Determining the extent and spatial scale of population connectivity: Decapods and coral reef fishes compared

Fisheries Research

Volumn 65, Issue 1-3, 2003, Pages 153-172

  Sale, Peter F ^a   Kritzer, Jacob P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

Author keywords

Connectivity; Decapods; Dispersal; Methodology; Reef fish; Spatial management

Indexed keywords

CONNECTIVITY; CORAL REEF; CRUSTACEAN; DISPERSAL; ICHTHYOPLANKTON;

ANTHOZOA; CRUSTACEA; DECAPODA; DECAPODA (CRUSTACEA); LOBSTER; PISCES;

EID: 0346900662     PISSN: 01657836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2003.09.013     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (165)

1. Allendorf, F.W., Phelps, S.R., 1981. Use of allelic frequencies to describe population structure. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38, 1507-1514.
2. Allison, G.W., Lubchenco, J., Carr, M.H., 1998. Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation. Ecol. Appl. 8 (Suppl.), S79-S92.
3. Anastasia, J.R., 1998. Tagging crustacean larvae: assimilation and retention of trace elements. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43, 362-368.
4. Anger, K., 1991. Effects of temperature and salinity on the larval development of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (Decapoda: Grapsidae). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 72, 103-110.
5. Armsworth, P.R., James, M.K., Bode, L., 2001. When to press on or turn back: dispersal strategies for reef fish larvae. Am. Nat. 157, 434-450.
6. Balon, E.K., 1991. Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Rev. 1, 1-48.
7. Booth, J.D., Ovenden, J.R., 2000. Distribution of Jasus spp. (Decapoda: Palinuridae) phyllosomas in southern waters: implications for larval recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 200, 241-255.
8. Bossart, J.L., Prowell, D.P., 1998. Genetic estimates of population structure and gene flow: limitations, lessons and new directions. TREE 13, 202-206.
9. Botsford, L.W., Shenker, J.M., 1988. Possible influence of wind on Cancer magister settlement. J. Shellfish Res. 7, 111.
10. Bradbury, I.R., Snelgrove, P.V.R., 2001. Contrasting larval transport in demersal fish and benthic invertebrates: the roles of behaviour and advective processes in determining spatial pattern. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58, 811-823.
11. Brogan, M.W., 1994. Distribution and retention of larval fishes near reefs in the Gulf of California. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 115, 1-13.
12. Brumbaugh, R.D., McConaugha, J.R., 1995. Time to metamorphosis of blue crab Callinectes sapidus megalopae: effects of benthic macroalgae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 129, 113-118.
13. Caley, M.J., Carr, M.H., Hixon, M.A., Hughes, T.P., Jones, G.P., Menge, B.A., 1996. Recruitment and the local dynamics of open marine populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27, 477-500.
14. Campana, S.E., 1999. Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 188, 263-297.
15. Campana, S.E., Thorrold, S.R., 2001. Otoliths, increments, and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58, 30-38.
16. Carr, M.H., Reed, D.C., 1993. Conceptual issues relevant to marine harvest refuges: examples from temperate reef fishes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2019-2028.
17. Choat, J.H., Doherty, P.J., Kerrigan, B.A., Leis, J.M., 1993. A comparison of towed nets, purse seine, and light-aggregation devices for sampling larvae and pelagic juveniles of coral reef fishes. Fish. Bull. 91, 195-209.
18. Christy, J.H., 1989. Rapid development of megalopae of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator reared over sediment: implications for models of larval recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 57, 259-265.
19. Chu, K.H., Sze, C.C., Wong, C.K., 1996. Swimming behaviour during the larval development of the shrimp Metapenaeus ensis (De Haan, 1844) (Decapoda, Penaeidae). Crustaceana 69, 368-378.
20. Clancy, M., Cobb, J.S., 1991. Abundance of Cancer crab megalopae and the potential ramifications to population regulation. J. Shellfish Res. 10, 304-305.
21. Clancy, M., Cobb, J.S., 1996. Recruitment strategies in marine decapods: a comparative approach. J. Shellfish Res. 15, 493.
22. Cobb, J.S., Gulbransen, T., Phillips, B.F., Wang, D., Syslo, M., 1983. Behavior and distribution of larval and early juvenile Homarus americanus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40, 2184-2188.
