Histopathology and genetics of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1277-1311

  Smoller, Bruce R ^a   Santucci, Marco ^b   Wood, Gary S ^c   Whittaker, Sean J ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^d GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FAS ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN P15; PROTEIN P53; STAT3 PROTEIN; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE;

CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER CYTODIAGNOSIS; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL CYCLE; CHROMOSOMAL PARAMETERS; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CHROMOSOME LOSS; CLONAL VARIATION; COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA; CYTOGENETICS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; DNA MICROARRAY; DNA REPAIR; GENE REARRANGEMENT; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENETICS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY; MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; NATURAL KILLER CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEZARY SYNDROME; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T CELL LYMPHOMA; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR GENE; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 0346996939     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8588(03)00115-1     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Weinstock MA, Gardstein B. Twenty year trends in the reported incidence of mycosis fungoides and associated mortality. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1240-4.
2. Weinstock MA, Reynes JF. The changing survival of patients with mycosis fungoides: a population -based assessment of trends in the United States. Cancer 1999;85:208-12.
3. Everett MA. Early diagnosis of mycosis fungoides: Vacuolar interface dermatitis. J Cutan Pathol 1985;12:271-8.
4. Flaxman BA, Zelazny G, Van Scott EJ. Non-specificity of characteristic cells in mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1971;104:141-7.
5. Lefeber WP, Robinson JK, Clendenning WE, et al. Attempts to enhance light microscopic diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides). Arch Dermatol 1981;117:408-11.
6. Nickoloff BJ. Light-microscopic assessment of 100 patients with patch/plaque stagemycosis fungoides. Am J Dermatopathol 1988;10:469-77.
7. Olerud JE, Kulin PA, Chew DE, et al. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Evaluation of pretreatment skin biopsy specimens by a panel of pathologists. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:501-7.
8. Sanchez JL, Ackerman AB. The patch stage of mycosis fungoides. Am J Dermatopathol 1979;1:5-26.
9. Shapiro PE, Pinto FJ. The histologic spectrum of MF/Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). A review of 222 biopsies, including newly described patterns and the earliest pathologic changes. Am J Surg Pathol 1994;18:645-67.
10. Smith NP. Histologic criteria for early diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Dermatol Clin 1994;12(2):315-22.
11. Smoller BR, Bishop K, Glusac E, et al. Reassessment of histologic parameters in the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:1423-30.
12. Smoller BR. Differentiating early lesions of mycosis fungoides from spongiotic dermatoses. Pathology Case Reviews 1996;1:158-62.
13. Lutzner MA, Edelson R, Schein P, et al. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: the Sezary syndrome, mycosis fungoides, and related disorders. Ann Intern Med 1975;83:534-52.
14. McNutt NS, Crain WR. Quantitative electron microscopic comparison of lymphocyte nuclear contours in mycosis fungoides and in benign infiltrates in skin. Cancer 1981;47:698-709.
15. Ackerman AB, Flaxman BA. Granulomatous mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol 1970;82:397-401.
16. Guitart J, Peduto M, Caro WA, et al. Lichenoid changes in mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:417-22.
17. Santucci M, Biggeri A, Feller AC, et al. Accuracy, concordance, and reproducibility of histologic diagnosis in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:497-502.
18. Fivenson D, Hanson C, Nickoloff B. Localization of clonal T-cells to the epidermis in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:717-23.
19. Diamandidou E, Colome-Grimmer M, Fayad L, et al. Transformation of MF/Sezary syndrome: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Blood 1998;92:1150-9.
20. Salhany KE, Cousar JB, Greer JP, et al. Transformation of cutaneous T cell lymphoma to large cell lymphoma. A clinicopathologic and immunologic study. Am J Pathol 1988;132:265-77.
21. van Doorn R, Scheffer E, Willemze R. Follicular mycosis fungoides, a distinct disease entity with or without associated follicular mucinosis. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:191-8.
