Pigmentary disorders in ethnic skin

Dermatologic Clinics

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 617-628

  Halder, Rebat M ^a   Nandedkar, Maithily A ^a   Neal, Kenneth W ^a  

^a HOWARD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 HYDROXYACID; ADAPALENE; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ARBUTIN; ASCORBIC ACID; AZELAIC ACID; BENZOYL PEROXIDE; CLOFAZIMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE; GLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACT; HYDROQUINONE; KOJIC ACID; LIQUID NITROGEN; MONOBENZONE; N ACETYL 4 CYSTEAMINYLPHENOL; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PIMECROLIMUS; PROGESTERONE; PSORALEN; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOID; TACROLIMUS; TAR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALBINISM; CHLOASMA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTACT DERMATITIS; DERMATITIS; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; ERYTHEMA; ERYTHEMA STREPTOGENES; ERYTHEMATIC DYSCHROMICUM PERSTANS; ETHNOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERPIGMENTATION; IDIOPATHIC GUTTATE HYPOMELANOSIS; NAIL DISEASE; OCHRONOSIS; OTA NEVUS; PATHOGENESIS; PIEBALDISM; PIGMENT DISORDER; PIGMENTED NEVUS; PITYRIASIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUVA; REVIEW; SKIN ALLERGY; SKIN COLOR; SKIN IRRITATION; SKIN PIGMENTATION; TINEA NIGRA; TINEA VERSICOLOR; VITILIGO;

EID: 0346364816     PISSN: 07338635     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0733-8635(03)00083-4     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Porter JR, Beuf AH, Lerner AB, Nordlund JJ. Psychosocial effects of vitiligo: a comparison of vitiligo with "normal" control subjects, with psoriasis patients, and with patients with other pigment disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:220-4.
2. Nordlund JJ, Ortonne J. The normal color of human skin. In: Nordlund JJ, Boissy RE, Hearing VJ, King RA, Ortonne J, editors. The pigmentary system: physiology and pathophysiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1988. p. 475-84.
3. Halder RM, Grimes PE, McLaurin CI, Kress MA, Kenney Jr JA. Incidence of common dermatoses in a predominantly black dermatologic practice. Cutis 1983;32:378-80.
4. Lacour JP. Infectious melanosis. In: Nordlund JJ, Boissy RE, Hearing VJ, King RA, Ortonne J, editors. The pigmentary system: physiology and pathophysiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1988. p. 634-9.
5. Borelli D, Jacobs PH, Nall L. Tinea versicolor: epidemiologic, clinical and therapeutic aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:300-5.
6. Charles CR. Hypopigmentation in tinea versicolor: histochemical and electomicroscopic study. Int J Dermatol 1973;12:48-58.
7. ElGothamy Z. Tinea versicolor hypopigmentation: histochemical and therapeutic studies. Int J Dermatol 1975;14:510-6.
8. Karaoui R, Bou-Resli M, Al-Zaid NS, Mousa A. Tinea versicolor: ultrastructural studies on hypopigmented and hyperpigmented skin. Dermatologica 1981;162: 69-71.
9. Ito K, Tanaka T. Amino acid metabolism of fungi: decomposition of L-tyrosine by fungi. In: Flarer F, editor. Dermatology Proceedings of the XIV International Congress, 1972. New York: Elsevier; 1974. p. 735.
10. O'Farrell MM. Pityriasis alba. Arch Dermatol 1956; 73:376-8.
11. Shah AS, Supapannachart N, Nordlund JJ. Acquired hypomelanotic disorders. In: Levine N, editor. Pigmentation and pigmentary disorders. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1993. p. 352-3.
12. Zaynoun ST, Aftimos BG, Tenekjian KK, Bahuth N, Kurban AK. Extensive pityriasis alba: a histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study. Br J Dermatol 1983;108:83-6.
13. Lin A. Topical immunotherapy. In: Wolverton SE, editor. Comprehensive dermatological therapy. Philadelphia: Elsevier Science; 2001. p. 617-9.