23. Cobb, J.S., Wang, D., Campbell, D.B., Rooney, P., 1989. Speed and direction of swimming by postlarvae of the American lobster. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 118, 82-86.
24. Costlow, J.P., Bookhout, C.G., 1959. The larval development of Callinectes sapidus Rathbun reared in the laboratory. Biol. Bull. 116, 373-396.
25. Cowen, R.K., Castro, L.R., 1994. Relation of coral reef fish larval distributions to island scale circulation around Barbados, West Indies. Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 228-244.
26. Cowen, R.K., Lwiza, K.M.M., Sponaugle, S., Paris, C.B., Olson, D.B., 2000. Connectivity of marine populations: open or closed? Science 287, 857-859.
27. Cribb, T.H., Pichelin, S., Dufour, V., Bray, R.A., Chauvet, C., Faliex, E., Galzin, R., Lo, C.M., Lo-Yat, A., Morand, S., Rigby, M.C., Sasal, P., 2000. Parasites of recruiting coral reef fish larvae in New Caledonia. Int. J. Parasitol. 30, 1445-1451.
28. Crozier, W.W., 2000. Escaped farmed salmon, Salmo salar L., in the Glenarm River, Northern Ireland: genetic status of the wild population 7 years on. Fish. Manage. Ecol. 7, 437-446.
29. Danilowicz, B.S., 1997. A potential mechanism for episodic recruitment of a coral reef fish. Ecology 78, 1415-1423.
30. Danilowicz, B.S., Sale, P.F., 1999. Modelling settlement in open populations of reef fishes. Ecol. Model. 121, 261-276.
31. DiBacco, C., Chadwick, D.B., 2001. Assessing the dispersal and exchange of brachyuran larvae between regions of San Diego Bay, California and nearshore coastal habitats using elemental fingerprinting. J. Mar. Res. 59, 53-78.
32. DiBacco, C., Levin, L.A., 2000. Development and application of elemental fingerprinting to track the dispersal of marine invertebrate larvae. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45, 871-880.
33. Doherty, P.J., 1991. Spatial and temporal patterns in recruitment. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 261-293.
34. Doherty, P.J., 2002. Variable replenishment and the dynamics of reef fish populations. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 327-355.
35. Doherty, P., Fowler, A., 1994. Demographic consequences of variable recruitment to coral reef fish populations: a congeneric example of two damselfishes. Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 297-313.
36. Doherty, P.J., Williams, D.M., 1988. The replenishment of coral reef fish populations. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 26, 487-551.
37. Domeier, M.L., Colin, P.L., 1997. Tropical reef fish spawning aggregations: defined and reviewed. Bull. Mar. Sci. 60, 698-726.
38. Dufour, V., Pieree, C., Rancher, J., 1998. Stable isotopes in fish otoliths discriminate between lagoonal and oceanic residents of Taiaro Atoll (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia). Coral Reefs 17, 23-28.
39. Eggleston, D.B., Etherington, L.L., Elias, W.E., 1998. Organism response to habitat patchiness: species and habitat-dependent recruitment of decapod crustaceans. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 223, 111-132.
40. Etherington, L.L., Eggleston, D.B., 2000. Large-scale blue crab recruitment: linking postlarval transport, post-settlement planktonic dispersal, and multiple nursery habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 204, 179-198.
41. Field, J.M., Butler, M.J., 1994. The influence of temperature, salinity, and postlarval transport on the distribution of juvenile spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus (Latrelle, 1804), in Florida Bay. Crustaceana 67, 26-45.
42. Fisher, R., Bellwood, D.R., 2001. Effects of feeding on the sustained swimming abilities of late-stage larval Amphiprion melanopus. Coral Reefs 20, 151-154.
43. Fisher, R., Bellwood, D.R., Job, S.D., 2000. Development of swimming abilities in reef fish larvae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 202, 163-173.
44. Forward, R.B., 1985. Behavioral responses of larvae of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Brachyura: Xanthidae) during diel vertical migration. Mar. Biol. 90, 9-18.
45. Forward, R.B., 1987a. Comparative study of crustacean larval photoresponses. Mar. Biol. 94, 589-596.
46. Forward, R.B., 1987b. Laval release rhythms of decapod crustaceans: an overview. Bull. Mar. Sci. 41, 165-176.
47. Forward, R.B., 1990. Behavioral responses of crustacean larvae to rates of temperature change. Biol. Bull. 178, 195-204.