22. Aloi F, Tomasini C, Pippione M. Mycosis fungoides and eruptive epidermoid cysts: a unique response of follicular and eccrine structures. Dermatology 1993;187:273-7.
23. Kim SY. Follicular mycosis fungoides. Am J Dermatopathol 1985;7:300-4.
24. Lacour J-P, Castanet J, Perrin C, Ortonne J-P. Follicular mycosis fungoides. A clinical and histologic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: report of two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:330-4.
25. Pinkus H. The relationship of alopecia mucinosa to malignant lymphoma. Dermatologica 1964;124:266-70.
26. Zelger B, Sepp N, Weyrer K, et al. Syringotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a variant of mycosis fungoides? Br J Dermatol 1994;130:765-9.
27. Hitchcock MG, Burchette Jr JL, Olsen EA, et al. Eccrine gland infiltration by mycosis fungoides. Am J Dermatopathol 1996;18:447-53.
28. Hodak E, Feinmesser M, Segal T, et al. Follicular cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathological study of nine cases. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:315-22.
29. Wilkinson JD, Black MM, Chu A. Follicular mucinosis associated with mycosis fungoides presenting with gross cystic changes on the face. Clin Exp Dermatol 1982;7:333-40.
30. Gibson LE, Muller SA, Leiferman KM, et al. Follicular mucinosis: clinical and histopathologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:441-6.
31. Nickoloff BJ, Wood C. Benign idiopathic versus mycosis-fungoides-associated follicular mucinosis. Pediatr Dermatol 1985;2:201-6.
32. Cerroni L, Puches R, Back B, et al. Follicular mucinosis: a critical reappraisal of clinicopathologic features and association with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:182-9.
33. LeBoit PE, Zackheim HS, White CR. Granulomatous variants of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The histopathology of granulomatous MF and granulomatous slack skin. Am J Surg Pathol 1988;12:83-95.
34. LeBoit PE. Variants of mycosis fungoides and related cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Semin Diagn Pathol 1991;8:73-81.
35. Mainguene C, Picard O, Audoin J, et al. An unusual case of mycosis fungoides presenting as sarcoidosis or granulomatous mycosis fungoides. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;99:82-6.
36. Argenyi ZB, Goeken JA, Piette WW, et al. Granulomatous mycosis fungoides. Clinicopathologic study of two cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1992;14:200-10.
37. Balus L, Manente L, Remotti D, et al. Granulomatous slack skin. Report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 1996;18:199-206.
38. Lambert WC, Everett MA. The nosology of parapsoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5:373-95.
39. Lindae ML, Abel EA, Hoppe RT, et al. Poikilodermatous mycosis fungoides and atrophic large-plaque parapsoriasis exhibit similar abnormalities of T-cell antigen expression. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:366-72.
40. Lambroza E, Cohen SR, Phelps R, et al. Hypopigmented variant of mycosis fungoides: demography, histopathology, and treatment of seven cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:987-93.
41. Whitmore SE, Simmons-O'Brien E, Rotter FS. Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:476-80.
42. Zackheim HS, Epstein Jr EH, Grekin DA, et al. Mycosis fungoides presenting as areas of hypopigmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:340-5.
43. Haghighi B, Smoller BR, LeBoit PE, et al. Pagetoid reticulosis (Woringer-Kolopp disease): an immunophenotypic, molecular, and clinicopathologic study. Mod Pathol 2000;13:502-10.
44. Smoller BR, Stewart MI, Warnke RA. A case of Woringer-Kolopp disease with Ki-1 (CD30)+ cytotoxic/ suppressor cells. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:526-9.
45. Vonderheid EC, Bernengo MG, Burg G, et al. Update on erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: report of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:95-106.
46. Winkelmann RK, Linman JW. Erythroderma with atypical lymphocytes (Sezary syndrome). Am J Med 1973;55:192-8.
47. Walsh NMG, Prokopetz R, Tron VA, et al. Histopathology in erythroderma: review of a series of cases by multiple observers. J Cutan Pathol 1994;21:419-23.
