The low-density lipoprotein receptor: Ligands, debates and lore

Current Opinion in Structural Biology

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 683-689

  Rudenko, Gabby ^a   Deisenhofer, Johann ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASPARTIC ACID; CYSTEINE; LIGAND; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; TRYPTOPHAN;

BETA SHEET; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; ENDOCYTOSIS; ENDOSOME; LIGAND BINDING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PH MEASUREMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; TANDEM REPEAT; TRANSLATION INITIATION; X RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY;

EID: 0346850975     PISSN: 0959440X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2003.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Segrest J.P., Jones M.K., De Loof H., Dashti N. Structure of apolipoprotein B-100 in low density lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 42:2001;1346-1367.
2. Goldstein JL, Hobbs HH, Brown MS: Familial hypercholesterolemia. In The Metabolic & Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, vol 2. Edited by Scriver CR et al. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:2863-2913.
3. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) gene in FH on World Wide Web URL: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/fh.
4. Villéger L., Abifadel M., Allard D., Rabès J.P., Thiart R., Kotze M.J., Béroud C., Junien C., Boileau C., Varret M. The UMD-LDLR database: additions to the software and 490 new entries to the database. Hum Mutat. 20:2002;81-87.
5. Russell D.W., Brown M.S., Goldstein J.L. Different combinations of cysteine-rich repeats mediate binding of low density lipoprotein receptor to two different proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;21682-21688.
6. Davis C.G., Goldstein J.L., Sudhof T.C., Anderson R.G., Russell D.W., Brown M.S. Acid-dependent ligand dissociation and recycling of LDL receptor mediated by growth factor homology region. Nature. 326:1987;760-765.
7. Daly N.L., Scanlon M.J., Djordjevic J.T., Kroon P.A., Smith R. Three-dimensional structure of a cysteine-rich repeat from the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:1995;6334-6338.
8. Daly N.L., Djordjevic J.T., Kroon P.A., Smith R. Three-dimensional structure of the second cysteine-rich repeat from the human low-density lipoprotein receptor. Biochemistry. 34:1995;14474-14481.
9. Fass D., Blacklow S., Kim P.S., Berger J.M. Molecular basis of familial hypercholesterolaemia from structure of LDL receptor module. Nature. 388:1997;691-693.
10. Clayton D., Brereton I.M., Kroon P.A., Smith R. Three-dimensional NMR structure of the sixth ligand-binding module of the human LDL receptor: comparison of two adjacent modules with different ligand binding specificities. FEBS Lett. 479:2000;118-122.
11. North C.L., Blacklow S.C. Solution structure of the sixth LDL-A module of the LDL receptor. Biochemistry. 39:2000;2564-2571.
12. Kurniawan N.D., Atkins A.R., Bieri S., Brown C.J., Brereton I.M., Kroon P.A., Smith R. NMR structure of a concatemer of the first and second ligand-binding modules of the human low-density lipoprotein receptor. Protein Sci. 9:2000;1282-1293.
13. North C.L., Blacklow S.C. Structural independence of ligand-binding modules five and six of the LDL receptor. Biochemistry. 38:1999;3926-3935.
14. Beglova N., North C.L., Blacklow S.C. Backbone dynamics of a module pair from the ligand-binding domain of the LDL receptor. Biochemistry. 40:2001;2808-2815.
15. •] used NMR to show that, unlike adjacent cysteine-rich repeats in the ligand-binding domain, the tandem pair of EGF-like repeats A and B in the EGF-precursor homology domain interact with each other to form a rod.
16. •].
17. Jeon H., Meng W., Takagi J., Eck M.J., Springer T.A., Blacklow S.C. Implications for familial hypercholesterolemia from the structure of the LDL receptor YWTD-EGF domain pair. Nat. Struct. Biol. 8:2001;499-504 Crystallographic study revealing the structure of a fragment containing the β propeller and the EGF-like repeat C at neutral Ph.
18. Rudenko G., Henry L., Henderson K., Ichtchenko K., Brown M.S., Goldstein J.L., Deisenhofer J. Structure of the LDL receptor extracellular domain at endosomal pH. Science. 298:2002;2353-2358 The crystal structure of the almost complete extracellular domain of LDL-R at acidic pH.
19. Springer T.A. An extracellular β-propeller module predicted in lipoprotein and scavenger receptors, tyrosine kinases, epidermal growth factor precursor, and extracellular matrix components. J. Mol. Biol. 283:1998;837-862.