48. Forward, R.B., Cronin, T.W., Stearns, T.E., 1984. Control of diel vertical migration: photoresponses of a larval crustacean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29, 146-154.
49. Forward, R.B., Wellins, C.A., Buswell, C.U., 1989. Behavioral responses of larvae of the crab Neopanope sayi to hydrostatic pressure. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 57, 267-277.
50. Gallardo, V.A., Canete, J.I., Roa, R., Enriquez-Briones, S., Baltazar, M., 1994. Recruitment of the squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon on the continental shelf off central Chile. J. Crustacean Biol. 14, 665-669.
51. Gore, R.H., Scotto, L.E., 1982. Cyclograpsus integer H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Brachyura, Grapsidae): the complete larval development in the laboratory, with notes on larvae of the genus Cyclograpsus. Fish. Bull. 80, 501-521.
52. Green, B.S., McCormick, M.I., 1999. Influence of larval feeding history on the body condition of Amphiprion melanopus. J. Fish. Biol. 55, 1273-1289.
53. Hare, J.A., Cowen, R.K., 1991. Expatriation of Xyrichtys novacula (Pisces: Labridae) larvae: evidence of rapid cross-slope exchange. J. Mar. Res. 49, 801-823.
54. Harvey, A.W., 1993. Larval settlement and metamorphosis in the sand crab Emerita talpoida (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). Mar. Biol. 117, 575-581.
55. Hastings, A., Harrison, S., 1994. Metapopulation dynamics and genetics. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25, 167-188.
56. Hendriks, I.E., Wilson, D.T., Meekan, M.G., 2001. Vertical distributions of late stage larval reef fishes in the nearshore waters of the San Blas Archipelago, Caribbean Panama. Coral Reefs 20, 77-84.
57. Herrnkind, W.F., Butler, M.J., 1994. Settlement of spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latrelle, 1804) in Florida: pattern without predictability? Crustaceana 67, 46-64.
58. Hobbs, R.C., Botsford, L.W., 1992. Diel vertical migration and timing of metamorphosis of larvae of the Dungeness crab Cancer magister. Mar. Biol. 112, 417-428.
59. Hobbs, R.C., Botsford, L.W., Thomas, A., 1992. Influence of hydrographic conditions and wind forcing on the distribution and abundance of Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, larvae. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49, 1379-1388.
60. Holbrook, S.J., Forrester, G.E., Schmitt, R.J., 2000. Spatial patterns in abundance of a damselfish reflect availability of suitable habitat. Oecologia 122, 109-120.
61. Hudon, C., Fradette, P., 1993. Wind-induced advection of larval decapods into Baie de Plaisance (Iles de la Madeleine, Quebec). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 1422-1434.
62. Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Dinsdale, E.A., Moltschaniwskyj, N.A., Pratchett, M.S., Tanner, J.E., Willis, B.L., 2000. Supply-side ecology works both ways: the link between benthic adults, fecundity, and larval recruits. Ecology 81, 2241-2249.
63. Johnson, D.F., Botsford, L.W., Methot, R.D., Wainwright, T.C., 1986. Wind stress and cycles in Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) catch off California, Oregon, and Washington. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 838-845.
64. Jones, G.P., Millicich, M.J., Emslie, M.J., Lunow, C., 1999. Self-recruitment in a coral reef fish population. Nature 402, 802-804.
65. Katz, C.H., Cobb, J.S., Spaulding, M., 1994. Larval behavior, hydrodynamic transport, and potential offshore-to-inshore recruitment in the American lobster Homarus americanus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 103, 265-273.
66. Kennedy, B.P., Folt, C.L., Blum, J.D., Chamberlain, C.P., 1997. Natural isotope markers in salmon. Nature 387, 766-767.
67. Kennedy, B.P., Blum, J.D., Folt, C.L., Nislow, K.H., 2000. Using natural strontium isotopic signatures as fish markers: methodology and application. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57, 2280-2292.
68. Kobayashi, D.R., 1989. Fine-scale distribution of larval fishes: patterns and processes adjacent to coral reefs in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Mar. Biol. 100, 285-293.
