The pollination ecology of an assemblage of grassland asclepiads in South Africa

Annals of Botany

Volumn 92, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 807-834

  Ollerton, Jeff ^a   Johnson, Steven D ^b   Cranmer, Louise ^a   Kellie, Sam ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NATAL PIETERMARITZBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Apocynaceae; Asclepiadaceae; Community structure; Floral morphology; Grassland; Mutualism; Nestedness; Niche; Plant assemblage; Pollination; SEM; South Africa; Species interactions

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; FLORAL TRAIT; GRASSLAND; PLANT-POLLINATOR INTERACTION; POLLINATION;

AFRICA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; KWAZULU-NATAL; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; WORLD;

APOCYNACEAE; ASCLEPIADOIDEAE; HEXAPODA; INSECTA; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; POMPILIDAE;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; FLOWER; GENTIANACEAE; HYMENOPTERA; PHYSIOLOGY; POACEAE; POLLEN; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SOUTH AFRICA; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; FLOWERS; GENTIANACEAE; HYMENOPTERA; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; POACEAE; POLLEN; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0347352277     PISSN: 03057364     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcg206     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Ali T, Ali S I. 1989. Pollination biology of Calotropis procera subsp. hamiltonii (Asclepiadaceae). Phyton 29: 175-188.
2. Armbruster WS. 1986. Reproductive interactions between sympatric Dalechampia species - are natural assemblages random or organized? Ecology 67: 522-533.
3. Armbruster WS. 1995. The origins and detection of plant community structure: reproductive versus vegetative processes. Folia Geobotanica Phytotaxonomica 30: 483-497.
4. Armbruster WS, Edwards ME, Debevec EM. 1994. Floral character displacement generates assemblage structure of Western-Australian triggerplants (Stylidium). Ecology 75: 315-329.
5. Atmar W, Patterson BD. 1993. The measure of order and disorder in the distribution of species in fragmented habitat. Oecologia 96: 373-382.
6. Bascompte J, Jordano, P, Melián CJ, Olesen JM. 2003. The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 9383-9387.
7. Borba EL, Semir J. 2001. Pollinator specificity and convergence in fly-pollinated Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species: a multiple population approach. Annals of Botany 88: 75-88.
8. Borba EL, Sheperd GJ, van den Berg C, Semir J. 2002. Floral and vegetative morphometrics of five Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species: correlation with taxonomy, phylogeny, genetic variability and pollination systems. Annals of Botany 90: 219-230.
9. Brown R. 1811. On the Asclepiadeae, a natural order of plants separated from the Apocineae of Jussieu. Memoires of the Wemerian Natural History Society 1: 12-78.
10. Chaturvedi SK, Pant DD. 1986. Further studies in the pollination of some Indian asclepiads. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 28: 23-30.
11. Cowling RM, Hilton-Taylor C. 1997. Phytogeography, flora and endemism. In: Cowling RM, Richardson DM, Pierce, SM, eds. Vegetation of southern Africa. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 43-61.
12. Cowling RM, Gibbs Russell GE, Hoffman MT, Hilton-Taylor C. 1991. Patterns of plants species diversity in southern Africa. In: Huntley BJ, ed. Biotic diversity in southern Africa: concepts and conservation. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 19-50.
13. Cruden RW, Hermann SM, Peterson S. 1983. Patterns of nectar production and plant-pollinator coevolution. In: Bentley B, Elias, T. eds. The biology of nectaries. New York, Columbia University Press, 80-125.
14. Curry KJ, McDowell LM, Judd WS, Stern WL. 1991. Osmophores, floral features, and systematics of Stanhopea (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 78: 610-623.
15. Dafni A. 1992. Pollination ecology - a practical approach. Oxford, IRL Press.
16. Dicks LV, Corbet SA, Pywell RF. 2002. Compartmentalization in plant-insect flower visitor webs. Journal of Animal Ecology 71: 32-43.