14. Falabella R. Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. Dermatol Clin 1988;6:241-7.
15. Wilson P, Lavker R, Kligman A. On the nature of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. Acta Derm Venereol 1982;62:301-6.
16. Bolognia J, Pawelek J. Biology of hypopigmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:217-55.
17. Falabella R, Escobar C, Giraldo N, et al. On the pathogenesis of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16(pt 1):35-44.
18. Gilhar A, Pillar T, et al. Vitiligo and idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, repigmentation of skin following engraftment onto nude mice. Arch Dermatol 1989;125: 1363-6.
19. Ploysangam T, Dee-Ananlap S, Suvanprakorn P. Treatment of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis with liquid nitrogen: light and electron microscopic studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23(4 pt 1):681-4.
20. Kovac S. Vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38: 647-66.
21. Halder RM, Brooks HL. Medical therapies for vitiligo. Dermatologic Therapy 2001;14:1-6.
22. Boisseau-Garsaud A, et al. Epidemiology of vitiligo in the French West Indies (Isle of Martinique). Int J Dermatol 2000;39:18-20.
23. Nordlund JJ. The epidemiology and genetics of vitiligo. Clin Dermatol 1997;15:875-8.
24. Hautmann G, Panconesi E. Vitiligo: a psychologically influenced and influencing disease. Clin Dermatol 1997;15:879-90.
25. Kent G, Al'Abadie M. Psychologic effects of vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:895-8.
26. Nordlund JJ, Halder RM, Grimes P. Management of vitiligo. Dermatol Clin 1993;11:27-33.
27. Falabella R. Surgical therapies for vitiligo. Clin Dermatol 1997;15:927-39.
28. Grimes PE, Soriano T, Dytoc MT. Topical tacrolimus for repigmentation of vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:789-91.
29. Halder RM, Young CM. New and emerging therapies for vitiligo. Dermatol Clin 2000;18:79-89.
30. Jimbow K. Vitiligo: therapeutic advances. Dermatol Clin 1998;16:399-407.
31. Scherschun L, Kim JJ, Lim H. Narrow-band UVB is a useful and well-tolerated treatment for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:999-1003.
32. Spencer JM, Nossa R, Ajmeri J. Treatment of vitiligo with the 308 nm excimer laser: a pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:727-31.
33. Westerhof W, Nieuweber-Krobotova L. Treatment of vitiligo with UVB radiation vs. topical psoralen plus UVA. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:1525-8.
34. Halder RM. Topical PUVA therapy for vitiligo. Dermatology Nursing 1991;3:178-80.
35. Arrunategui A, et al. Melanocyte reservoir in vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 1994;33:484-7.
36. Norris DA, Tasuya H, Morelli JG. Melanocyte destruction and repopulation in Vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res 1994;7:193-203.
37. Falabella R, et al. Surgical combination therapy for vitiligo and piebaldism. Dermatol Surg 1995;21: 853-7.
38. Bose S. Modified Thiersch grafting in stable vitiligo. J Dermatol 1996;23:362-4.
39. Ruiz-Maldonado R, Orozco-Covarrubias M. Postinflammatory hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1997;16:36-43.
40. Morelli JG, Norris DA. Influence of inflammatory mediators and cytokines on human melanocyte function [review]. J Invest Dermatol 1993;100(2 suppl): 191S-5S.
41. Grimes PE, Stockton T. Pigmentary disorders in blacks. Dermatol Clin 1988;6:271-81.
42. Tomita Y, Maeda K, Tagami H. Melanocyte-stimulating properties of arachidonic acid metabolites: possible role in postinflammatory pigmentation. Pigment Cell Res 1992;5(5 pt 2):357-61.
43. Gilchrest BA. Localization of melanin pigmentation in skin with Wood's lamp. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:245-7.
44. Grover R, Morgan BDG. Management of hypopigmentation following burn injury. Burns 1996;22: 627-30.
45. Morelli JG, et al. Leukotriene C and TGF-alpha are stimulators of human melanocyte migration in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1992;98:290-5.
