Vitiligo

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 38, Issue 5 I, 1998, Pages 647-668

  Kovacs, S O ^a  

^a LASER AND SKIN SURGERY CENTER OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; COSMETIC; DEOXYURIDINE; FLUOROURACIL; HYDROXYBENZANISOLE; METHOXSALEN; MINOXIDIL; PHENYLALANINE; PSORALEN; THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE; TRIOXYSALEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AUTOIMMUNITY; CELL DESTRUCTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEPIGMENTATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; MELANOCYTE; MELANOGENESIS; PHOTOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUVA; REVIEW; SKIN TRANSPLANTATION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VITILIGO; VOGT KOYANAGI SYNDROME;

EID: 0031900628     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70194-X     Document Type: Article

References (298)

1. R Carter A dictionary of dermatologic terms 1992 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore (MD)
2. TB Fitzpatrick Hypomelanosis South Med J 57 1964 995 1005
3. BK Nair Vitiligo: a retrospect Int J Dermatol 17 1978 755 757
4. G Singh Z Ansari R Dwivedi Vitiligo in ancient Indian medicine Arch Dermatol 109 1974 913
5. KE Sharque Vitiligo Clin Exp Dermatol 9 1984 117 126
6. A Lerner Vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 32 1959 285 310
7. P Majumder J Nordlund S Nath Pattern of familial aggregation of vitiligo Arch Dermatol 129 1993 994 998
8. P Majumder S Das C Li A genetical model for vitiligo Am J Hum Genet 43 1988 119 125
9. S Das P Majumder R Chakraborty Studies on vitiligo: epidemiological profile in Calcutta, India Genet Epidemiol 2 1985 71 78
10. A Lerner On the etiology of vitiligo and gray hair Am J Med 51 1971 141 147
11. J Howitz H Brodthage M Schwartz K Thomsen Prevalence of vitiligo: epidemiological survey on the Isle of Bornholm, Denmark Arch Dermatol 113 1977 47 52
12. N Mehta K Shah C Theodore V Vyas A Patel Epidermiologic study of vitiligo in Surat area, South Gujarat Indian J Med Res 61 1973 145 154
13. T Fitzpatrick G Szabo The melanocyte: cytology and cytochemistry J Invest Dermatol 32 1959 197 209
14. M Goldgeier L Klein S Klein-Angerer The distribution of melanocytes in the leptomeninges of the human brain J Invest Dermatol 82 1984 235
15. J Elliott Clinical experiences with methosxalen in the treatment of vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 32 1959 311 314
16. A Lerner J Nordlund Vitiligo: What is it? Is it important? JAMA 239 1978 1183 1187
17. TB Fitzpatrick JA Parrish MA Pathak Phototherapy of vitiligo (idiopathic leukoderma) TB Fitzpatrick MA Pathak LC Harber Sunlight and man: normal and abnormal photobiologic responses 1974 University of Tokyo Press Tokyo 783 792
18. CK Janniger Childhood vitiligo Cutis 51 1993 25 28
19. M Koga Vitiligo: a new classification and therapy Br J Dermatol 97 1977 255 261
20. SK Hann HJ Lee Segmental vitiligo: clinical findings in 208 patients J Am Acad Dermatol 35 1996 671 674
21. SK Hann HS Chung YK Dark Epidemiologic case control study in patients with vitiligo [letter] J Am Acad Dermatol 36 1997 282 283
22. JP Ortonne DB Mosher TB Fitzpatrick Vitiligo and other hypomelanoses of hair and skin 1983 Plenum Medical Book Company New York 172 176
23. H Pinkus Vitiligo: What is it? J Invest Dermatol 32 1959 281 284
24. AB Lerner G Cage Melanomas in horses Yale J Biol Med 46 1973 646 649
25. FC Powell CH Dicken Psoriasis and vitiligo Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 63 1983 246 249
26. E Sidi J Bourgeois-Gavardin Vitiligo revele par une dermite artificielle Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syph 58 1951 492 493
27. BR Boersma W Westerhof JD Bos Repigmentation in vitiligo vulgaris by autologous minigrafting: results in nineteen patients J Am Acad Dermatol 33 1995 990 995
28. EL Levine GG Ribeiro Vitiligo and radiotherapy: the Koebner phenomenon demonstrated in patients with vitiligo undergoing radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast Clin Oncol 6 1994 133 134
29. E Papadavid RC Yu S Munn Strict anatomical coexistance of vitiligo and psoriasis vulgaris: A Koebner phenomenon? Clin Exp Dermatol 21 1996 138 140
30. SW Koo CO Suh SK Hann Vitiligo following radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast Br J Dermatol 135 1996 852 853
31. AT Riordan GT Nahass Occupational vitiligo following allergic contact dermatitis Contact Dermatitis 34 1996 371
32. G Mancusco M Reggiani RM Berdondini Occupational dermatitis in shoemakers Contact Dermatitis 34 1996 17 22
33. E Selvaag Chloroquine-induced vitiligo Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 76 1996 166 167
34. V Brown-Harrell AT Nitta M Goble Apparent exacerbation of vitiligo syndrome in a patient with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease who received clofazimine therapy Clin Infect Dis 22 1996 581 582
35. Y Kawakami PF Robbins SA Rosenberg Human melanoma antigens recognized by T lymphocytes Keio J Med 45 1996 100 108
36. A Lerner J Kirkwood Vitiligo and melanoma: Can genetically abnormal melanocytes result in both vitiligo and melanoma within a single family? J Am Acad Dermatol 11 1984 696 701
37. L Millikan R Hook P Manning Gross and ultrastructural studies in a new melanoma model: the Sinclair swine Yale J Biol Med 46 1973 631 645