48. Kohler S, Kim YH, Smoller BR. Histologic criteria for the diagnosis of erythrodermic mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a critical reappraisal. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:292-7.
49. Felgar RE, Macon WR, Kinney MC, et al. TIA-1 expression in lymphoid neoplasms: identification ofsubsets with cytotoxic T lymphocyte or natural killer differentiation. Am J Pathol 1997;150:1893-900.
50. Jaffe ES, Chan JKC, Su IJ, et al. Report of the workshop on nasal and related extranodal angiocentric T/natural killer cell lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:103-11.
51. Chan JKC, Sin VC, Wong KF, et al. Nonnasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm. Blood 1997;89:4501-13.
52. Kern WF, Spier CM, Miller TP, et al. NCAM (CD56)-positive malignant lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1993;12:1-10.
53. Cunningham BA, Hemperly JJ, Murray BA, et al. Neural adhesion molecule: structure, Ig-like domains, cell surface modulation and alternative RNA splicing. Science 1987;236:799-806.
54. Lanier LL, Testi R, Bindl J, et al. Identity of Leu-19 (CD56) leukocyte differentiation antigen and neural cell adhesion molecule. J Exp Med 1989;169:2233-8.
55. Lanier LL, Chang C, Azuma M, et al. Molecular and functional analysis of human natural killer cell-associated neural adhesion molecule (N-CAM/CD56). J Immunol 1991;146:4421-6.
56. Kern WF, Spier CM, Hammeman EH, et al. Neural cell adhesion molecule-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a rare variant with a propensity for unusual sites of involvement. Blood 1992;79:2432-7.
57. Wong KF, Chan JKC, Ng CS, et al. CD56 (NKHI)-positive hematolymphoid malignancies: an aggressive neoplasm featuring frequent cutaneous-mucosal involvement, cytoplasmic azurophilic granules and angiocentricity. Hum Pathol 1992;23:798-804.
58. Nakamura S, Suchi T, Koshikawa T, et al. Clinicopathologic study of CD56 (NCAM)-positive angiocentric lymphoma occurring in sites other than upper and lower respiratory tract. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:284-96.
59. Santucci M, Pimpinelli N, Massi D, et al. Cytotoxic/natural killer cell cutaneous lymphomas: Report of the E.O.R.T.C. Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force workshop. Cancer 2003;97:610-27.
60. Jensen JR, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Subpopulations of T-lymphocytes in a patient with fulminant mycosis fungoides. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockh) 1980;60:159-61.
61. Haynes BF, Hensley LL, Jegasothy BV. Phenotypic characterization of skin-infiltrating T cells in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: comparison with benign cutaneous T-cell infiltrates. Blood 1982;60:463-73.
62. Caputo R, Monti M, Berti E, et al. A verrucoid epidermotropic OKT8 positive lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 1983;5:159-61.
63. Buechner SA, Winkelmann RK, Banks PM. T cells and T cell subsets in mycosis fungoides and parapsoriasis. A study of 18 cases with anti-human T cell monoclonal antibodies and histochemical techniques. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:897-905.
64. Bennet SR, Greer JP, Stein RS, et al. Death due to splenic rupture in suppressor cell mycosis fungoides: a case report. Am J Clin Pathol 1984;82:104-9.
65. Mackie RM, Turbitt ML. A case of pagetoid reticulosis bearing the cytotoxic suppressor surface marker on the lymphoid infiltrate: further evidence that pagetoid reticulosis is not a variant of mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:89-94.
66. Gonzalez M, Martin-Pascual MM, Miguel JS, et al. Phenotypic characterization of skin infiltrating cells in pagetoid reticulosis by monoclonal antibodies. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1984;64:421-4.
67. Nasu K, Said J, Vonderheid E, et al. Immunopathology of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Am J Pathol 1985;119:436-47.
68. Ralfkiaer E, Lange-Wantzin G, Mason DY, et al. Phenotypic characterization of lymphocyte subsets in mycosis fungoides. Comparison with large plaque parapsoriasis and benign chronic dermatoses. Am Clin Pathol 1985;84:610-9.