17. Dupont YL, Hansen DM, Olesen JM. 2003. Structure of a plant-pollinator network in the high altitude sub-alpine desert of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Ecography 26: 301-310.
18. Endress ME, Bruyns PV. 2000. A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s.l. Botanical Review 66: 1-56.
19. Fishbein M. 2001. Evolutionary innovation and diversification in the flowers of the Asclepiadaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 603-623.
20. Fishbein M, Venable DL. 1996. Diversity and temporal change in the effective pollinators of Asclepias tuberosa. Ecology 77: 1061-1073.
21. Forster PI. 1989. Pollination of Marsdenia fraseri (Asclepiadaceae) by Metriorrhynchus lateralis (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 43: 311-312.
22. Heithaus ER. 1974. The role of plant-pollinator interactions in determining community structure. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 675-691.
23. Herrera CM. 1988. Variation in mutualisms: the spatio-temporal mosaic of a pollinator assemblage. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 35: 95-125.
24. Hilliard O, Burtt B. 1987. The botany of the southern Natal Drakensberg. Annals of the Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens 15: 1-253.
25. Holm E, Marais E. 1992. Fruit chafers of southern Africa (Scarabaeidae: Cetoniini). Hartebeespoorte, Ekogilde.
26. Johnson SD. 1993. Climatic and phylogenetic determinants of flowering seasonality in the Cape Flora. Journal of Ecology 81: 567-572.
27. Johnson SD, Steiner KE. 2000. Generalization versus specialization in plant pollination systems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 190-193.
28. Johnson SD, Edwards TJ, Carbutt C, Potgieter C. 2002. Specialization for hawkmoth and long-proboscid fly pollination in Zaluzianskya section Nycterinia (Scrophulariaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 138: 17-27.
29. Johnson SD, Pauw A, Midgley, J. 2001. Rodent pollination in the African lily Massonia depressa (Hyacinthaceae). American Journal of Botany 88: 1768-1773.
30. Jordano P. 1987. Patterns of mutualistic interactions in pollination and seed dispersal: connectance, dependence asymmetries, and coevolution. American Naturalist 129: 657-677.
31. Kearns CA, Inouye, DW. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. Niwot, University Press of Colorado.
32. Kephart SR. 1979. The floral ecology and reproductive isolation of three sympatric species of Asclepias. PhD Thesis, Indiana University. Bloomington.
33. Kephart SR. 1983. The partitioning of pollinators among 3 species of Asclepias. Ecology 64: 120-133.
34. Kephart SR. 1987. Phenological variation in flowering and fruiting of Asclepias. American Midland Naturalist 118: 64-76.
35. Kessler M, Krömer T. 2000. Patterns and ecological correlates of pollination modes among bromeliad communities of Andean forests in Bolivia. Plant Species Biology 2: 659-669.
36. Kochmer JP, Handel SN. 1986. Constraints and competition in the evolution of flowering phenology. Ecological Monographs 56: 303-325.
37. Kunze H. 1990. Morphology and evolution of the corona in Asclepiadaceae and related families. Tropische und Subtropische Pflanzenwelt 76: 7-51.
38. Kunze H. 1991. Structure and function in asclepiad pollination. Plant Systematics and Evolution 176: 227-253.
39. Kunze H. 1997. Corona and nectar system in Asclepiadinae (Asclepiadaceae). Flora 192: 175-183.
40. Lamborn E, Ollerton J. 2000. Experimental assessment of the functional morphology of inflorescences of Daucus carota (Apiaceae): testing the "fly catcher effect". Functional Ecology 14: 445-454.
41. Langley RW. 1980. Taxonomic studies in the Asclepiadeae with particular reference to Xysmalobium R.Br. in southern Africa. MSc Thesis, University of Natal, Republic of South Africa.
42. Levins R. 1968. Evolution in changing environments. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
43. Liede S. 1989. Untersuchungen zur Ökologie der Gattung Erepsia. Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen 65: 1-98.
