Influence of social, management and enforcement factors on the long-term ecological effects of marine sanctuaries

Environmental Conservation

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 388-407

  Walmsley, S F ^a   White, Alan T ^b  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b CIFC Towers ^*  (Philippines)

Author keywords

Community based management; Coral reefs; Fish communities; Marine reserves; Marine sanctuaries; Philippines

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; DATA REDUCTION; ECOLOGY; FISHERIES; OCEAN HABITATS; REGULATORY COMPLIANCE;

CORAL; MARINE SANCTUARIES;

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;

COMMUNITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; MARINE PARK; PROTECTED AREA;

ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; CORAL REEF; DESTRUCTION; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; FACILITATION; FISH; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; PERCEPTION; PHILIPPINES; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIOECONOMICS;

ASIA; EURASIA; PHILIPPINES; SOUTHEAST ASIA;

ANTHOZOA;

EID: 0346458839     PISSN: 03768929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0376892903000407     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Alcala, A.C. (1988) Effects of marine reserves on coral fish abundances and yields of Philippine coral reefs. Ambio 17: 194-199.
2. Alcala, A.C. (2001) Marine Reserves in the Philippines: Historical Development, Effects and Influence on Marine Conservation Policy. Manila, Philippines: Bookmark Inc.
3. Alcala, A.C. & Gomez, E.D. (1987) Dynamiting coral reefs for fish: a resource-destructive fishing method. In: Human Impacts on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations, ed. B. Salvat, pp. 51-60. French Polynesia: Antenne de Tahiti Museum EPHE.
4. Alcala, A.C. & Russ, G.R. (1990) A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 46: 40-47.
5. Allison, G.W., Lubchenco, J. & Carr, M.H. (1998) Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation. Ecological Applications 8(1): S79-S92.
6. Ballantine, W.J. (1994) Networks of 'no-take' marine reserves are practical and necessary. In: Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries, eds. N.L. Shackell & J.H.M. Willison, pp. 13-20. Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada: Science and Management of Protected Areas Association.
7. Bartlett, M.S. (1936) The square root transformation in analysis of variance. Journal of the Royal Statlstical Society Supplement 3: 68-78.
8. Boersma, P.D. & Parrish, J.K. (1999) Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution. Ecological Economics 31(2): 287-304.
9. Bohnsack, J.A. (1996) Marine reserves, zoning, and the future of fishery management. Fisheries 21(9): 14-16.
10. Bohnsack, J.A. (1998) Application of marine reserves to reef fisheries management. Australian Journal of Ecology 23(3): 298-304.
11. Cadiz, P.L. (1997) Marine reserve management systems in four small islands of Central Visayas, Unpublished report, The Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines.
12. Cesar, H., Lundin, C.G., Bettencourt, S. & Dixon, J. (1997) Indonesian coral reefs - an economic analysis of a precious but threatened resource. Ambio 26(6): 345-350.
13. Chapman, M.R. & Kramer, D.L. (2000) Movements of fishes within and among fringing coral reefs in Barbados. Environmental Biology of Fishes 57(1): 11-24.
14. Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. (1994) Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, Unpublished document, Natural Environment Research Council, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK.
15. Courtney, C.A. & White, A.T. (1996) Onwards to more aggressive leadership in Philippine Coastal Resource Management. Tambuli 1: 1-5.
16. Dugan, J.E. & Davis, G.E. (1993) Applications of marine refugia to coastal fisheries management. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 50: 2029-2042.
17. Edgar, G.J. & Barrett, N.S. (1997) Short term monitoring of biotic change in Tasmanian marine reserves. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 213(2): 261-279.
18. Edgar, G.J. & Barrett, N.S. (1999) Effects of the declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef fishes, invertebrates and plants. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 242(6): 107-144.
19. English, S., Wilkinson, C. & Baker, V., eds. (1997) Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources, Second Edition. Townsville, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.
20. Epstein, N., Bak, R.P.M. & Rinkevich, B. (1999) Implementation of a small-scale 'no-use zone' policy in a reef ecosystem: Eilat's reef lagoon six years later. Coral Reefs 18(4): 327-332.
21. Flores, E. & Silvestre, G. (1987) Community-based coral reef fishery resource management in the Philippines: the Balicasag Island experience. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Exploitation and Management of Marine Fishery Resource in Southeast Asia, 16-26 February 1987, pp. 300-329. Darwin, Australia: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific and the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Commission RAPA/REPORT 1987/10.
22. Fogarty, M.J. (1999) Essential habitat, marine reserves and fishery management. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14(4): 133-134.