69. Quanterman MJ, Lesher JL, Davis LS, et al. Rapidly progressive CD8-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with tongue involvement. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;17:287-91.
70. Jimbow K, Maeda K, Ito Y, et al. Heterogeneity of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Phenotypic and ultrastructural characterization of four unusual cases. Cancer 1985;56:2458-69.
71. Ohkolhchi K, Aiba S, Tagami H. OKT8-reactive cell mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:20-2.
72. Fujiwara Y, Abe Y, Kuyama M, et al. CD8 + cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with pagetoid epidermotropism, and angiocentric, and angiodestructive infiltration. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:801-4.
73. Urrutia S, Piris MA, Orradre JL, et al. Cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8 +, CD4-) cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with aggressive course. Am J Dermatopathol 1990;12:603-6.
74. Agnarsson BA, Vonderheid EC, Kadin ME. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma with suppressor/ cytotoxic (CD8) phenotype: Identification of rapidly progressive and chronic subtypes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:569-77.
75. Marti RM, Estrach T, Palou J, et al. Specific cutaneous lesions in a CD8+ peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:624-8.
76. Kikuchi A, Sakuraoka K, Kurihara S, et al. CD8+ cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: report of two cases with immunophenotyping, T-cell-receptor gene rearrangement and electron microscopic studies. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:404-8.
77. Berti E, Tomasini D, Vermeer M, et al. Primary cutaneous CD8-positive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphomas: a distinct clinicopathologic entity with an aggressive clinical behavior. Am J Pathol 1999;155:483-92.
78. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 1994;84:1361-92.
79. Willemze R, Kerl H, Sterry W, et al. EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas: a proposal from the cutaneous lymphoma study group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Blood 1997;90:354-74.
80. Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, et al. Tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2001.
81. Kumar S, Krenacs L, Medeiros J, et al. Subcutaneous panniculitic T-cell lymphoma is a tumor of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Hum Pathol 1998;29:397-403.
82. Burg G, Dummer R, Wilhelm M, et al. A subcutaneous delta-positive T-cell lymphoma that produces interferon gamma. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1078-81.
83. Avinoach I, Halevy S, Argov S, et al. λ/δ T-cell lymphoma involving the subcutaneous tissue and associated with a hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16:426-33.
84. von den Driesch P, Staib G, Simon M, et al. Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:285-9.
85. Ralfkiaer E, Wollf-Sneedorff A, Thomsen K, et al. T-cell receptor λ/δ -positive peripheral T-cell lymphomas presenting in the skin: a clinical, histological and immunophenotypic study. Exp Dermatol 1992;1:31-6.
86. Fujita M, Miyachi Y, Furukawa F, et al. A case of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma expressing λ/δ T-cell receptors. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:355-60.
87. Munn SE, McGregor JM, Jones A, et al. Clinical and pathological heterogeneity in cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:976-81.
88. Salhany KE, Macon WR, Choi JK, et al. Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. Clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic analysis of alpha/beta and gamma/delta subtypes. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:881-93.
89. Gonzalez CL, Medeiros J, Braziel RM, et al. T-cell lymphoma involving subcutaneous tissue. A clinicopathologic entity commonly associated with hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:17-27.
90. Pemiciaro C, Winkelmann RK, Ehrhardt D. Fatal systemic cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical study of multiple organ sites. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:901-5.
91. Smith KJ, Skelton HG, Giblin WL, et al. Cutaneous lesions of hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with T-cell lymphoma and active Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:919-24.
92. Harada H, Iwatsuki K, Kaneko F. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus genes in malignant lymphoma with clinical and histologic features of cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:379-83.
93. Cho KH, Oh JK, Kim CW, et al. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma involving subcutaneous tissue. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:290-5.
94. Craig AJ, Cualing H, Thomas G, et al. Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis-a syndrome associated with benign and malignant panniculitis: case comparison and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:721-36.
