic experience in the perception of speech. In R. D. Walk & H. L. Pick, Jr. (Eds.), Perception and experience (pp. 125-169). New York: Plenum.
150. Strange, W., Keeney, T., Kessel, F. S., & Jenkins, J. J. (1970). Abstraction over time of prototypes from distortions of random dot patterns: A replication. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 508-510.
151. Tulving, E., & Osler, S. (1968). Effectiveness of retrieval cues in memory for words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 593-601.
152. Tversky, B. (1969). Pictorial and verbal encoding in a short-term memory task. Perception & Psychophysics, 6, 225-233.
153. Tyler, S. W., Hertel, P. T., McCallum, M. C., & Ellis, H. C. (1979). Cognitive effort and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 607-617.
154. van Tuijl, H. F. J. M. (1975). A new visual illusion: Neonlike color spreading and complementary color induction between subjective contours. Acta Psychologica, 39, 441-445.
155. Wallach, H., O'Connell, D. N., & Neisser, U. (1953). The memory effect of visual perception of three-dimensional form. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45, 360-368.
156. Ward, R., Goodrich, S., & Driver, J. (1994). Grouping reduces visual extinction: Neuropsychological evidence for weight-linkage in visual selection. Visual Cognition, 1, 101-129.
157. Weber, E. H. (1849). Der Tastsinn und das Gemeingefuhl [The sense of touch and sensation caused by bodily conditions]. In R. Wagner (Ed.), Handworterbuch der Physiologie, III (pp. 481-588). Brunswick, Germany: Bieweg.
158. Welch, R. B. (1978). Perceptual modification: Adapting to altered sensory environments. New York: Academic Press.
159. Wolford, G., & Shum, K. H. (1980). Evidence for feature perturbations. Perception & Psychophysics, 27, 409-420.
160. Wood, L. E. (1974). Visual and auditory coding in a memory matching task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 106-113.
161. Zener, K. (1937). The significance of behavior accompanying conditioned salivary secretion for theories of the conditioned response. American Journal of Psychology, 50, 384-403.