44. Liede S, Kunze H. 1993. A descriptive system for corona analysis in Asclepiadaceae and Periplocaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 186: 275-284.
45. Liede S, Whitehead V. 1991. Studies in the pollination biology of Sarcostemma viminale R.BR. sensu lato. South African Journal of Botany 57: 115-122.
46. Memmott J. 1999. The structure of a plant-pollinator food web. Ecology Letters 2: 276-280.
47. Meve U. 1995. Neoschumannia (including Swynnertonia), a primitive genus of the Asclepiadaceae-Stapelieae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 197: 233-242.
48. Meve U. 1998. Emplectanthus N.B.Br.: a close relative of Riocreuxia Decne. in the Asclepiadaceae-Stapelieae. Botanische Jahrbuche für Systematik 120: 123-130.
49. Meve U, Liede S. 1994. Floral biology and pollination in stapeliads - new results and a literature review. Plant Systematics and Evolution 192: 99-116.
50. Meve U, Liede S. 2001. Inclusion of Tenaris and Macropetalum in Brachystelma (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae) inferred from non-coding nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 228: 89-105.
51. Minckley RL, Cane JH, Kervin L, Roulston TH. 1999. Spatial predictability and resource specialization of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) at a superabundant, widespread resource. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 119-147.
52. Morse DH. 1982. The turnover of milkweed pollinia on bumblebees, and implications for outcrossing. Oecologia 53: 187-196.
53. Nicholas A, Goyder DJ. 1992. Aspidonepsis (Asclepiadaceae), a new Southern African genus. Bothalia 22: 23-35.
54. Nel M. 1995. Rare and interesting plants of the Namib Desert. Part 2. Three desert plants. Veld and Flora 81: 14-15.
55. O'Connor TG, Bredenkamp, GJ. 2000. Grasslands. In: Cowling RM, Richardson DM, Pierce SM, eds. Vegetation of southern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 215-257.
56. Olesen JM, Jordano P. 2002. Geographic patterns in plant-pollinator mutualistic networks. Ecology 83: 2416-2424.
57. Ollerton J. 1996. Reconciling ecological processes with phylogenetic patterns: the apparent paradox of plant-pollinator systems. Journal of Ecology 84: 767-769.
58. Ollerton J. 1998. Sunbird surprise for syndromes. Nature 394: 726-727.
59. Ollerton J. 1999. The evolution of pollinator-plant relationships within the arthropods. In: Melic A, DeHaro JJ, Mendez M. Ribera I, eds. Evolution and phylogeny of the Arthropoda. Zaragoza: Entomological Society of Aragon, 741-758.
60. Ollerton J, Cranmer L. 2002. Latitudinal trends in plant-pollinator interactions: are tropical plants more specialized? Oikos 98: 340-350.
61. Ollerton J, Dafni A. 2003. Functional floral morphology and phenology. In: Dafni A, Kevan P, eds. Manual of field methods in pollination ecology. Ontario, Enivoquest.
62. Ollerton J, Lack AJ. 1992. Flowering phenology: an example of relaxation of natural selection? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 274-276.
63. Ollerton J, Liede S. 1997. Pollination systems in the Asclepiadaceae: a survey and preliminary analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 62: 593-610.
64. Ollerton J, Liede S. 2003. Corona structure in Cynanchum: linking morphology to function. Ecotropica in press.
65. Ollerton J, Watts S. 2000. Phenotype space and floral typology: towards an objective assessment of pollination syndromes. Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi I. Matematisk-Naturvitenskapelig Klasse, Avhandlinger, Ny Serie 39: 149-159.
66. Parrish JAD, Bazzaz FA. 1979. Differences in pollination niche relationships in early and late successional communities. Ecology 60: 597-610.
67. Patterson BD. 1990. On the temporal development of nested subset patterns of species composition. Oikos 59: 330-342.
68. Petanidou T, Ellis WE. 1993. Pollinating fauna of a phryganic ecosystem: composition and diversity. Biodiversity Letters 1: 9-22.