95. Ansai SI, Maeda K, Yamakawa M, et al. CD56-positive (nasal-type T/NK cell) lymphoma arising on the skin. Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:468-76.
96. Petrella T, Dalac S, Maynadiè M, et al. CD4+ CD56+ cutaneous neoplasms: a distinct hematological entity? Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:137-46.
97. Dummer R, Potoczna N, Häffner AC, et al. A primary cutaneous non-T, non-B CD4+, CD56+ lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:550-3.
98. Adachi M, Maeda K, Takekawa M, et al. High expression of CD56 (N-CAM) in a patient with cutaneous CD4-positive lymphoma. Am J Hematol 1994;47:278-82.
99. Wasik MA, Sackstein R, Novick D, et al. Cutaneous CD56+ large T-cell lymphoma associated with high serum concentration of IL-2. Hum Pathol 1996;27:738-44.
100. Imamura N, Kusunikoi Y, Kawa-Ha K, et al. Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma: report of four cases and review of the literature. Possible existence of a new clinical entity originated from the third lineage of lymphoid cells. Br J Haematol 1990;75:49-59.
101. Imamura N, Kusunoki Y, Kajihara H, et al. Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma with N901-positive surface phenotype: evidence for the existence of a third lineage of lymphoid cells. Acta Haematol 1988;80:121-8.
102. Gattei V, Carbone A, Marotta G, et al. Expression of the natural killer antigens in malignant histiocytosis and a subset of acute myelomonocytic leukemias. Bone Marrow Transplant 1989;4:22.
103. Gattei V, Carbone A, Zagonel V, et al. Expression of natural killer antigens in a subset of non-T, non-B lymphoma/leukemia with histiocytic features. Br J Haematol 1990;76:444-8.
104. DiGiuseppe JA, Louie DC, Williams JE, et al. Blastic natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:1223-30.
105. Carroll Jr TJ, Schelper RL, Goeken JA, et al. Neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis: immunopathologic and morphologic evidence for intravascular malignant lymphomatosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1986;85:169-75.
106. Stroup RM, Sheibani K, Moncada A, et al. Angiotropic (intravascular) large cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of seven cases with unique clinical presentations. Cancer 1990;66:1781-8.
107. Sheibani K, Battifora H, Winberg CD, et al. Further evidence that "malignant angioendotheliomatosis" is an angiotropic large-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1986;314:943-8.
108. Maruyama N, Ishida Y, Sato H, et al. Expression of lymphocyte-associated antigens on neoplastic angioendotheliosis. Appl Pathol 1986;5:246-52.
109. Sepp N, Schuler G, Romani N, et al. "Intravascular lymphomatosis" (angioendotheliomatosis): evidence for a T-cell origin in two cases. Hum Pathol 1990;21:1051-8.
110. Tateyama H, Eimoto T, Tada T, et al. Congenital angiotropic lymphoma (intravascular lymphomatosis) of the T-cell type. Cancer 1991;67:2131-6.
111. Clark WC, Dohan FC, Moss T, et al. Immunocytochemical evidence of lymphocytic derivation of neoplastic cells in malignant endotheliomatosis. J Neurosurg 1991;74:757-62.
112. Shimokawa I, Higami Y, Sakai H, et al. Intravascular malignant lymphomatosis: a case of T-cell lymphoma probably associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus. Hum Pathol 1991;22:200-2.
113. Sangueza O, Hyder DM, Sangueza P. Intravascular lymphomatosis: report of an unusual case with T-cell phenotype occurring in an adolescent male. J Cutan Pathol 1992;19:226-31.
114. Lopez-Gil F, Roura M, Umbert I, et al. Malignant proliferative angioendotheliomatosis or angiotropic lymphoma associated with a soft-tissue lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:101-4.
115. Glass J, Hochberg FH, Miller DC. Intravascular lymphomatosis: a systemic disease with neurologic manifestations. Cancer 1993;71:3156-64.
116. DiGiuseppe JA, Nelson WG, Seifter EJ, et al. Intravascular lymphomatosis: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and assessment of response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:2573-9.