38. ML Misfeldt DR Grimm Sinclair miniature swine: an animal model of human melanoma Vet Immunol Immunopathol 43 1994 167 175
39. J Cui D Chen ML Misfeldt Antimelanoma antibodies in swine with spontaneously regressing melanoma Pigment Cell Res 8 1995 60 63
40. O Merimsky Y Shoenfeld F Baharav Melanoma-associated hypopigmentation: Where are the antibodies? Am J Clin Oncol 19 1996 613 618
41. G Milton W McCarthy A Carlton Malignant melanoma and vitiligo Aust J Derm 12 1971 131 142
42. J Bystryn Serum antibodies in vitiligo patients Clin Dermatol 7 1989 136 145
43. J Nordlund M Kirkwood B Forget Vitiligo in patients with metastatic melanoma: a good prognostic sign J Am Acad Dermatol 9 1983 689 696
44. H Koh A Sober H Nakagawa Malignant melanoma and vitiligo-like leukoderma: an electron microscopic study J Am Acad Dermatol 9 1983 696 708
45. K Balabanov VC Andreev I Tchernozemski Malignant melanoma and vitiligo Dermatologica 139 1968 211 219
46. V Cavallari SP Cannavo AF Ussia Vitiligo associated with metastatic malignant melanoma Int J Dermatol 35 1996 738 739
47. D Berd MJ Mastrangelo E Lattime Melanoma and vitiligo: immunology’s Grecian urn Cancer Immunol Immunother 42 1996 263 267
48. O Merimsky Y Shoenfeld G Yecheskel Vitiligo- and melanoma-associated hypopigmentation: a similar appearance but a different mechanism Cancer Immunol Immunother 38 1994 411 416
49. JP Ortonne H Perrot Giant melanin granules in vitiliginous achromia with malignant melanoma Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 58 1978 475 480
50. M Uehara H Miyauchi S Tanaka Diminished contact sensitivity response in vitiliginous skin Arch Dermatol 120 1984 195 198
51. N Hatchome S Aiba T Kato Possible functional impairment of Langerhans’ cells in vitiliginous skin Arch Dermatol 123 1987 51 54
52. J Nordlund B Forget J Kirkwood Dermatitis induced by applications of monobenzone in patients with active vitiligo Arch Dermatol 121 1985 1141 1144
53. J Porter A Beuf J Nordlund Psychological reaction to chronic skin disorders Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1 1979 73 77
54. JR Porter AH Beuf AB Lerner The effect of vitiligo on sexual relationships J Am Acad Dermatol 22 1990 221 222
55. JR Porter AH Beuf A Lerner Psychosocial effect of vitiligo: a comparison of vitiligo patients with “normal” control subjects, with psoriasis patients, and with patients with other pigmentary disorders J Am Acad Dermatol 15 1986 220 224
56. G Kent M Al’Abadie Psychologic effects of vitiligo: a critical incident analysis J Am Acad Dermatol 35 1996 895 898
57. C Betterle A Caretto A De Zio Incidence and significance of organ-specific autoimmune disorders (clinical, latent or only autoantibodies) in patients with vitiligo Dermatologica 171 1985 419 423
58. C Betterle G Del Prete A Peserico Autoantibodies in vitiligo Arch Dermatol 112 1976 1328
59. T Butterworth L Strean Clinical genodermatology 1962 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore (MD) 4 6
60. C Burns-Cox J Pearson Addison’s disease, vitiligo and multiple autoantibodies Postgrad Med J 48 1972 115 117
61. J Fields L Fragola T Hadley Hypoparathyroidism, candidiasis, alopecia and vitiligo Arch Dermatol 103 1971 687 690
62. M Fisher T Fitzpatrick Candidiasis, vitiligo, Addison’s disease, and hypoparathyroidism Arch Dermatol 102 1970 110 112
63. R Forcier O McIntyre W Frey Autoimmunity and multiple endocrine abnormalities Arch Intern Med 129 1972 638 641
64. M Koga T Tango Clinical features and course of type A and type B vitiligo Br J Dermatol 118 1988 223 228
65. SJ Bird MJ Brown ME Shy SS Scherer Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy associated with malignant melanoma Neurology 46 1996 822 824
66. W Cunliffe R Hall J Newell Vitiligo, thyroid disease and autoimmunity Br J Dermatol 80 1968 135 139
67. KU Schallreuter R Lemke O Brandt Vitiligo and other diseases: Coexistence or true association? Dermatology 188 1994 269 275
68. H Koshiyama M Ito N Yoshinami Two cases of asymptomatic adrenocortical insufficiency with autoimmune thyroid disease Endocr J 41 1994 373 378
69. D Dunlop Eighty-six cases of Addisons disease Br Med J 2 1963 887 891
70. J Meecham E Jones Addisons disease and Addisonian anaemia Lancet 1 1967 535 538
71. J Allison A Curtis Vitiligo and pernicious anaemia Arch Dermatol 72 1955 407
72. I Grunnet J Howitz Vitiligo and pernicious anemia Arch Dermatol 101 1970 82 85
73. R Dawber Integumentary associations of pernicious anemia Br J Dermatol 82 1969 221 222
74. MSE Harrakati Pernicious anemia in Arabs Blood Cells Mol Dis 22 1996 98 103
75. R Dawber Vitiligo in mature-onset diabetes mellitus Br J Dermatol 80 1968 275 278
76. ES Husebye G Gebre-Medhin T Tuomi Autoantibodies against aromatic L-amino and decarboxylase in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 1997 147 150
77. R Cecchi A Giomi F Tuci Pityriasis rubra pilaris, lichen planus, alopecia universalis and vitiligo in a patient with chronic viral hepatitis C Dermatology 188 1994 239 240
78. VK Sharma V Kumar G Dawn A clinical study of childhood alopecia areata in Chandigarh, India Pediatr Dermatol 13 1996 372 377
79. VK Sharma G Dawn B Kumar Profile of alopecia areata in Northern India Int J Dermatol 35 1996 22 27
80. RC Mandry LJ Ortiz A Lugo-Somolinos Organ-specific autoantibodies in vitiligo patients and their relatives Int J Dermatol 35 1996 18 21
81. D Albert J Nordlund A Lerner Ocular abnormalities occurring with vitiligo Ophthalmology 86 1979 1145 1158