69. Leis, J.M., 1981. Distribution of fish larvae around Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef: coral reef lagoon as a refuge. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, vol. 2, pp. 471-477.
70. Leis, J.M., 1982. Nearshore distributional gradients of larval fish (15 taxa) and planktonic crustaceans (6 taxa) in Hawaii. Mar. Biol. 72, 89-97.
71. Leis, J.M., 1986. Vertical and horizontal distribution of fish larvae near coral reefs at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Biol. 90, 505-516.
72. Leis, J.M., 1991a. The pelagic stage of reef fishes: the larval biology of coral reef fishes. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 183-230.
73. Leis, J.M., 1991b. Vertical distribution of fish larvae in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, Australia. Mar. Biol. 109, 157-166.
74. Leis, J.M., Carson-Ewart, B.M., 1997. In situ swimming speeds of the late pelagic larvae of some Indo-Pacific coral-reef fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 159, 165-174.
75. Leis, J.M., Carson-Ewart, B.M., 1998. Complex behaviour by coral-reef fish larvae in open-water and near-reef pelagic environments. Environ. Biol. Fish. 53, 259-266.
76. Leis, J.M., Carson-Ewart, B.M., 1999. In situ swimming and settlement behaviour of larvae of an Indo Pacific coral-reef fish, the coral trout Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Serranidae). Mar. Biol. 134, 51-64.
77. Leis, J.M., Carson-Ewart, B.M., 2001. Behaviour of pelagic larvae of four coral-reef fish species in the ocean and an atoll lagoon. Coral Reefs 9, 247-257.
78. Leis, J.M., Goldman, B., 1984. A preliminary distributional study of fish larvae near a ribbon coral reef in the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 2, 197-203.
79. Leis, J.M., Goldman, B., 1987. Composition and distribution of larval fish assemblages in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, near Lizard Island, Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 38, 211-223.
80. Leis, J.M., McCormick, M.I., 2002. The biology, behavior and ecology of the pelagic, larval stage of coral reef fishes. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 171-199.
81. Leis, J.M., Stobutzki, I.C., 1999. Swimming performance of late pelagic larvae of coral-reef fishes: in situ and laboratory-based measurements. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, pp. 575-583.
82. Leis, J.M., Sweatman, H.P.A., Reader, S.E., 1996. What the pelagic stages of coral reef fishes are doing out in blue water: daytime field observations of larval behavioural capabilities. Mar. Freshwater Res. 47, 401-411.
83. Leis, J.M., Trnski, T., Doherty, P.J., Dufour, V., 1998. Replenishment of fish populations in the enclosed lagoon of Taiaro Atoll (Tuamotu Archipelgo, French Polynesia): evidence from eggs and larvae. Coral Reefs 17, 1-8.
84. Levin, L.A., 1990. A review of methods for labeling and tracking marine invertebrate larvae. Ophelia 32, 115-144.
85. Levin, P.S., Grimes, C.B., 2002. Reef fish ecology and grouper conservation and management. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 377-389.
86. Lewis, A.R., 1997. Recruitment and post-recruit immigration affect the local population size of coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs 16, 139-149.
87. Limburg, K.E., 1998. Anomalous migrations of anadromous herrings revealed with natural chemical tracers. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55, 431-437.
88. Linnane, A., Ball, B., Mercer, J.P., Van Der Meeren, G., Bannister, C., Mazzoni, D., Munday, B., Ringvold, H., 1999. Understanding the factors that influence European lobster recruitment: a trans-European study of cobble fauna. J. Shellfish Res. 18, 719-720.
89. Manuel, J.L., Gallager, S.M., Pearce, C.M., Manning, D.A., O'Dor, R.K., 1996. Veligers from different populations of sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus have different vertical migration patterns. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 142, 147-163.
90. Maris, R.C., McConaugha, J.R., 1988. Diurnal vertical distribution and dispersal-recruitment mechanisms of decapod crustacean larvae and postlarvae in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia and adjacent offshore waters. J. Shellfish Res. 7, 125-126.
91. Masterson, C.F., Danilowicz, B.S., Sale, P.F., 1997. Yearly and inter-island variation in the recruitment dynamics of the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum, Bloch). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 214, 149-166.
92. McConaugha, J.R., 1992. Decapod larvae: dispersal mortality, and ecology. A working hypothesis. Am. Zool. 32, 512-523.