117. Ghorbani RP, Shokouh-Amiri H, Gaber LW. Intragraft angiotropic large-cell lymphoma of T-cell type in a long-term renal allograft recipient. Mod Pathol 1996;9:671-6.
118. Au WY, Shek WH, Nicholls J, et al. T-cell intravascular lymphomatosis (angiotropic large cell lymphoma): association with Epstein-Barr viral infection. Histopathology 1997;31:563-7.
119. Snowden JA, Angel CA, Winfield DA, et al. Angiotropic lymphoma: report of a case with histiocytic features. J Clin Pathol 1997;50:67-70.
120. Wood GS. The benign and malignant cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders including mycosis fungoides. In: Knowles DM, editor. Neoplastic hematopathology. 2nd edition. Baltimore (MD): Williams and Wilkins; 2001. p. 1183-233.
121. Wood GS, Dummer R, Haeffner A, et al. Molecular biologic techniques for the diagnosis of CTCL. Dermatol Clin 1994;12:231-41.
122. Wood GS, Tung RM, Haeffner AC, et al. Detection of clonal T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements in early MF/Sezary syndrome by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR/DGGE). J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:34-41.
123. Siddiqui J, Hardman DL, Misra M, et al. Clonal dermatitis: a potential precursor of CTCL with varied clinical manifestations. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:584.
124. Hinshaw M, Trowers AB, Kodish E, et al. Three pediatric cases of CD30+ cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphomas bearing the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation. Ped Dermatol, in press.
125. Gellrich S, Wilks A, Wemicke A, et al. Detection of TCR gamma sequences in patients with primary cutaneous CD30 + large T-cell lymphomas by micromanipulation and single-cell PCR. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:213.
126. Nihal M, Mikkola D, Wood GS. Detection of clonally restricted immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements in normal and lesional skin: analysis of the B-cell component of the skin-associated lymphoid tissue and implications for the molecular diagnosis of cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. J Mol Diagnostics 2000;2:5-10.
127. Wood GS, Kamath NV, Guitart J, et al. Absence of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in cutaneous B-cell lymphomas from the United States. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28:502-7.
128. Pileri S, Pulford K, Mori S, et al. Frequent expression of the NPM-ALK chimeric fusion protein in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, lymphohistiocytic type. Am J Pathol 1997;150:1207-11.
129. Rabbitts T. Translocations, master genes, and differences between the origins of acute and chronic leukaemias. Cell 1991;67:641-4.
130. Goldman J, Melo J. Targeting the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. NEJM 2001;344:1084-6.
131. Thangavelu M, Finn W, Yelavarthi K, et al. Recurring structural chromosomal abnormalities in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with MF/Sézary syndrome. Blood 1997;89:3371-7.
132. Mao X, Lillington D, Czepulkowski B, et al. Molecular cytogenetic characterisation of Sezary syndrome, Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003;36:250-60.
133. DeCoteau J, Butmarc J, Kinney M, et al. The t(2;5) chromosomal translocation is not a common feature of primary cutaneous CD30 + lymphoproliferative disorders: comparison with large cell anaplastic lymphoma of nodal origin. Blood 1996;87:3437-41.
134. Kallionemi A, Kallionemi OP, Suder D, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumours. Science 1992;258:818-21.
135. Karenko L, Kahkonen M, Hyytinen E, et al. Notable losses at specific regions of chromosome 10q and 13q in the Sézary syndrome detected by comparative genomic hybridisation. J Invest Dermatol 1999;112:392-5.
136. Mao X, Lillington D, Scarisbrick JJ, et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: identification of common genetic alterations in Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(3):464-75.
137. Mao X, Lillington D, Child F, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas: identification of common genomic alterations in disease pathogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002;35(2):144-55.
138. Mao X, Orchard G, Lillington D, et al. Genetic alterations in primary cutaneous CD30 + anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003;37:176-85.