82. C Cowan R Halder P Grimes Ocular disturbances in vitiligo J Am Acad Dermatol 15 1986 17 24
83. D Albert M Wagoner R Pruett Vitiligo and disorders of the retinal pigment epithelium Br J 0phthalmol 67 1983 153 156
84. M Wagoner D Albert A Lerner New observations on vitiligo and ocular disease Am J Ophthalmol 96 1983 16 26
85. D Wolff Melanin in the inner ear Arch Otolaryngol 14 1931 195 211
86. A Tosti F Bardazzi G Tosti Audiologic abnormalities in cases of vitiligo J Am Acad Dermatol 17 1987 230 233
87. T Thurmon J Jackson C Fowler Deafness and vitiligo Birth Defects 12 1976 315 320
88. A Tosti F Bardazzi M De Padova Deafness and vitiligo in an Italian family Dermatologica 172 1986 178 179
89. A Vogt Fruhzeitiges ergrauen der Zilien und Bemerkungen uber den sogenannten Plotlzichen eintritt dieser Veranderung Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 4 1906 228 242
90. E Harada Beitrag zur klinischen kenntnis von michteitriger choroiditis (choroiditis diffusa acta) Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jpn 30 1926 356 378
91. Y Koyanagi Dysakusis, alopecia and poliosis beischwerer uveitis nicht traumatischen ursprungs Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 82 1929 194 211
92. J Nordlund D Albert B Forget Halo nevi and the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Arch Dermatol 116 1980 690 692
93. L Barnes Vitiligo and the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Dermatol Clin 6 1988 229 239
94. SW Weber JJ Kazdan The Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in children J Pediatric Ophthalmol 14 1977 96 99
95. RS Moorthy H Inomata NA Rao Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome Surv Ophthalmol 39 1995 265 292
96. H Yakura A Wakisaka M Aizawa HLA-D antigen of Japanese origin (LD-Wa) and its association with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Tissue Antigens 8 1976 35 42
97. JA Martinez PF Lopez P Sternberg Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in patients with Cherokee Indian ancestry Am J Ophthalmol 114 1992 615 620
98. P Majumder J Nordlund S Nath Pattern of familial aggregation of vitiligo Arch Dermatol 129 1993 994 998
99. MN Venkataram AG White WA Leeny HLA antigens in Omani patients with vitiligo Clin Exp Dermatol 20 1995 35 37
100. M Hafez L Sharaf S Abdel-Nabi The genetics of vitiligo Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 63 1983 249 251
101. A Al-Fouzan M Al-Arbash F Fouad Study of HLA class I/II and T lymphocyte subsets in Kuwaiti vitiligo patients Eur J Immunogenet 22 1995 209 213
102. SK Nath PP Majumder JJ Nordlund Genetic epidemiology of vitiligo: multilocus recessivity crossvalidated Am J Hum Genet 55 1994 981 990
103. J Merelender J Rywlin Hereditary of acquired vitiligo (vitiligo in three generations) Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 21 1940 583 585
104. J Mohr Vitiligo in a pair of monovular twins Acta Genet Stat Med 2 1951 252 255
105. HW Siemens Die zwillingspathologie der vitiligo Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma) 2 1953 118 124
106. D Hertz L Gazze C Kirkpatrick Autoimmune vitiligo N Engl J Med 297 1977 634 637
107. N Howanitz J Nordlund A Lerner Antibodies to melanocytes Arch Dermatol 117 1981 705 708
108. P Aronson K Hashimoto Association of IgA antimelanoma antibodies in the sera of vitiligo patients with active disease J Invest Dermatol 88 1987 475
109. D Norris M Kissinger G Naughton Evidence for immunologic mechanisms in human vitiligo: patients’ sera induce damage to human melanocytes in vitro by complement-mediated damage and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity J Invest Dermatol 90 1988 783 789
110. C Bi J Suanders K Soltani Anti-melanocyte autoantibodies and vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 92 1989 403
111. R D’Amelio C Frati A Fattorossi Peripheral T-cell subset imbalance in patients with vitiligo and in their apparently healthy first-degree relatives Ann Allergy 65 1990 143 145
112. R Lorini G Orecchia M Martinett Autoimmunity in vitiligo: relationship with HLA, Gm and Km polymorphisms Autoimmunity 11 1992 255 260
113. L Austin R Boissy B Jacobson The detection of melanocyte autoantibodies in the Smyth chicken model for vitiligo Clin Immunol Immunopathol 64 1992 112 120
114. T Zaman S Begum M Waheed In vitro assessment of ‘T’ lymphocyte functioning in vitiligo Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 72 1992 2667
115. J Yu C Kao C Yu Coexistence and relationship of antikeratinocyte and antimelanocyte antibodies in patients with nonsegmental-type vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 100 1993 823 828
116. T Yamamoto A Yokoyama T cell receptor Vβ repertoire subsets in psoriasis vulagaris and vitiligo Int J Dermatol 35 1996 151
117. G Naughton M Eisinger J Bystryn Antibodies to normal human melanocytes in vitiligo J Exp Med 158 1983 246 251
118. G Naughton M Eisinger J Bystryn Detection of antibodies to melanocytes in vitiligo by specific immunoprecipitation J Invest Dermatol 81 1983 540 542
119. G Naughton D Reggiardo J Bystryn Correlation between vitiligo antibodies and extent of depigmentation in vitiligo J Am Acad Dermatol 15 1986 978 981
120. J Cui Y Arita N Eisinger Characterization of vitiligo antigens J Invest Dermatol 98 1992 600
121. J Cui R Harning M Henn Identification of pigment cell antigens defined by vitiligo antibodies J Invest Dermatol 98 1992 162 165