93. McConaugha, J.R., Maris, R.C., 1988. Spatial and temporal variability of decapod larval distributions as regulating factors in estuarine decapod population dynamics. J. Shellfish Res. 7, 126.
94. McConaugha, J.R., Johnson, D.F., Provenzano, A.J., Maris, R.C., 1983. Seasonal distribution of larvae of Callinectes sapidus in the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. J. Crustacean Biol. 3, 582-591.
95. McConaugha, J.R., Reis, C.S., Brumbaugh, R.D., Drake, L.A., McConaugha, C.S., Collizi, T., 1995. Estuarine plumes: barrier or enhancement for brachyuran crustacean larval recruitment? Bull. Mar. Sci. 57, 919.
96. McCormick, M.I., Molony, B.W., 1995. Influence of water temperature during the larval stage on size, age and body condition of a tropical reef fish at settlement. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 118, 59-68.
97. Meekan, M.G., Ackerman, J.L., Wellington, G.M., 2001. Demography and age structures of coral reef damselfishes in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 212, 223-232.
98. Mileikovsky, S.A., 1973. Speed of active movement of pelagic larvae of marine bottom invertebrates and their ability to regulate their vertical position. Mar. Biol. 23, 11-17.
99. Montgomery, J.C., Tolimieri, N., Haine, O.S., 2001. Active habitat selection by pre-settlement reef fishes. Fish Fish. 2, 261-277.
100. Moore, R., MacFarlane, J.W., 1984. Migration of the ornate rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus (Eabricius), in Papua New Guinea. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 35, 197-212.
101. Mora, C., Sale, P.F., 2002. Are populations of coral reef fish open or closed? Trends Ecol. Evol. 17, 422-428.
102. Morgan, S.G., Christy, J.H., 1995. Adaptive significance of the timing of larval release by crabs. Am. Nat. 145, 457-479.
103. O'Connor, N.J., Epifanio, C.E., 1985. The effect of salinity on dispersal and recruitment of fiddler crab larvae. J. Crustacean Biol. 5, 137-145.
104. Palma, A.T., Steneck, R.S., Wilson, C.J., 1999. Settlement-driven, multiscale demographic patterns of large benthic decapods in the Gulf of Maine. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 241, 107-136.
105. Pepin, P., 1991. Effect of temperature and size on development, mortality, and survival rates of the pelagic early life history stages of marine fish. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48, 503-518.
106. Phillips, B.F., 1981. The circulation of the southeast Indian Ocean and the planktonic life of the western rock lobster. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 19, 1-39.
107. Pile, A.J., Lipcius, R.N., Van Montfrans, J., Orth, R.J., 1996. Density-dependent settler-recruit-juvenile relationships in blue crabs. Ecol. Monogr. 66, 277-300.
108. Planes, S., 2002. Biogeography and larval dispersal inferred from population genetic analysis. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 201-220.
109. Planes, S., Galzin, R., Bonhomme, F., 1996. A genetic metapopulation model for reef fishes in oceanic islands: the case of the surgeonfish, Acanthurus nigrofuscus. J. Evol. Biol. 9, 103-117.
110. Pletl, J.J., McConaugha, J.R., 1990. The physiological and bioenergetic responses of blue crab larvae to diet and seasonality. Bull. Mar. Sci. 46, 248-249.
111. Provenzano Jr., A.J., McConaugha, J.R., Philips, K.B., Johnson, D.F., Clark, J., 1983. Vertical distribution of first stage larvae of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 16, 489-499.
112. Queiroga, H., Costlow, J.D., Moreira, M.H., 1994. Larval abundance patterns of Carcinus maenas (Decapoda Brachyura) in Canal de Mira (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 11, 63-72.
113. Roberts, C.M., 1996. Settlement and beyond: population regulation and community structure of reef fishes. In: Polunin, N.V.C., Roberts, C.M. (Eds.), Reef Fisheries. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 85-112.
114. Roberts, C.M., 1997. Connectivity and management of Caribbean coral reefs. Science 278, 1454-1457.
115. Roberts, C.M., Bohnsack, J.A., Gell, F., Hawkins, J.P., Goodridge, R., 2001. Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science 294, 1920-1923.
