Nuclear medicine imaging to predict response to radiotherapy: A review

International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 5-15

  Van de Wiele, Christophe ^a   Lahorte, Christophe ^b   Oyen, Wim ^c   Boerman, Otto ^c   Goethals, Ingeborg ^a   Slegers, Guido ^b   Dierckx, Rudi Andre ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

PET; Predictive; Radiotherapy; SPECT

Indexed keywords

COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY; METABOLISM; PHARMACOKINETICS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOTHERAPY; TUMORS;

RADIOLABELED PEPTIDES;

MEDICINE;

1 FLUORO 3 (2 NITRO 1 IMIDAZOLYL) 2 PROPANOL F 18; 3 IODO A METHYLTYROSINE; 3' DEOXY 3' FLUOROTHYMIDINE F 18; 4,9 DIAZA 3,3,10,10 TETRAMETHYLDODECAN 2,11 DIONE DIOXIME TC 99M; ALPHA METHYLTYROSINE F 18; AMINO ACID DERIVATIVE; ARABINOSIDE I 123; BROXURIDINE BR 77; DEOXYURIDINE I 124; DEOXYURIDINE I 131; DIACETYLBIS(N 4 METHYLTHIOSEMICARBAZONE) CU 62; DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE PENTAACETIC ACID EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR IN 111; DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE PENTAACETIC ACID POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) MONOCLONAL ANITBODY 225 I 123; DIETHYLENE TRIAMINE PENTAACETIC ACID POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 225 IN 111; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR I 123; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; FLUOROTHYMINE F 18; METHYLMETHIONINE C 11; METHYLTHYMIDINE C 11; METHYLTHYMIDINE H 3; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVE; O 2 FLUOROETHYLTYROSINE F 18; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; THYMIDINE C 11; TYROSINE C 11; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CELL PROLIFERATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG UPTAKE; HEAD AND NECK CARCINOMA; HUMAN; HYPOXEMIA; ISOTOPE LABELING; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MEDICINE; PLASMA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SCREENING; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STANDARD; TISSUE METABOLISM; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR CELL; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 0346037190     PISSN: 03603016     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0360-3016(02)04122-6     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Bristow R.G., Hill R.P. Molecular and cellular basis of radiotherapy. Tannock I.F., Hill R.P. The basic science of oncology. 3rd ed. 1987;295-321 McGraw-Hill, New York.
2. Fornace A., Fuks Z., Weichselbaum R.R., Milas L. Radiation therapy. Mendelsohn J., Howley P.M., Israel M.A., Liotta L.A. The molecular basis of cancer. 2001;423-454 WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
3. Mendelsohn M.L. The growth fraction A new concept applied to tumours . Science. 132:1960;1496-1503.
4. Slingerland J.M., Tannock I.F. Cell proliferation and cell death. Tannock I.F., Hill R.P. The basic science of oncology. 3rd ed. 1987;134-165 McGraw-Hill, New York.
5. Smith T.A.D. FDG uptake, tumour characteristics and response to therapy A review . Nucl Med Commun. 19:1998;97-105.
6. Buck A.C., Schirrmeister H.H., Guhlmann C.A., et al. Ki-67. Immunostaining in pancreatic cancer and chronic active pancreatitis Does in vivo FDG uptake correlate with proliferative activity . J Nucl Med. 42:2001;721-725.
7. Avril N., Menzel M., Dose J., et al. Glucose metabolism of breast cancer assessed by F-18-FDG PET Histologic and immunohistochemical tissue analysis . J Nucl Med. 42:2001;9-16.
8. Vesselle H., Schmidt R.A., Pugsley J.M., et al. Lung cancer proliferation correlates with [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by positron emission tomography. Clin Cancer Res. 6:2000;3837-3844.