122. R Harning J Cui J Bystryn Relation between the incidence and level of pigment cell antibodies and disease activity in vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 97 1991 1078 1080
123. J Cui Y Arita JC Bystryn Characterization of vitiligo antigens Pigment Cell Res 8 1995 53 59
124. YK Park NS Kim SK Hann Identification of autoantibody to melanocytes and characterization of vitiligo antigen in vitiligo patients J Dermatol Sci 11 1996 111 120
125. E Baharav O Merimski Y Shoenfeld Tyrosinase as an autoantigen in patients with vitiligo Clin Exp Immunol 105 1996 84 88
126. O Merimsky E Baharav Y Shoenfeld Anti-tyrosinase antibodies in malignant melanoma Cancer Immunol Immunother 42 1996 297 302
127. H Hammer Lymphocyte transformation test in sympathetic ophthalmitis and the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Br J Ophthal 55 1971 850 852
128. H Hammer Cellular hypersensitivity to uveal pigment confirmed by leucocyte migration tests in sympathetic ophthalmitis and the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Br J Ophthal 59 1974 773 776
129. A Wojdani P Grimes L Loeb Detection of antibenzene ring antibodies in patients with vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 98 1992 644
130. P Xia W Geoghegan R Jordan Vitiligo antibodies: studies of subclass distribution and complement activation J Invest Dermatol 96 1991 627
131. DP Stites Clinical laboratory methods for detection of cellular immunity 8th ed DP Stites AI Terr TG Parslow Basic & clinical immunology 1994 Appleton & Lange Norwalk (CT) 199
132. P Soubiran S Benzaken C Bellet Vitiligo: peripheral T-cell subset imbalance as defined by monoclonal antibodies Br J Dermatol 113 1985 124 127
133. P Grimes M Ghoneum T Stockton T-cell profiles in vitiligo J Am Acad Dermatol 14 1986 196
134. R Halder C Walters B Jonson Aberrations in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in vitiligo: a flow cytometric study J Am Acad Dermatol 14 1986 733
135. N Mozzanica U Frigerio A Finzi T cell subpopulations in vitiligo: a chronobiologic study J Am Acad Dermatol 22 1990 223 230
136. IC Le Poole RM van der Wijngaard W Westerhof Presence of T cells and macrophages in inflammatory vitiligo skin parallels melanocyte disappearance Am J Pathol 148 1996 1219 1228
137. DG Durham-Pierre CS Walters RM Halder Natural killer cell and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity against melanocytes in vitiligo J Am Acad Dermatol 33 1995 26 30
138. G Naughton M Mahaffey J Bystryn Antibodies to surface antigens of pigmented cells in animals with vitiligo Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 181 1986 423 426
139. GP Sreekumar GF Eft JR Smyth 5-Azacytidine treatment induces autoimmune vitiligo in parental control strains of the Smyth line chicken model for autoimmune vitiligo Clin Immunol Immunopathol 81 1996 136 144
140. GF Erf AV Trejo-Skalli JR Smyth T cells in regenerating feathers of Smyth line chickens with vitiligo Clin Immunol Immunopathol 76 1995 120 126
141. GF Erf JR Smyth Jr Alterations in blood leukocyte populations in Smyth line chickens with autoimmune vitiligo Poultry Sci 75 1996 351 356
142. S Lamont J Smyth The Smyth chicken: effect of bursectomy on development of a spontaneous postnatal amelanosis Clin Immunol Immunopathol 21 1981 407 411
143. EA Searle RE Boissy LM Austin Smith chicken melanocyte autoantibodies: cross-species reactivity, in vivo binding, and plasma membrane localization of the antigen(s) J Invest Dermatol 96 1991 631
144. G Moellmann S Klein-Angerer A Scollay Extracellular granular material and degeneration of keratinocytes in the normally pigmented epidermis of patients with vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 79 1982 321 330
145. J Pawelek A Korner A Bergstrom New regulators of melanin biosynthesis and the autodestruction of melanoma cells Nature 286 1980 617 619
146. K Schallreuter M Pittelkow Defective calcium uptake in keratinocyte cell cultures from vitiliginous skin Arch Dermatol Res 280 1988 137 139
147. K Schallreuter M Pittelkow J Wood EF-Hands calcium binding regulates the thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin electron transfer in human keratinocytes Biochem Biophys Res Commun 162 1989 1311 1316
148. Y Yada K Higuchi G Imokawa Effects of endothelins on signal transduction and proliferation in human melanocytes J Biol Chem 266 1991 18352 18357
149. G Imokawa Y Yada M Miyagishi Endothelins secreted from human keratinocytes are intrinsic mitogens for human melanocytes J Biol Chem 267 1992 24675 24680
150. J Yohn J Morelli S Walchak Cultured human keratinocytes synthesize and secrete endothelin-1 J Invest Dermatol 100 1993 23 26
151. K Schallreuter C Levenig Keratinocyte involvement in the pathophysiology of vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 96 1991 1024
152. K Schallreuter J Wood J Berger Low catalase levels in the epidermis of patients with vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 97 1991 1081 1085
153. RR Bowers J Lujan A Biboso Premature avian melanocyte death due to low antioxidant levels of protection: fowl model for vitiligo Pigment Cell Res 7 1994 409 418
154. DG Graham SM Tiffany WR Bell WF Gutknecht Autoxidation versus covalent binding of quinones as the mechanism of toxicity of dopamine, 6-hydroxydopamine, and related compounds toward C1300 neuroblastoma cells in vitro Mol Pharmacol 14 1978 644 653