139. Scarisbrick JJ, Woolford AJ, Russell-Jones R, et al. Allelotyping in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: common regions of allelic loss identified on 9p, 10q, and 17p. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117(3):663-70.
140. Scarisbrick J, Woolford A, Russell-Jones R, et al. Loss of heterozygosity on 10q and microsatellite instability in advanced stages of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and possible association with homozygous deletion of PTEN. Blood 2000;95(9):2937-42.
141. Boni R, Xin H, Kamarashev J, et al. Allelic deletion at 9p21-22 in primary cutaneous CD30+ large cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115:1104-7.
142. Boland C, Thibodeau S, Hamilton S, et al. A national cancer institute workshop on microsatellite instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:5248-57.
143. Scarisbrick J, Mitchell T, Calonje E, et al. Microsatellite instability is associated with hypermethylalian of the hMLM1 gene and reduced gene expression in mycosis fungoides. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:894-901.
144. Mao X, Orchard G, Lillington DM, et al. Amplification and overexpression of JUNB is associated with primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2003;101:1513-9.
145. Rosenwald A, Wright G, Chan W, et al. The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. NEJM 2002;346:1937-47.
146. Kari L, Loboda A, Nebozhyn M, et al. Classification and prediction of survival in patients with the leukemia phase of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Exp Med 2003;197:1477-88.
147. Lauritzen A, Vejlsgaard G, Hou-Jensen K, et al. p53 protein expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Br J Derm 1995;133(1):32-6.
148. McGregor J, Dublin E, Levison D, et al. p53 immunoreactivity is uncommon in primary cutaneous lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:353.
149. McGregor J, Crook T, Fraser-Andrews E, et al. Spectrum of p53 gene mutations suggests a possible role for ultraviolet radiation in the pathogenesis of advanced cutaneous lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 1999;112:317-21.
150. Marrogi A, Khan M, Vonderheid E, et al. p53 tumour suppressor gene mutations in transformed cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a study of 12 cases. J Cut Pathol 1999;26:369-78.
151. Wilson W, Teruya-Feldstein J, Fest T, et al. Relationship of p53, bcl-2, and tumour proliferation to clinical drug resistance in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Blood 1997;89:601-9.
152. Navas I, Oritz-Romero P, Villuendas R, et al. P16 gene alterations are frequent in lesions of MF. Am J Pathol 2000;156:1565-72.
153. Scarisbrick JJ, Woolford AJ, Calonje E, et al. Frequent abnormalities of the p15 and p16 genes in mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118(3):493-9.
154. Dereure O, Levi E, Vonderheid E, et al. Infrequent Fas mutations but no Bax or p53 mutations in early mycosis fungoides: a possible mechanism for the accumulation of malignant T lymphocytes in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:949-56.
155. Zoi-Toli O, Vermeer M, De Vries E, et al. Expression of Fas and Fas-ligand in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL): association between lack of Fas expression and aggressive types of CTCL. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:313-9.
156. Gombart A, Morosetti R, Miller C, et al. Deletions of the cyclin-dependant inhibitor genes p15 and p16 in non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Blood 1995;86:1534-9.
157. Izban K, Ergin M, Qin J-Z, et al. Constitutive expression ofNF-kB is a characteristic feature of mycosis fungoides: implications for apoptosis resistance and pathogenesis. Hum Pathol 2000;31:1482-90.
158. Migliazza A, Lombardi L, Rocchi M, et al. Heterogenous chromosomal aberrations generate 3′ truncations of the NFKB2/lyt-10 gene in lymphoid malignancies. Blood 1994;84:3850-60.
159. Bowman T, Jove R. STAT proteins and cancer. Cancer Control 1999;6:615-9.
160. Zhang Q, Nowak I, Vonderheid E, et al. Activation of Jak/STAT proteins involved in signal transduction pathway mediated by receptor for interleukin 2 in malignant T lymphocytes derived from cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma and Sezary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:9148-53.
161. Brender C, Nielsen M, Kaltoft K, et al. STAT3-mediated constitutive expression of SOCS-3 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2001;97:1056-62.