23. Gomez, E.D., Alcala, A.C. & Yap, H.T. (1987) Other fishing methods destructive to coral. In: Human Impacts on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations, ed. B. Salvat, pp. 67-75. French Polynesia: Antenne de Tahiti Museum EPHE.
24. Hall, S.J. (1998) Closed areas for fisheries management - the case consolidates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13(8): 297-298.
25. Jennings, S. (1998) Cousin Island, Seychelles: a small, effective and internationally managed marine reserve. Coral Reefs 17(2): 190.
26. Jennings, S., Marshall, S.S. & Polunin, N.V.C. (1996) Seychelles' marine protected areas: comparative structure and status of reef fish communities. Biological Conservation 75: 201-209.
27. Kelleher, G., Bleakey, C. & Wells, S. (1995) A Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. Washington, DC, USA: The World Bank.
28. Kelleher, G. & Kenchington, R. (1992) Guidelines for Establishing Marine Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
29. Kelleher, G. & Rechhia, C. (1998) Editorial - lessons from marine protected areas around the world. Parks 8(2): 1-4.
30. King, M. & Faasili, U. (1998) A network of small, community-owned village fish reserves in Samoa. Parks 8(2): 11-16.
31. King, M. & Lambeth, L. (2000) Fisheries Management by Communities: a Manual on Promoting the Management of Subsistence Fisheries by Pacific Island Communities. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Multipress.
32. Lam, M. (1998) Consideration of customary tenure system in the establishment of marine protected areas in the South Pacific. Ocean and Coastal Management 39(1-2): 97-104.
33. Lauck, T., Clark, C.W., Mangel, M. & Munro, G.R. (1998) Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves. Ecological Applications 8(1): S72-S78.
34. Marine Conservation and Development Programme (1986) Final report and evaluation for the Marine Conservation and Development Program of Silliman University. Unpublished report, The Asia Foundation and PVO-USAID, Manila, the Philippines.
35. Marr, J.C. (1982) The realities of fishery management in the Southeast Asian region. In: Theory and Management of Tropical Fisheries ICLARM Conference Proceedings 9, ed. D. Pauly & G.I. Murphy, pp. 299-307. Manila, the Philippines: ICLARM.
36. Maypa, A.P., Russ, G.R., Alcala, A.C. & Calumpong, H.P. (2002) Long-term trends in yield and catch rates of the coral reef fishery at Apo Island, Central Philippines. Marine and Freshwater Research 53: 207-213.
37. McAllister, D.E. (1988) Environmental, economic and social costs of coral reef destruction in the Philippines. Galaxea 7: 161-178.
38. McClanahan, T.R. (1999) Is there a future for coral reef parks in poor tropical countries? Coral Reefs 18: 321-325.
39. McClanahan, T.R., Muthiga, N.A., Kamukuru, A.T., Machano, H. & Kiambo, R.W. (1999) The effects of marine parks and fishing on coral reefs of northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation 89(2): 161-182.
40. Mosquera, I., Côté, I.M., Jennings, S. & Reynolds, J.D. (2000) Conservation benefits of marine reserves for fish populations. Animal Conservation 3: 321-332.
41. Munro, J. (1996) The scope of tropical reef fisheries and their management. In: Reef Fisheries, ed. N.V.C. Polunin & C.M. Roberts, pp. 1-14. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
42. Pajaro, M., Olano, F. & San Juan, B. (1999) Documentation and review of marine protected areas in the Philippines: a preliminary report. Manila, the Philippines: Haribon Foundation.
43. Pollnac, R.B., Crawford, B.R. & Gorospe, M.L.G. (2001) Discovering factors that influence the success of community-based marine protected areas in the Visayas, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 44: 683-710.
44. Polunin, N.V.C. & Roberts, C.M. (1993) Greater biomass and value of target coral-reef fishes in two small Caribbean marine reserves. Marine Ecology Progress Series 100(1-2): 167-176.
45. Polunin, N.V.C. & Roberts, C.M., eds. (1996) Reef Fisheries. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
46. Polunin, N.V.C., Roberts, C.M. & Pauly, D. (1996) Developments in tropical reef fisheries science and management. In: Reef Fisheries, eds. N.V.C. Polunin & C.M. Roberts, pp. 361-377. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
47. Pomeroy, R.S., editor. (1994) Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences. Manila, Philippines: International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management.
48. Pomeroy, R.S., Pollnac, R.B., Katon, B.M. & Predo, C.D. (1997) Evaluating factors contributing to the success of community-based coastal resources management: the Central Visayas Regional Project-1, Philippines. Ocean and Coastal Management 36(1-3): 97-120.
49. Rakitin, A. & Kramer, D.L. (1996) Effect of a marine reserve on the distribution of coral reef fishes in Barbados. Marine Ecology Progress Series 131(1-3): 97-113.
50. Roberts, C.M. (1995) Rapid buildup of fish biomass in a Caribbean marine reserve. Conservation Biology 9(4): 815-826.
51. Roberts, C.M. (1998) Sources, sinks, and the design of marine reserve networks. Fisheries 23: 16-19.
52. Roberts, C.M. & Hawkins, J.P. (1997) How small can a marine reserve be and still be effective? Coral Reefs 16(3): 150-150.