155. A Rotman JW Daly CR Creveling Oxygen-dependent reaction of 6-hydroxydopamine, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, and related compounds with proteins in vitro: a model for cytotoxicity Mol Pharmacol 12 1976 887 899
156. PG Parsons Modification of DOPA toxicity in human tumor cells Biochem Pharmacol 34 1985 1801 1807
157. AM Laties AB Lemer Iris colour and relationship of tyrosinase activity to adrenergic innervation Nature 255 1975 152 153
158. M Chanco-Turner A Lerner Physiologic changes in vitiligo Arch Dermatol 91 1965 390 404
159. KU Schallreuter JM Wood MR Pittelkow Increased monoamine oxidase A activity in the epidermis of patients with vitiligo Arch Dermatol Res 288 1996 14 18
160. M Morohashi K Hashimoto T Goodman D Newton T Rist Ultrastructural studies of vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti achromians Arch Dermatol 113 1977 755 766
161. A Breathnach S Bor L Wyllie Electron microscopy of peripheral nerve terminals and marginal melanocytes in vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 47 1966 125 140
162. M Al’Abadie D Gawkrodger H Senior Neuro-ultrastructural and neuropeptide studies in vitiligo Clin Exp Dermatol 15 1992 284
163. B Gokhale L Mehta Histopathology of vitiliginous skin Int J Dermatol 22 1983 477 480
164. MS Al’Abadie MA Warren SS Beehen Morphologic observations on the dermal nerves in vitiligo: an ultrastructural study Int J Dermatol 34 1995 837 840
165. M Abdel-Naser B Gollnick C Orfanos Evidence for primary involvement of keratinocytes in vitiligo Arch Dermatol Res 283 1991 47
166. M Abdel-Naser S Kruger L Krasagakis Evidence for involvement of both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in generalized vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 96 1991 1024
167. A Morrone M Picardo C De Luca Catecholamines and vitiligo Pigment Cell Res 5 1992 65 69
168. KU Schallreuter-Wood JM Wood Catecholamines in vitiligo Dermatology 192 1996 191 192
169. A Jarrett G Szabo The pathological varieties of vitiligo and their response to treatment with meladinine Br J Dermatol 68 1956 313 326
170. R Halaban G Moellmann White mutants in mice shedding light on humans J Invest Dermatol 100 1993 176S 185S
171. D Norris T Horikawa J Morelli Melanocyte destruction and repopulation in vitiligo Pigment Cell Res 7 1994 193 203
172. MI Barona A Arrunategui R Falabella An epidemiologic case-control study in a population with vitiligo J Am Acad Dermatol 33 1995 621 625
173. R Boissy Y Liu E Medrano Structural abnormalities of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and melanosome compartmentalization in long-term cultures of melanocytes from vitiligo patients J Invest Dermatol 97 1991 395 404
174. DP Chakraborty S Roy AK Chakraborty Vitiligo, psoralen, and melanogenesis: some observations and understanding Pigment Cell Res 9 1996 107 116
175. M Birbeck A Breathnach J Everall An electron microscope study of basal melanocytes and high-level clear cells (Langerhans cells) in vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 37 1961 51 64
176. M Lamoreux R Boissy J Womack The vit gene maps to the mi (microphthalmia) locus of the laboratory mouse J Hered 83 1992 435 439
177. I Le Poole R Wijngaard W Westerhof Presence or absence of melanocytes in vitiligo lesions: an immunohistochemical investigation J Invest Dermatol 100 1993 816 822
178. R Boissy K Beato J Nordlund Dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and premature death in melanocytes cultured from the vitiligo mouse Am J Pathol 138 1991 1511 1525
179. RV Koranne KG Sachdeva Vitiligo Int J Dermatol 27 1988 676 681
180. J Bhawan L Bhutani Keratinocyte damage in vitiligo J Cutan Pathol 10 1983 207 212
181. G Miescher F Schaaf La question des cellules de langerhans Bull Soc Fr Derm Syph 42 1935 1101 1112
182. J Brown R Winkelmann K Wolff Langerhans cells in vitiligo: a quantitative study J Invest Dermatol 49 1967 386 390
183. A Claudy B Rouchouse Langerhans cells and vitiligo: quantitative study of T6 and HLA-DR antigen-expressing cells Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 64 1984 334 336
184. P Riley Distribution of epidermal dendritic cells in pigmented and unpigmented skin J Invest Dermatol 48 1967 28 38
185. Y Mishima A Miller-Milinska Junctional and high level dendritic cells revealed with osmium iodide reaction in human and animal epidermis under conditions of hyperpigmentation and depigmentation J Invest Dermatol 37 1961 107 120
186. A Zelickson J Mottaz Epidermal dendritic cells Arch Dermatol 98 1968 652 658
187. A Al Badri A Foukis P Todd Abnormal expression of MHC class II and ICAM-1 by melanocytes in vitiligo J Pathol 169 1993 203 206
188. S Hull M Nutbrown L Pepall Immunohistologic and ultrastructural comparison of the dermal papilla and hair follicle bulb from “active” and “normal” areas of alopecia areata J Invest Dermatol 96 1991 673 681
189. A Breathnach An atlas of the ultrastructure of human skin 1971 Churchill London 206
190. A Lerner Repopulation of pigment cells in patients with vitiligo Arch Dermatol 124 1988 1701 1702
191. SM Hacker Common disorders of pigmentation Postgrad Med 99 1996 177 186
192. E Goldstein HF Haberman IA Menon Non-psoralen treatment of vitiligo. Part I. Cosmetics, systemic coloring agents, and corticosteroids Int J Dermatol 31 1992 229 236