69. Petanidou T, Vokou D. 1993. Pollination ecology of Labiatae in a phryganic (East Mediterranean) ecosystem. American Journal of Botany 80: 892-899.
70. Proctor M, Yeo P, Lack A. 1996. The natural history of pollination. London, HarperCollins.
71. Queller DC. 1985. Proximate and ultimate causes of low fruit production in Asclepias exaltata. Oikos 44: 373-381.
72. Rathcke B. 1988. Flowering phenologies in a shrub community - competition and constraints. Journal of Ecology 76: 975-994.
73. Robertson C. 1895. Flowers and insects XIII. Botanical Gazette 20: 104-110.
74. Robertson C. 1928. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL: privately published.
75. Sakai S, Kato M, Inoue T. 1999. Three pollination guilds and variation in floral characteristics of Bornean gingers (Zingiberaceae and Costaceae). American Journal of Botany 86: 646-658.
76. Scott-Elliot GF. 1891. Notes on the fertilisation of South Africa and Madagascar flowering plants. Annals of Botany 5: 333-405.
77. Silvertown J, Dodd M, Cowing D. 2001. Phylogeny and the niche structure of meadow plant communities. Journal of Ecology 89: 428-435.
78. Steiner KE. 1998. Beetle pollination of peacock moraeas (Iridaceae) in South African orchids. Plant Systematics and Evolution 209: 47-65.
79. Steiner KE, Whitehead VB, Johnson SD. 1994. Floral and pollinator divergence in 2 sexually deceptive South African orchids. American Journal of Botany 81: 185-194.
80. Stone GN, Willmer P, Rowe JA. 1998. Partitioning of pollinators during flowering in an African Acacia community. Ecology 79: 2808-2827.
81. Stpiczyñska M. 1993. Anatomy and ultrastructure of osmophores of Cymbidium tracyanum Rolfe (Orchidaceae). Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 62: 5-9.
82. Struck M. 1995. Land of blooming pebbles. Aloe 32: 56-65.
83. Tofts R, Silvertown J. 2000. Niche differences and their relation to species' traits in Cirsium vulgare and Cirsium eriophorum. Folia Geobotanica 35: 231-240.
84. Victor GE, Bredenkamp CL, Venter HJT, Bruyns PV, Nicholas, A. 2000. Apocynaceae. In: Leistner OA, ed. Seed plants of southern Africa: families and genera. Pretoria: National Botanical Institute, 71-98.
85. Vieira MF, Shepherd GJ. 1999. Pollinators of Oxypetalum (Asclepiadaceae) in Southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59: 693-704.
86. Vogel S. 1990. The role of scent glands in pollination. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
87. Waite S. 2000. Statistical ecology in practice. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
88. Waser NM. 1978. Interspecific pollen transfer and competition between co-occurring plant species. Oecologia 36: 223-236.
89. Waser NM, Chittka L, Price MV, Williams N, Ollerton J. 1996. Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters. Ecology 77: 1043-1060.
90. Weale JPM. 1873. Observations on the mode in which certain species of Asclepiadæ are fertilized. Linnean Journal - Botany 13: 48-58.
91. Whitehead VB, Giliomee JH, Rebelo AG. 1987. Insect pollination in the Cape flora. In: Rebelo AG, ed. A preliminary synthesis of pollination biology in the Cape flora. Pretoria: South African National Scientific Programmes report no. 141, 52-82.
92. Willson MF, Bertin RI. 1979. Flower visitors, nectar production, and inflorescence size of Asclepias syriaca. Canadian Journal of Botany 57: 1380-1388.
93. Willson MF, Price PW. 1977. The evolution of inflorescence size in Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae). Evolution 31: 495-511.
94. Woodell SRJ. 1979. The role of unspecialized pollinators in the reproductive success of Aldabran plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B 286: 99-108.
95. Wyatt R. 1978. Experimental evidence concerning the role of the corpusculum in Asclepias pollination. Systematic Botany 3: 313-321.