53. Roberts, C.M. & Polunin, N.V.C. (1993) Marine reserves: simple solutions to managing complex fisheries? Ambio 22(6): 363-368.
54. Ruddle, K. & Pomeroy, R.S. (1994) Changing the focus of coastal fisheries management. Community Management and Common Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences 45: 63-86. Manila, the Philippines: International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management.
55. Russ, G. (1985) Effects of protective management on coral reef fishes in the central Philippines. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress Tahiti Volume 4, ed. M. Harmelin-Vivien, B. Salvat, C. La-Croix, C. Gabrie & J.L. Toffart, pp. 219-224. Moorea, French Polynesia: Autenne Museum EPHE.
56. Russ, G.R. (1991) Coral reef fisheries: effects and yields. In: The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs, ed. P.F. Sale, pp. 601-635. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, San Diego.
57. Russ, G.R. & Alcala, A.C. (1996a) Do marine reserves export adult fish biomass? Evidence from Apo Island, central Philippines. Marine Ecology Progress Series 132(1-3): 1-9.
58. Russ, G.R. & Alcala, A.C. (1996b) Marine reserves: rates and patterns of recovery and decline of large predatory fish. Ecological Applications 6(3): 947-961.
59. Russ, G.R. & Alcala, A.C. (1999) Management histories of Sumilon and Apo Marine Reserves, Philippines, and their influence on national marine resource policy. Coral Reefs 18(4): 307-319.
60. Savina, G.C. & White, A.T. (1986) Reef fish yields and nonreef catch of Pamilacan Island, Bohol, Philippines. In: Proceedings of The First Asian Fisheries Forum, ed. L.B. Maclean, L.B. Dizon & L.V. Hosillos, pp. 497-500. Manila, the Philippines: Asian Fisheries Society.
61. Sluka, R., Chiappone, M., Sullivan, K.M. & Wright, R. (1997) The benefits of a marine fishery reserve for Nassau Grouper Epinephelus striatus in the Central Bahamas. Proceedings of the Eighth International Coral Reef Symposium Volume 2, ed. H.A. Lessius & I.G. Macintyre, pp. 1961-1964. Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
62. Tsing, A.L., Brosios, J.P. & Zerner, C. (1999) Assessing community-based natural resource management. Ambio 28(2): 197-198.
63. Wantiez, L., Thollot, P. & Kulbicki, M. (1997) Effects of marine reserves on coral reef fish communities from five islands in New Caledonia. Coral Reefs 16(4): 215-224.
64. Watson, M., Ormond, R.F.G. & Holliday, L. (1997) The role of Kenya's marine protected areas in artisanal fisheries management. Proceedings of the Eighth International Coral Reef Symposium Volume 2, ed. H.A. Lessius & I.G. Macintyre, pp. 1955-1960. Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
65. White, A.T. (1988a) The effect of community-managed marine reserves in the Philippines on their associated coral-reef fish populations. Asian Fisheries Science 2: 27-41.
66. White, A.T. (1988b) Philippine marine park pilot site: benefits and management conflicts. Environmental Conservation 13(4): 355-359.
67. White, A.T. (1988c) Marine parks and reserves: management for coastal environments in Southeast Asia. ICLARM Education Series 2. Manila, the Philippines: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management: 36 pp.
68. White, A.T. (1989) Two community-based marine reserves: lessons for coastal management. Coastal area management in Southeast Asia: policies, management strategies and case studies. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 19: 85-96.
69. White, A.T. (1996) Philippines: community management of marine resources. In: Coastal Zone Management Handbook, ed. J.R. Clarke, pp. 561-567. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC/Lewis Publishers.
70. White, A.T. & Calumpong, H. (1992) Summary field report: saving Tubbataha Reef and monitoring marine reserves in the Central Visayas, Earthwatch Expedition to the Philippines, April-May 1992. Unpublished report, Silliman University, the Philippines.
71. White, A.T. & Savina, G.C. (1987) Reef fish yield and nonreef catch of Apo Island, Negros, Philippines. Asian Marine Biology 4: 67-76.
72. White, A.T. & Vogt, H.P. (2000) Philippine coral reefs under threat: lessons learned after 25 years of community-based reef conservation. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(6): 537-550.
73. White, A.T., Christie, P., & Divinagracia, M.Fe. (1999) Summary field report 'Saving Philippine Reefs', Earthwatch Expedition to the Philippines, May 1-May 22, 1999, coral reef surveys for conservation in Southwest Bohol. Unpublished report, The Coastal Resource Management Project and the Sulu Fund for Marine Conservation Foundation, Inc., Cebu, the Philippines.
74. White, A.T., Courtney, C.A. & Salamanca, A. (2002) Experience with marine protected area planning and management in the Philippines. Coastal Management 30: 1-26.
75. White, A.T., Hale, L.Z., Renard, Y. & Cortes, L., editors. (1994) Collaborative and Community-Based Management of Coral Reefs: Lessons from Experience. West Hartford, Connecticut: Kumarian Press.
76. Wilkinson, C. (1998) Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 1998. Townsville, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
77. Williams, M.J. (1998) Do fisheries and marine protected areas need each other? Parks 8(2): 47-53.
78. Zar, J.H. (1994) Biostatistical Analysis, Third Edition. Upper Saddle River, USA: Prentice-Hall Inc.