193. National Vitiligo Foundation, Inc. Newsletter. 1990;2:5.
194. A Lerner C Denton T Fitzpatrick Clinical and experimental studies with 8-methoxypsoralen in vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 20 1953 299 314
195. W George J Burks Treatment of vitiligo with psoralen derivatives Arch Dermatol 71 1955 14 18
196. A El Mofty A preliminary clinical report on the treatment of leukoderma with Ammi majus Linn J Royal Egypt Med Assoc 31 1948 651 655
197. IR Fahmy H Abushady A crystalline principle from Ammi majus L Nature 160 1947 468 469
198. IR Fahmy H Abu-Shady Ammi majus Linn. Pharmacognostical study and isolation of crystalline constituent, ammoidin Q J Pharm Pharmacol 20 1947 281
199. W Fowlks The chemistry of the psoralens J Invest Dermatol 32 1959 249 253
200. D Montgomery Vitiligo treated with finsen light J Cutan Urin Dis 22 1904 17 19
201. A Buschke N zur behandlung des vitiligo mit licht Med Klinik 33 1907 983 984
202. E Moser Zur behandlung des vitiligo mit lichtbestrahlungen Med Klinik 45 1907 1363
203. A Buschke Weitere beobachtungen uber lichtpigment Berl Klin Wochenschr 44 1907 1575 1576
204. R Stein Ueber experimentell erzeugtes pigment in vitiligo Arch Derm Syph 97 1909 163 178
205. A Kissmeyer Studies on pigment with the dopa-reaction, especially in cases of vitiligo Br J Dermatol 32 1920 156 162
206. J Pegum Dissociated depigmentation in vitiligo. Significance and therapeutic implications Br J Dermatol 67 1955 348 350
207. E Sidi J Bourgeois-Gavardin Resultats du traitement du vitiligo par l’ “Ammi Majus” Linn Bull Soc Fr Derm Syph 58 1951 490 492
208. E Kelly H Pinkus Local application of 8-methoxypsoralen in vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 25 1955 453 456
209. N Kanof Melanin formation in vitiliginous skin under influence of external applications of 8-methoxypsoralen J Invest Dermatol 24 1955 5 10
210. S Becker Psoralen phototherapeutic agents JAMA 202 1967 120 122
211. H Buck I Magnus A Porter The action spectrum of 8-methoxypsoralen for erythema in human skin Br J Dermatol 72 1960 249 255
212. M Pathak J Fellman Activating and fluorescent wave-lengths of furocoumarins: psoralens Nature 185 1990 382 383
213. M Pathak Mechanism of psoralen photosensitization and in vivo biological action spectrum of 8-methoxypsoralen J Invest Dermatol 37 1962 397 407
214. M Pathak J Fellman K Kaufman The effect of structural alterations on the erythemal activity of furocoumarins: psoralens J Invest Dermatol 135 1960 165 183
215. O Stegmair The use of methoxsalen in sun tanning J Invest Dermatol 32 1959 345 350
216. J Fulton J Leyden C Papa Treatment of vitiligo with topical methoxsalen and blacklite Arch Dermatol 100 1969 224 229
217. J Africk J Fulton Treatment of vitiligo with topical trimethylpsoralen and sunlight Br J Dermatol 84 1971 151 156
218. J Parrish T Fitzpatrick C Shea Photochemotherapy of vitiligo Arch Dermatol 112 1976 1531 1534
219. J Parrish T Fitzpatrick L Tanenbaum Photochemotherapy of psoriasis with oral methoxsalen and longwave ultraviolet light N Engl J Med 291 1974 1207 1211
220. PS Song KJ Tapley Photochemistry and photobiology of psoralens Photochem Photobiol 29 1979 1177 1197
221. S Zaynoun E Mcvittie J Hunter Melanosomal pattern in phototoxic pigmentary responses induced by topical psoralens and other photosensitizers Clin Exp Dermatol 2 1977 243 254
222. C Kao H Yu Comparison of the effect of 8-methoxy-psoralen (8-MOP) plus UVA (PUVA) on human melanocytes in vitiligo vulgaris and in vitro J Invest Dermatol 98 1992 734 740
223. K Staricco Amelanotic melanocytes in the outer sheath of the human hair follicle J Invest Dermatol 33 1959 295 297
224. R Staricco The melanocytes and the hair follicle J Invest Dermatol 35 1960 185
225. R Staricco Mechanism of migration of the melanocytes from the hair follicle into the epidermis following dermabrasion J Invest Dermatol 36 1961 99 104
226. R Staricco A Miller-Milinska Activation of the amelanotic melanocytes in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle following ultraviolet rays exposure J Invest Dermatol 39 1962 163
227. J Ortonne D Macdonald A Micoud PUVA-induced repigmentation of vitiligo: a histochemical (split-DOPA) and ultrastructural study Br J Dermatol 101 1979 1 12
228. J Ortonne D Schmitt J Thivolet PUVA-induced repigmentation of vitiligo: scanning electron microscopy of hair follicles J Invest Dermatol 74 1980 40 42
229. J Cui L Shen G Wang Role of hair follicles in the repigmentation of vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 97 1991 410 416