116. Robertson, D.R., 1991. The role of adult biology in the timing of spawning of tropical reef fishes. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 356-386.
117. Robinson, M., Tully, O., 2000a. Seasonal variation in community structure and recruitment of benthic decapods in a sub-tidal cobble habitat. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 206., 181-191.
118. Robinson, M., Tully, O., 2000b. Spatial variability in decapod community structure and recruitment in sub-tidal habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 194, 131-141.
119. Roman, M.R., Boicourt, W.C., 1999. Dispersion and recruitment of crab larvae in the Chesapeake Bay plume: physical and biological controls. Estuaries 22, 563-574.
120. Rooney, P., Cobb, J.S., 1991. Effects of time of day, water temperature and water velocity on swimming by postlarvae of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48, 1944-1950.
121. Russ, G.R., 2002. Yet another review of marine reserves as reef fishery management tools. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 421-443.
122. Russ, G.R., Lou, D.C., Ferreira, B.P., 1996. Temporal tracking of a strong cohort in the population of a coral reef fish, the coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus (Serranidae: Epinephelinae), in the central Great Barrier Reef. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53, 2745-2751.
123. Sale, P.F. (Ed.), 1991a. The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
124. Sale, P.F., 1991b. Reef fish communities: open nonequilibrial systems. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 564-598.
125. Sale, P.F., 1998. Appropriate spatial scales for studies of reef-fish ecology. Aust. J. Ecol. 23, 202-208.
126. Sale, P.F. (Ed.), 2002a. Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
127. Sale, P.F., 2002b. The science we need to develop for more effective management. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 361-376.
128. Samoilys, M.A., Squire, L.C., 1994. Preliminary observations on the spawning behavior of coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus (Pisces: Serranidae), on the Great Barrier Reef. Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 332-342.
129. Schmitt, R.J., Holbrook, S.J., 1999. Settlement and recruitment of three damselfish species: larval delivery and competition for shelter space. Oecologia 118, 76-86.
130. Schultz, E.T., Cowen, R.K., 1994. Recruitment of coral reef fishes to Bermuda: local retention or long-distance transport? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 109, 15-28.
131. Sheehy, M., Caputi, N., Chubb, C., Belchier, M., 1998. Use of lipofuscin for resolving cohorts of western rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55, 925-936.
132. Sheehy, M.R.J., Bannister, R.C.A., Wickins, J.F., Shelton, P.M.J., 1999. New perspectives on the growth and longevity of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 1904-1915.
133. Shirley, T.C., Zhou, S., 1997. Lecithotrophic development of the golden king crab Lithodes aequispinus (Anomura: Lithodidae). J. Crustacean Biol. 17, 207-216.
134. Shulman, M.J., 1998. What can population genetics tell us about dispersal and biogeographic history of coral-reef fishes? Aust. J. Ecol. 23, 216-225.
135. Sponaugle, S., Cowen, R.K., 1994. Early life history traits and recruitment patterns of Caribbean wrasses (Labridae). Ecol. Monogr. 67, 177-202.
136. Sponaugle, S., Cowen, R.K., 1996a. Larval supply and patterns of recruitment for two Caribbean reef fishes, Stegastes partitus and Acanthurus bahianus. Mar. Freshwater Res. 47, 433-447.
137. Sponaugle, S., Cowen, R.K., 1996b. Nearshore patterns of coral reef fish larval supply to Barbados, West Indies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 133, 13-28.
138. Stobutzki, I.C., 1998. Interspecific variation in sustained swimming ability of late pelagic stage reef fish from two families (Pomacentridae and Chaetodontidae). Coral Reefs 17, 111-119.
139. Stobutzki, I.C., Bellwood, D.R., 1994. An analysis of the sustained swimming abilities of pre-and post-settlement coral reef fishes. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 175, 275-286.
140. Stobutzki, I.C., Bellwood, D.R., 1997. Sustained swimming abilities of the late pelagic stages of coral reef fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 149, 35-11.
141. Stobutzki, I.C., Bellwood, D.R., 1998. Nocturnal orientation to reefs by late pelagic stage coral reef fish. Coral Reefs 17, 103-110.
142. Strasser, K.M., Felder, D.L., 1999. Larval development in two populations of the ghost shrimp Callichirus major (Decapoda: Thalassindea) under laboratory conditions. J. Crustacean Biol. 19, 844-878.