9. Smith T.A.D., Titley J. Deoxyglucose uptake by head and neck squamous carcinoma Influence of change in proliferative fraction . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 47:2000;219-223.
10. Folpe A.L., Lyles R.H., Sprouse J.T., et al. (F-18) fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as a predictor of pathologic grade and other prognostic variables in bone, and soft tissue sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res. 6:2000;1279-1287.
11. Rege S., Safa A.A., Chaiken L., et al. Positron emission tomography An independent indicator of radiocurability in head and neck carcinomas . Am J Clin Oncol-Cancer Clin Trials. 23:2000;164-169.
12. Brun E., Ohlsson T., Erlandsson K., et al. Early prediction of treatment outcome in head and neck cancer with 2-(18)FDG PET. Acta Oncol. 36:1997;741-747.
13. Allal A.S., Dulguerov P., Allaoua M., et al. Standardized uptake value of 2-[F-18] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in predicting outcome in head and neck carcinomas treated by radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 20:2002;1398-1404.
14. Cleaver J.E. Thymidine metabolism and cell kinetics. Frontiers Biol. 6:1967;43-100.
15. Christman D., Crawford E.J., Friedkin M., et al. Detection of DNA synthesis in intact organisms with positron-emitting methyl-[C-11]-thymidine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 69:1972;988-992.
16. Vanderborght T., Labar D., Pauwels S., et al. Production of [2-11C]-thymidine for quantification of cellular proliferation with PET. Appl Radiat Isot. 42:1991;103-104.
17. Link J.M., Grierson J.R., Krohn K.A. Alternatives in the synthesis of 2-[C-11]-thymidine. J Label Comp Radiopharm. 37:1995;610-612.
18. Shields A.F., Mankoff D., Graham M.M., et al. Analysis of 2-carbon-11-thymidine blood metabolites in PET imaging. J Nucl Med. 37:1996;290-296.
19. Goethals P., van Eijkeren M., Lodewyck W., et al. Measurement of [methyl-carbon-11]thymidine and its metabolites in head and neck tumors. J Nucl Med. 36:1995;880-882.
20. Shields A.F., Larson S.M., Grunbaum Z., et al. Short term uptake in normal and neoplastic tissues Studies for PET . J Nucl Med. 25:1984;759-764.
21. Crawford E.J., Christman D., Atkins H., et al. Scintigraphy with positron-emitting compounds-I. Carbon-11 labeled thymidine and thymidilate. Int J Nucl Med Biol. 5:1978;61-69.
22. Shields A.F., Lim K., Grierson J., et al. Utilization of labeled thymidine in DNA synthesis Studies for PET . J Nucl Med. 31:1990;337-342.
23. Mankoff D.A., Dehdashti F., Shields A.F. Characterizing tumors using metabolic imaging PET imaging of cellular proliferation and steroid receptors . Neoplasia. 2:2000;71-88.
24. Krohn K.A. Evaluation of alternative approaches for imaging cellular growth. Q J Nucl Med. 45:2001;174-178.
25. van Eijkeren M.E., Goethals P., Strijckmans K. Correction of [methyl-11C]thymidine scans for blood volume activity with head and neck tumours. Acta Oncol. 31:1992;539-543.
26. Bergstr̈ om M., Lu L., Fasth K.J., et al. In vitro and animal validation of bromine-76-bromodeoxyuridine as a proliferation marker. J Nucl Med. 39:1998;1273-1279.
27. Tjuvajev J., Muraki A., Ginos J., et al. Iododeoxyuridine (IudR) uptake and retention as a measure of tumor growth. J Nucl Med. 34:1993;1152-1161.
28. 125 I-iododeoxyuridine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 43:1969;763-773.
29. Kriss J., Maruyama Y., Tung L., et al. The fate of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, 5-bromodeoxycytidine, and 5-iododeoxycytidine in man. Cancer Res. 23:1963;260-268.
30. Tjuvajev J.G., Macapinlac H.A., Daghighian F., et al. Imaging of brain tumour proliferative activity with iodine-131-iododeoxyuridine. J Nucl Med. 35:1994;1407-1417.
31. 124 I]iododeoxyuridine. Cancer Res. 60:2000;624-635.
32. Boni R., Blauenstein P., Dummer R., et al. Non-invasive assessment of tumour cell proliferation with positron emission tomography and [Br-76]bromodeoxyuridine. Melanoma Res. 9:1999;569-573.