230. T Horikawa D Norris TW Johnson DOPA-negative melanocytes in the outer root sheath of human hair follicles express premelanosomal antigens but not a melanosomal antigen or the melanosome-associated glycoproteins tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 J Invest Dermatol 106 1996 28 35
231. R Halaban R Langdon N Birchall Basic fibroblast growth factor from human keratinocytes is a natural mitogen for melanocytes J Cell Biol 107 1988 1611 1619
232. P Gordon C Mansur B Gilchrest Regulation of human melanocyte growth, dendricity, and melanization by keratinocyte derived factors J Invest Dermatol 92 1989 565 572
233. N Birchall S Orlow T Kuper Interactions between ultraviolet light and interleukin-1 on MSH binding in both mouse melanoma and human squamous carcinoma cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 175 1991 839 845
234. J Morelli J Yoln B Lyons Leukotrienes C4 and D4 as potent mitogens for cultured human neonatal melanocytes J Invest Dermatol 93 1989 719 722
235. 4 and TGF-Alpha are stimulators of human melanocyte migration in vitro J Invest Dermatol 98 1992 290 295
236. P Grimes Vitiligo. An overview of therapeutic approaches Dermatol Clin 11 1993 325 338
237. I London Evaluation of methoxsalen in the treatment of vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 32 1959 315 317
238. F Farah A Kurban H Chaglassian The treatment of vitiligo with psoralens and traimcinolone by mouth Br J Dermatol 79 1967 89 91
239. J Ortonne Psoralen therapy in vitiligo Clin Dermatol 7 1989 120 135
240. PE Grimes HR Minus RM Halder Vitiligo: racial variations in the response to topical photochemotherapy J Invest Dermatol 80 1983 367
241. B Honig WL Morison D Karp Photochemotherapy beyond psoriasis J Am Acad Dermatol 31 1994 775 790
242. S Tsukada Treatment of vitiligo Rinsho Derma (Tokyo) 1 1959 105
243. E Kandil Treatment of localized vitiligo with intradermal injections of triamcinolone acetonide Dermatologica 140 1970 195 206
244. E Kandil Vitiligo: response to 0.2% betamethasone 17-valerate in flexible collodion Dermatologica 141 1970 277 281
245. B Koopmans-van Dorp B Goldhart-van Duk H Neering Treatment of vitiligo by local application of betamethsone 17-valerate in a dimethyl sulfoxide cream base Dermatologica 146 1973 310 314
246. E Kandil Treatment of vitiligo with 0.1% betamethasone 17-valerate in isopropyl alcohol: a double-blind trial Br J Dermatol 91 1974 457 460
247. J Kumari Vitiligo treated with topical clobetasol propionate Arch Dermatol 120 1984 631 635
248. E Hernandez-Perez Vitiligo treated with ACTH Int Soc Tropic Dermatol 18 1979 578 579
249. B Gokhale T Gokhale Corticotrophin and vitiligo (preliminary observations) Br J Dermatol 95 1976 329
250. LK Vasistha G Singh Vitiligo and intralesional steroids Indian J Med Res 69 1979 308 311
251. P Behl Treatment of vitiligo with homologous thin Thiersch’s skin gratis Curr Med Pract 8 1964 218 221
252. U Khstala Suction blister device for separation of viable epidermis from dermis J Invest Dermatol 50 1968 129 137
253. P Suvanprakorn S Dee-Ananlap C Pongsomboon Melanocyte autologous grafting for treatment of leukoderma J Am Acad Dermatol 13 1985 968 974
254. M Koga Epidermal grafting using the tops of suction blisters in the treatment of vitiligo Arch Dermatol 124 1988 1656 1658
255. Y Suga KI Butt R Takimoto Successful treatment of vitiligo with PUVA-pigmented autologous epidermal grafting Int J Dermatol 35 1996 518 522
256. P Behl Repigmentation of segmental vitiligo by autologous minigrafting J Am Acad Dermatol 12 1985 118 119
257. SK Bose Modified Thiersch grafting in stable vitiligo J Dermatol 23 1996 362 364
258. R Falabella Treatment of localized vitiligo by autologous minigrafting Arch Dermatol 124 1988 1649 1655
259. R Falabella Repigmentation of segmental vitilio by autologous minigrafting J Am Acad Dermatol 9 1983 514 521
260. R Falabella A Armnategui MI Barona A Alzate The minigrafting test for vitiligo: detection of stable lesions for melanocyte transplantation J Am Acad Dermatol 32 1995 228 232
261. R Falabella C Escobar I Borrero Transplantation of in vitro–cultured epidermis beating melanocytes for repigmenting vitiligo J Am Acad Dermatol 21 1989 257 264
262. M Brysk R Newton S Rajaraman Repigmentation of vitiliginous skin by cultured cells Pigment Cell Res 2 1989 202 207
263. R Falabella C Escobar I Borrero Treatment of refractory and stable vitiligo by transplantation of in vitro cultured epidermal autografts bearing melanocytes J Am Acad Dermatol 26 1992 230 236
264. B Gilchrest M Vrabel E Flynn Selective cultivation of human melanocytes from newborn and adult epidermis J Invest Dermatol 83 1984 370 376