20. Brown M.S., Deuel T.F., Basu S.K., Goldstein J.L. Inhibition of the binding of low-density lipoprotein to its cell surface receptor in human fibroblasts by positively charged proteins. J. Supramol. Struct. 8:1978;223-234.
21. Innerarity T.L., Weisgraber K.H., Rall S.C. Jr., Mahley R.W. Functional domains of apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein B. Acta. Med. Scand. Suppl. 715:1987;51-59.
22. 2+ binding to cysteine-rich repeats of LDL-R and a related protein, LRP.
23. Schneider W.J., Beisiegel U., Goldstein J.L., Brown M.S. Purification of the low density lipoprotein receptor, an acidic glycoprotein of 164 000 molecular weight. J. Biol. Chem. 257:1982;2664-2673.
24. Dirlam-Schatz K.A., Attie A.D. Calcium induces a conformational change in the ligand binding domain of the low density lipoprotein receptor. J. Lipid Res. 39:1998;402-411.
25. Atkins A.R., Brereton I.M., Kroon P.A., Lee H.T., Smith R. Calcium is essential for the structural integrity of the cysteine-rich, ligand binding repeat of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Biochemistry. 37:1998;1662-1670.
26. Gerasimenko J.V., Tepikin A.V., Petersen O.H., Gerasimenko O.V. Calcium uptake via endocytosis with rapid release from acidifying endosomes. Curr. Biol. 8:1998;1335-1338.
27. 2+ binding to EGF-like repeats A and B of LDL-R.
28. Doi T., Kurasawa M., Higashino K.-I., Imanishi T., Mori T., Naito M., Takahashi K., Kawabe Y., Wada Y., Matsumoto A.et al. The histidine interruption of an α-helical coiled coil allosterically mediates a pH-dependent ligand dissociation from macrophage scavenger receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;25598-25604.
29. Wragg S., Drickamer K. Identification of amino acid residues that determine pH dependence of ligand binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor during endocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;35400-35406.
30. Garrett T.P.J., McKern N.M., Lou M., Elleman T.C., Adams T.E., Lovrecz G.O., Zhu H.-J., Walker F., Frenkel M.J., Hoyne P.A.et al. Crystal structure of a truncated epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain bound to transforming growth factor α Cell. 110:2002;763-773.
31. Takagi J., Yang Y., Liu J.-H., Wang J.-H., Springer T.A. Complex between nidogen and laminin fragments reveals a paradigmatic β-propeller interface. Nature. 424:2003;969-974.
32. Rand M.D., Lindblom A., Carlson J., Villoutreix B.O., Stenflo J. Calcium binding to tandem repeats of EGF-like modules. Expression and characterization of the EGF-like modules of human Notch-1 implicated in receptor-ligand interactions. Protein Sci. 6:1997;2059-2071.
33. Kraulis P.J. MOLSCRIPT: a program to produce both detailed and schematic plots of protein structures. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 24:1991;946-950.
34. Merritt E.A., Bacon D.J. Raster3D: photorealistic molecular graphics. Methods Enzymol. 277:1997;505-524.
35. Dolmer K., Huang W., Gettins P.G. Characterization of the calcium site in two complement-like domains from the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and comparison with a repeat from the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Biochemistry. 37:1998;17016-17023.
36. Blacklow S.C., Kim P.S. Protein folding and calcium binding defects arising from familial hypercholesterolemia mutations of the LDL receptor. Nat. Struct. Biol. 3:1996;758-762.
37. North C.L., Blacklow S.C. Evidence that familial hypercholesterolemia mutations of the LDL receptor cause limited local misfolding in an LDL-A module pair. Biochemistry. 39:2000;13127-13135.
38. Bieri S., Atkins A.R., Lee H.T., Winzor D.J., Smith R., Kroon P.A. Folding, calcium binding, and structural characterization of a concatemer of the first and second ligand-binding modules of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Biochemistry. 37:1998;10994-11002.
39. Smallridge R.S., Whiteman P., Doering K., Handford P.A., Downing K.A. EGF-like domain calcium affinity modulated by N-terminal domain linkage in human fibrillin-1. J. Mol. Biol. 286:1999;661-668.
40. Whiteman P., Downing A.K., Smallridge R., Winship P.R., Handford P.A. A Gly→Ser change causes defective folding in vitro of calcium-binding epidermal growth factor-like domains from factor IX and fibrillin-1. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;7807-7813.
41. Handford P., Downing A.K., Rao Z., Hewett D.R., Sykes B.C., Kielty C.M. The calcium binding properties and molecular organization of epidermal growth factor-like domains in human fibrillin-1. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;6751-6756.
42. Knott V., Downing K.A., Cardy C.M., Handford P. Calcium binding properties of an epidermal growth factor-like domain pair from human fibrillin-1. J. Mol. Biol. 255:1996;22-27.