143. Sulkin, S.D., 1984. Behavioral basis of depth regulation in the larvae of brachyuran crabs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 15, 181-205.
144. Sulkin, S.D., McKeen, G.L., 1989. Laboratory study of survival and duration of individual zoeal stages as a function of temperature in the brachyuran crab Cancer magister. Mar. Biol. 103, 31-37.
145. Sulkin, S.D., McKeen, G.L., 1996. Larval development of the crab Cancer magister in temperature regimes simulating outer-coast and inland-water habitats. Mar. Biol. 127, 235-240.
146. Sulkin, S.D., Mojica, E., McKeen, G.L., 1996. Elevated summer temperature effects on megalopal and early juvenile development in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53, 2076-2079.
147. Swearer, S.E., Caselle, J.E., Lea, D.W., Warner, R.R., 1999. Larval retention and recruitment in an island population of a coral-reef fish. Nature 402, 799-802.
148. Thorpe, J.P., Sole-Cava, A.M., Watts, P.C., 2000. Exploited marine invertebrates: genetics and fisheries. Hydrobiologia 420, 165-184.
149. Thresher, R.E., 1999. Elemental composition of otoliths as a stock delineator in fishes. Fish. Res. 43, 165-204.
150. Thresher, R.E., Brothers, E.B., 1985. Reproductive ecology and biogeography of Indo-West Pacific angelfishes (Pisces: Pomacanthidae). Evolution 23, 878-887.
151. Todd, C.D., 1998. Larval supply and recruitment of benthic invertebrates: do larvae always disperse as much as we believe? Hydrobiologia 375-376, 1-21.
152. Tolimieri, N., Sale, P.F., Nemeth, R.S., Gestring, K.B., 1998. Replenishment of populations of Caribbean reef fishes: are spatial patterns of recruitment consistent through time. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 230, 55-71.
153. Tolimieri, N., Jeffs, A., Montgomery, J.C., 2000. Ambient sound as a cue for navigation by the pelagic larvae of reef fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 207, 219-224.
154. Victor, B.C., 1986. Duration of the planktonic larval stage of one hundred species of Pacific and Atlantic wrasses (family Labridae). Mar. Biol. 90, 317-326.
155. Victor, B.C., 1991. Settlement strategies and biogeography of reef fishes. In: Sale, P.F. (Ed.), The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 231-260.
156. Volk, E.C., Schroder, S.L., Grimm, J.J., 1999. Otolith thermal marking. Fish. Res. 43, 205-219.
157. Walters, C.J., Ludwig, D., 1981. Effects of measurement errors on the assessment of stock-recruitment relationships. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38, 704-710.
158. Wellington, G.M., Robertson, D.R., 2001. Variation in larval life-history traits among reef fishes across the Isthmus of Panama. Mar. Biol. 138, 11-22.
159. Wellington, G.M., Victor, B.C., 1989. Planktonic larval duration of one hundred species of Pacific and Atlantic damselfishes (Pomacentridae). Mar. Biol. 101, 557-567.
160. Wing, S.R., Botsford, L.W., Largier, J.L., Morgan, L.E., 1995a. Spatial structure of relaxation events and crab settlement in the northern California upwelling system. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 128, 199-211.
161. Wing, S.R., Largier, J.L., Botsford, L.W., Quinn, J.F., 1995b. Settlement and transport of benthic invertebrates in an intermittent upwelling region. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40, 316-329.
162. Wing, S.R., Botsford, L.W., Ralston, S.V., Largier, J.L., 1998a. Meroplanktonic distribution and circulation in a coastal retention zone of the northern California upwelling system. Limnol. Oceanogr. 43, 1710-1721.
163. Wing, S.R., Largier, J.L., Botsford, L.W., 1998b. Coastal retention and longshore displacement of meroplankton near capes in eastern boundary currents: examples from the California current. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 19, 119-127.
164. Wolanski, E., Doherty, P., Carleton, J., 1997. Directional swimming of fish larvae determines connectivity of fish populations on the Great Barrier Reef. Naturwissenschaften 84, 262-268.
165. Young, P.C., Leis, J.M., Hausfeld, H.F., 1986. Seasonal and spatial distribution of fish larvae in waters over the northwest continental shelf of Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 31, 209-222.