33. Gudjonsson O., Bergstrom M., Kristjansson S., et al. Analysis of Br-76-BrdU in DNA of brain tumors after a PET study does not support its use as a proliferation marker. Nucl Med Biol. 28:2001;59-65.
34. Shields A.F., Grierson J.R., Dohmen B.M., et al. Imaging proliferation in vivo with [F-18]FLT and positron emission tomography. Nat Med. 11:1998;1334-1336.
35. Shields A.F., Dohmen B.M., Manger T.J., et al. Use of F-18-FLT for imaging gastrointestinal tumors. (Abstr.) J Nucl Med. 42:2001;108.
36. Shields A.F., Dohmen B.M., Manger T.J., et al. Imaging of thoracic tumors with F-18-FLT. (Abstr.) J Nucl Med. 41:2000;290.
37. Dohmen B.M., Shields A.F., Grierson J.R., et al. [F-18]FLT-PET in brain tumors. (Abstr.) J Nucl Med. 41:2000;966.
38. Souba W.W., Pacitti A.J. How amino acids get into cells Mechanisms, models, menus and mediators . J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 16:1992;569-578.
39. Christensen H.N. Role of amino acid transport and countertransport in nutrition and metabolism. Phys Rev. 70:1990;43-77.
40. Oxender D.L., Christensen H.N. Distinct mediating systems for the transport of neutral amino acids by the Ehrlich cell. J Biol Chem. 238:1963;3686-3699.
41. Shotwell A., Jayme D.W., Killberg M., et al. Neutral amino acid transport systems in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem. 256:1981;5422-5427.
42. Isselbacher K.J. Sugar and amino acid transport by cells in culture Differences between normal and malignant cells . N Engl J Med. 286:1972;929-933.
43. Busch H., Davis J.R., Honig G.R., et al. The uptake of a variety of amino acids into nuclear proteins of tumors and other tissues. Cancer Res. 19:1959;1030-1039.
44. Argiles J.M., Costelli P., Carbo N., et al. Tumour growth and nitrogen metabolism in the host. Int J Oncol. 14:1999;479-486.
45. Souba W.W. Glutamine and cancer. Ann Surg. 218:1993;715-728.
46. Kubato K., Yamada S., Kubota R., et al. Intratumoral distribution of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose in vivo High accumulation in macrophages and granulation tissues studied by microautoradiography . J Nucl Med. 33:1992;1972-1980.
47. Kubota R., Kubota K., Yamada S., et al. Methionine uptake by tumor tissue A microautoradiographic comparison with FDG . J Nucl Med. 36:1995;484-492.
48. 11 C]-methionine. Jpn J Cancer Res. 80:1989;778-782.
49. 3 H]thymidine, and gallium-67 . J Nucl Med. 32:1991;2118-2123.
50. Minn H., Clavo A.C., Grenman R., et al. In vitro comparison of cell proliferation kinetics and uptake of tritiated fluorodeoxyglucose and L-methionine in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Nucl Med. 36:1995;252-258.
51. Higashi K., Clavo A.C., Wahl R.L., et al. In vitro assessment of 2-fluoro-deoxyglucose, L-methionine and thymidine as agents to monitor the early response of a human adenocarcinoma cell line to radiotherapy. J Nucl Med. 34:1993;773-779.
52. 11 C-methionine positron emission tomography and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. Neurosurg Rev. 22:1999;210-214.
53. Derlon J.M., Petit-Taboue M.C., Chapon F., et al. The in vivo metabolic pattern of low-grade brain gliomas A positron emission tomography study using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-L-methylmethionine . Neurosurgery. 40:1997;276-287.
54. Nyberg G., Bergstrom M., Enblad P., et al. Pet methionine of skull base neuromas and meningiomas. Acta Otolaryngol. 117:1997;482-489.
55. 11 C-methionine PET for differential diagnosis of low-grade gliomas. Neurology. 50:1998;1316-1322.
56. Miyazawa H., Arai T., Lio M., et al. PET imaging of non-small-cell lung carcinoma with carbon-11-methionine Relationship between radioactivity uptake and flow-cytometric parameters . J Nucl Med. 34:1993;1886-1891.