46. Ellis D, Tan A. How we do it: management of facial hyperpigmentation. J Otolaryngol 1997;26:286-9.
47. Katsambas AD, Stratigos AJ. Depigmenting and bleaching agents: coping with hyperpigmentation. Clin Dermatol 2001;19:483-8.
48. Tse Y, Levine VJ, McClain SA, et al. The removal of cutaneous pigmented lesions with the Q-switched ruby laser and the Q-switched neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser: a comparative study. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994;20:795-800.
49. Winton GB, Lewis CV. Dermatoses of pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:977-8.
50. Beischer NA, Wein P. Linea alba pigmentation and umbilical deviation in nulliparous pregnancy: the ligamentous sign. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:254-6.
51. Kroumpouzos G, Cohen LM. Dermatoses of pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:1-19.
52. Lawley TJ, Yancey K. Skin changes and diseases in pregnancy. In: Freedberg IM, et al, editors. Dermatology in general medicine. 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999. p. 1963-9.
53. Byrne DA, Berger RS. Erythema dyschromicum perstans. Acta Derma Venereol 1974;54:65-8.
54. Berger RS, Hayes TJ, Dixon SL. Erythema dyschromicum perstans and lichen planus: are they related? J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:438-42.
55. Kark EC, Litt RL. Ashy dermatosis: a variant of lichen planus? Cutis 1980;25:631-3.
56. Person JR, Rogers RL. Ashy dermatosis: an apoptotic disease? Arch Dermatol 1981;117:701-4.
57. Piquero-Martin J, Perez-Alfonzo R, Abrusci V. Clinical trial with clofazimine for treating erythema dyschromicum perstans. Int J Dermatol 1989;28: 198-200.
58. Taylor CR, Anderson RR. Ineffective treatment of refractory melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation by Q switched ruby laser. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994;20:592-7.
59. Grimes PE. Melasma: etiologic and therapeutic considerations. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:1453-7.
60. Perez M, Sanchez JL, Aguilo F. Endocrinologic profile of patients with idiopathic melasma. J Invest Dermatol 1983;81:543-5.
61. Taylor SC. Skin of color: biology, structure, function and implications for dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46(suppl):s43-59.
62. Breathnach AS. Melanin hyperpigmentation of the skin: melasma, topical treatment with azelaic acid and other therapies. Cutis 1996;57:s36-45.
63. O'Brien TJ, Dyall-Smith D, Hall AP. Melasma of the arms associated with hormone replacement therapy [correspondence]. Br J Dermatol 1999;141: 592-3.
64. Sialy R, Hassan I, Kaur I, Dash RJ. Melasma in men: a hormonal profile. J Dermatol 2000;27:64-5.
65. Varma S, Roberts DL. Melasma of the arms associated with hormone replacement therapy [correspondence]. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141:592.
66. Nguyen QH, Bui TP. Azelaic acid: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and its therapeutic role in hyperpigmentary disorders and acne. Int J Dermatol 1995;34:75-82.
67. Verallo-Rowell VM, Verallo V, Graupe K, Lopez-Villafuerte L, Garcia-Lopez M. Double-blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1989; 143:58-61.
68. Levin CY, Maibach H. Exogenous ochronosis: an update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001;2:213-7.
69. Arena F, Dixon W, Thomas P, Jimbow K. Glutathione plays a key role in the depigmenting and melanocytotoxic action of N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol in black and yellow hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 1995;104:792-7.
70. Jimbow K. N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol as a new type of depigmenting agent for the melanoderma of patients with melasma. Arch Dermatol 1991;127: 1528-34.
71. Lowe NJ, Rizk D, Grimes P, Billips M, Pincus S. Azelaic acid 20% cream in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation in darker-skinned patients. Clin Ther 1998;20:945-59.
72. Balina LM, Graupe K. The treatment of melasma. 20% azelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream. Int J Dermatol 1991;30:893-5.
73. Sierra-Baldrich E, Tribo MJ, Camarasa JG. Allergic contact dermatitis from kojic acid. Contact Dermatitis 1998;39:86-7.
