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The only effective catalysts for highly enantioselective and diasteoselective cyclopropanations with ethyl diazoacetate have been ruthenium-based catalysts. For examples, see: (a) Nishiyama, H.; Itoh, Y.; Matsumoto, H.; Park, S.-B.; Itoh, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 2223-2224.
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(a) Doyle, M. P.; Austin, R. E.; Bailey, A. S.; Dwyer, M. P.; Dyatkin, A. B.; Kalinin, A. V.; Kwan, M. M. Y.; Liras, S.; Oalmann, C. J.; Pieters, R. J.; Protopopova, M. N.; Raab, C. E.; Roos, G. H. P.; Zhou, Q.-L.; Martin, S. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5763-5775.
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0033529832
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13C KIEs observed here are consistent with those observed in asynchronous but concerted Diels-Alder reactions. See: (a) Singleton, D. A.; Merrigan, S. R.; Beno, B. R.; Houk, K. N. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5817-21.
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(b) Singleton, D. A.; Schulmeier, B. E.; Hang, C.; Thomas, A. A.; Leung, S.-W.; Merrigan, S. R. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 5149-5160.
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Merrigan, S.R.6
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27
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0348168116
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note
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4, would have increased concerns over the identity of the actual catalyst.
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28
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0004133516
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Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Montgomery, J. A., Jr.; Stratmann, R. E.; Burant, J. C.; Dapprich, S.; Millam, J. M.; Daniels, A. D.; Kudin, K. N.; Strain, M. C.; Farkas, O.; Tomasi, J.; Barone, V.; Cossi, M.; Cammi, R.; Mennucci, B.; Pomelli, C.; Adamo, C.; Clifford, S.; Ochterski, J.; Petersson, G. A.; Ayala, P. Y.; Cui, Q.; Morokuma, K.; Malick, D. K.; Rabuck, A. D.; Raghavachari, K.; Foresman, J. B.; Cioslowski, J.; Ortiz, J. V.; Stefanov, B. B.; Liu, G.; Liashenko, A.; Piskorz, P.; Komaromi, I.; Gomperts, R.; Martin, R. L.; Fox, D. J.; Keith, T.; Al-Laham, M. A.; Peng, C. Y.; Nanayakkara, A.; Gonzalez, C.; Challacombe, M.; Gill, P. M. W.; Johnson, B. G.; Chen, W.; Wong, M. W.; Andres, J. L.; Head-Gordon, M.; Replogle, E. S.; Pople, J. A. Gaussian 98, Revision A.11.2; Gaussian, Inc.: Pittsburgh, PA, 2001.
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Cheeseman, J.R.6
Zakrzewski, V.G.7
Montgomery Jr., J.A.8
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Millam, J.M.12
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Foresman, J.B.33
Cioslowski, J.34
Ortiz, J.V.35
Stefanov, B.B.36
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Liashenko, A.38
Piskorz, P.39
Komaromi, I.40
Gomperts, R.41
Martin, R.L.42
Fox, D.J.43
Keith, T.44
Al-Laham, M.A.45
Peng, C.Y.46
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Gonzalez, C.48
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84961985018
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Yamanaka, M.3
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For a discussion of theoretical methods applied to transition-metal containing systems, see: Siegbahn, P. E. M.; Blomberg, M. R. A. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 421-437.
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Houk, K.N.4
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39
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0347538373
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note
-
The potential energy barrier is 2.6 kcal/mol (including zpe) versus a weak π complex with a carbene-styrene separation of 3.5 Å. The π complex is kinetically irrelevant because it would not be a bound species on the free energy surface at 25°C, but its energy is relevant in showing the shape of the potential energy surface.
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-
-
-
41
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0024841752
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The calculations used the program QUIVER (Saunders, M.; Laidig, K. E.; Wolfsberg, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8989-8994) with Becke3LYP frequencies scaled by 0.9614. (Scott, A. P.; Radom, L. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 16502-16513).
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J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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Saunders, M.1
Laidig, K.E.2
Wolfsberg, M.3
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42
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0011083273
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-
The calculations used the program QUIVER (Saunders, M.; Laidig, K. E.; Wolfsberg, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 8989-8994) with Becke3LYP frequencies scaled by 0.9614. (Scott, A. P.; Radom, L. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 16502-16513).
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, vol.100
, pp. 16502-16513
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-
Scott, A.P.1
Radom, L.2
-
47
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0348168115
-
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note
-
13C KIE arises from a temperature-independent ratio of imaginary frequencies for the isotopomers. Because of this, there is very little variation in the predicted KIEs with temperature.
-
-
-
-
49
-
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0346907535
-
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note
-
In the particular case of 11, taking steps of 0.05 Å along the minimum-energy path in both directions afforded geometries with a lower predicted free energy (including entropy and enthalpic and zpe corrections calculated from unscaled frequencies at 298 K). Thus, despite the low potential energy barrier, other effects appear to have relatively little impact on the position of the transition state.
-
-
-
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50
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0347538372
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note
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4 affords mainly the trimer (see ref 3) but gives cyclopropanation adducts in an approximately 12:1 ratio.
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-
-
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51
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0347538371
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note
-
These studies used default parameters in CS Chem3D Pro, Version 5.0 (1999), CambridgeSoft Corp.: Cambridge, MA, treating the carboxylate carbons as alkenyl carbons. Several of the parameters employed were unrealistic-for example the Rh-O bond distance was only ≈ 1.93 Å-but were likely satisfactory for the purpose of identifying accessible conformations.
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52
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0000581242
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Doyle, M. P.; Winchester, W. R.; Hoorn, J. A. A.; Lynch, V.; Simonsen, S. H.; Ghosh, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9968.
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Doyle, M.P.1
Winchester, W.R.2
Hoorn, J.A.A.3
Lynch, V.4
Simonsen, S.H.5
Ghosh, R.6
-
53
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0348168113
-
-
note
-
An 8% error from NMR in the ratio of the product to the starting material would correspond to a change from 84:16 (5.25:1) to 85:15 (5.67:1) (5.67/5.25 = 1.08).
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