265. A Lerner R Halaban S Klaus Transplantation of human melanocytes J Invest Dermatol 89 1987 219 224
266. L Juhlin MJ Olsson Vitiligo Br J Dermatol 135 1996 852
267. Y Gauthier J Surleve-Bazeille Autologous grafting with noncultured melanocytes: a simplified method for treatment of depigmented lesions J Am Acad Dermatol 26 1992 191 194
268. E Oliver L Schwartz L Warren Occupational leukoderma Arch Dermatol Syph 42 1940 993 1014
269. W McNally A depigmentation of the skin Industrial Med 8 1939 405 410
270. D Denton A Lerner T Fitzpatrick Inhibition of melanin formation by chemical agents J Invest Dermatol 18 1951 119 135
271. S Passi M Nazzaro-Porro Molecular basis of substrate and inhibitory specificity of tyrosinase: phenolic compounds Br J Dermatol 104 1981 659 665
272. K Jimbow H Obata M Pathak Mechanism of depigmentation by hydroquinone J Invest Dermatol 62 1974 436 449
273. LA Rheins EM Young ML Nordlund Rapid induction of Thy-1 antigenic markers on keratinocytes and epidermal immune cells in the skin of mice following topical treatment with common preservatives used in topical medications and in foods J Invest Dermatol 89 1987 489 494
274. S Becker M Spencer Evaluation of monobenzone JAMA 180 1962 279 284
275. C Dorsey Dermatitic and pigmentary reactions to monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone Arch Dermatol 81 1940 123 126
276. P Riley Hydroxyanisole depigmentation: in-vivo studies J Pathol 97 1969 185 191
277. D Mosher J Parrish T Fitzpatrick Monobenzylether of hydroquinone Br J Dermatol 97 1977 669 679
278. T Tsuji T Hamada Topically administered fluorouracil in vitiligo Arch Dermatol 119 1983 722 727
279. E Szekeres M Morvay Repigmentation of vitiligo macules treated topically with efudix cream Dermatologica 171 1985 55 59
280. RH Cormane AH Siddiqui IM Nengerman Photochemotherapy of vitiligo with oral phenylalanine J Invest Dermatol 80 1983 367
281. R Cormane A Siddiqui W Westerhof Phenylalanine and UVA light for the treatment of vitiligo Arch Dermatol Res 277 1985 126 130
282. CH Schulpis C Antoniou T Michas Phenylalanine plus ultraviolet light: preliminary report of promising treatment for childhood vitiligo Pediatr Dermatol 6 1989 332 335
283. C Antiniou H Schulpis T Michas Vitiligo therapy with oral and topical phenylalanine with UVA exposure Int J Dermatol 28 1989 545 547
284. WL Ryan MJ Carver Inhibition of antibody synthesis by L-phenylalanine Science 43 1964 479 480
285. W Westerhof I Groot SR Krieg Langerhans’ cell population studies with OKT6 and HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies in vitiligo patients treated with oral phenylalanine loading and UVA irradiation Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 66 1986 259 274
286. C Srinivas S Shenoi C Blachandran Acceleration of repigmentation in vitiligo by topical minocidil in patients on photochemotherapy Int J Dermatol 29 1990 14 15
287. EM Pattison Uveomeningoencephalitic syndrome (Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada) Arch Neurol 12 1965 197 205
288. DA Snyder HH Tessler Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome Am J Ophthalmol 90 1980 69 75
289. M Buc B Busova E Hegyi Vitiligo is associated with HLA-A2 and HLA-Dw7 in the Slovak populations Folia Biologica 42 1996 23 25
290. G Dunston R Halder Vitiligo is associated with HLA-DR4 in black patients: a preliminary report Arch Dermatol 126 1990 56 60
291. O Finco M Cuccia M Matinetti Age of onset in vitiligo: relationship with HLA seratypes Clin Genet 39 1991 48 54
292. L Foley N Lowe E Misheloff Association of HLA-DR4 with vitiligo J Am Acad Dermatol 8 1983 38 40
293. A Metzker R Zamir E Gazit Vitiligo and HLA system Dermatologica 160 1980 100 105
294. G Orecchia P Perfeti F Malagoli Vitiligo is associated with a significant increase in HLA-A30, Cw6 and DQw3 and a decrease in C4AQ0 in northern Italian patients Dermatology 185 1992 123 127
295. A Poloy L Tibor J Kramer HLA-DR1 is associated with vitiligo Immunol Lett 27 1991 59 62
296. G Venneker W Westerhof I deVries Molecular heterogeneity of the fourth component of complement (C4) and its genes in vitiligo J Invest Dermatol 99 1992 853 858
297. JL Davis KK Mittal V Freidlin HLA associations and ancestry in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and sympathetic ophthalmia Ophthalmology 97 1990 1137 1142
298. M Zhao Y Jiang IW Abrahams Association of HLA antigens with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in a Han Chinese population Arch Ophthalmol 109 1991 368 370