74. Nakagawa M, Kawai K, Kawai K. Contact allergy to kojic acid in skin care products. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:9-13.
75. Maeda K, Fukuda M. Arbutin: mechanism of its depigmenting action in human melanocyte culture. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996;276:765-9.
76. Yokota T, Nishio H, Kubota Y, Mizoguchi M. The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation. Pigment Cell Res 1998;11:355-61.
77. Chan HH, Leung RS, Ying SY, Lai CF, Kono T, Chua JK, et al. A retrospective analysis of complications in the treatment of nevus of Ota with the Q-switched alexandrite and Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers. Dermatol Surg 2000;26:1000-6.
78. Kimbrough-Green CK, Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, Hamilton TA, Bulengo-Ransby SM, Ellis CN, et al. Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients: a vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:727-33.
79. Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, Ditre CM, Hamilton TA, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma: a vehicle-controlled, clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:415-21.
80. Kligman AM, Willis I. A new formula for depigmenting human skin. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:40-8.
81. Dogra S, Kanwar AJ, Parsad D. Adapalene in the treatment of melasma: a preliminary report. J Dermatol 2002;29:539-40.
82. Tobin DJ, Peters EMJ, Schallreuter KU. Pigment disorders of the hair and nails. In: Hordinsky MK, Sawaya ME, Scher RK, editors. Atlas of hair and nails. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p. 159-60.
83. Lateur N, André J. Melanonychia: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatologic Therapy Update 2002;15: 131-41.
84. Brauner GJ. Pigmentation and its disorders in blacks. In: Levine N, editor. Pigmentation and pigmentary disorders. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1993. p. 439-50.
85. Reintgen DS, et al. Malignant melanoma in black American and white American populations: comparative review. JAMA 1982;248:1856-8.
86. Holman CDJ, Armstrong BK. Pigmentary traits, ethnic origin, benign nevi and family history of risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984;72:257-9.
87. Chan HH, Lam LK, Wong DS, Leung RS, Ying SY, Lai CF, et al. Nevus of Ota: a new classification based on the response to laser treatment. Lasers Surg Med 2001;28:267-72.
88. Odom RB, James WD, Berger TG. Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms. In: Odom RB, editor. Andrews disease of the skin. 9th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 890-1.
89. Kilmer SL, Garden JM. Laser treatment of pigmented lesions and tattoos. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2000;19: 232-44.
90. Orlow SJ. Congenital disorders of hypopigmentation. Semin Dermatol 1995;14:27-32.
91. Tassabehji M, Read AP, Newton VE, et al. Mutations in the PAX3 gene causing Waardenburg's syndrome type 1 and type 2. Nat Genet 1993;3:26-30.
92. Njoo MD, Nieuweboer-Krobotova L, Westerhof W. Repigmentation of leucodermic defects in piebaldism by dermabrasion and thin split-thickness skin grafting in combination with minigrafting. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:829-33.
93. Barsh GS. Genetics of pigmentation: from fancy genes to complex traits. Trends Genet 1996;12:299-305.
94. Shibahara S. Mutations of the tyrosinase gene in oculocutaneous albinism. Pigment Cell Res 1992;5: 279-83.
95. Castle WE, Allen GM. The hereditary of albinism. Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 1903;38:603-22.
96. Schnur RE, Selling BT, Holmes SA, Wick PA, Tatsmura YO, Spritz RA. Type I oculocutaneous albinism associated full-length deletion of the tyrosinase gene. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:1137-40.
97. Durham-Pierre D, Gardner JM, Nakatsu Y, King RA, Francke U, Ching A, et al. African origin of an intragenic deletion of the human P gene in tyronisa positive oculocutaneous albinism. Nat Genet 1994;7:176-9.
98. Schallreuter K, Frenk EU, Wolfe LS, Witkop CJ, Wood JM. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in a Swiss population. Dermatology 1993;187:248-56.
99. Garay SM, Gardella JE, Fazzini EP, Goldring RM. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: pulmonary manifestations of ceroid storage disorder. Am J Med 1979;66: 737-47.