57. Leskinen-Kallio S., Lindholm P., Lapela M., et al. Imaging of head and neck tumors with positron emission tomography and [11C]methionine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 30:1994;1195-1199.
58. Leskinen-Kallio S., Nagren K., Lehikoinen P., et al. Carbon-11-methionine, and PET is an effective method to image head and neck cancer. J Nucl Med. 33:1992;691-695.
59. Lindholm P., Leskinen S., Lapela M. Carbon-11-methionine uptake in squamous cell head and neck cancer. J Nucl Med. 39:1998;1393-1397.
60. Rodriguez M., Rehn S., Ahlstrom H., et al. Predicting malignancy grade with PET in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Nucl Med. 36:1995;1790-1796.
61. Wurker M., Herholz K., Voges J., et al. Glucose consumption and methionine uptake in low-grade gliomas after iodine-125 brachytherapy. Eur J Nucl Med. 23:1996;583-586.
62. 11 C]methionine-positron emission tomography. Radiother Oncol. 52:1999;225-232.
63. 11 C]methionine A preliminary study . Eur J Nucl Med. 20:1993;495-501.
64. 11 C]-tyrosine and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Int J Rad Appl Instrum B. 18:1991;503-511.
65. Daemen B.J.G., Elsinga P.H., Mooibroek J., et al. PET measurements of hyperthermia-induced suppression of protein synthesis in tumors in relation to effects on tumor growth. J Nucl Med. 32:1991;1587-1592.
66. 11 C]tyrosine, and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose. J Nucl Med. 22:1992;373-379.
67. 11 C]tyrosine PET . J Nucl Med. 38:1997;1369-1374.
68. 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the response of brain gliomas to radiotherapy. Neuroradiology. 40:1998;103-108.
69. Inoue T., Tomiyoshi K., Higuichi T., et al. Biodistribution studies on L-3-[Fluorine-18]fluoro-alpha-methyl tyrosine A potential tumor-detecting agent . J Nucl Med. 39:1998;663-667.
70. 18 F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine in vitro and in vivo. J Nucl Med. 40:1999;1367-1373.
71. 18 F-alpha-methyl]tyrosine in mice bearing colorectal carcinoma LS-180. Anticancer Drugs. 10:1999;329-336.
72. Fyles A.W., Milosevic M., Wong R., et al. Oxygenation predicts radiation response and survival in patients with cervix cancer. Radiother Oncol. 48:1998;149-156.
73. Hockel M., Schlenger K., Hockel S., et al. Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression The clinical evidence in cancer of the uterine cervix . Vaupel P., Kelleher D.K. Tumour hypoxia. 1999;65-74 Wissenschafte Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart.
74. Nordsmark M., Overgaard M., Overgaard J. Pretreatment oxygenation predicts radiation response in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Radiother Oncol. 41:1996;31-39.
75. Stone H.B., Brown J.M., Philips T.L., et al. Oxygen in human tumors Correlations between methods of measurement and response to therapy. Summary of a workshop held November 19-20, 1992, at the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD . Radiat Res. 136:1993;422-434.
76. Rasey J.S., Koh W.J., Grierson J.R., et al. Radiolabeled fluoromisonidazole as an imaging agent for tumor hypoxia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 17:1989;985-991.
77. Koh W.J., Rasey J.S., Evans M.L., et al. Imaging of hypoxia in human tumors with (F-18)fluoromisonidazole. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 22:1992;199-212.
78. Koh W.J., Bergman K.S., Rasey J.S., et al. Evaluation of oxygenation status during fractionated radiotherapy in human non-small cell lung cancers using (F-18) fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 33:1995;391-398.
79. Rasey J.S., Koh W.J., Evans M.L., et al. Quantifying regional hypoxia in human tumours with positron emission tomography of (F-18)fluoromisonidazole A pretherapy study of 37 patients . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 36:1996;417-428.
80. Mannan R.H., Somayaji V.V., Lee J., et al. Radioiodinated 1-(5-iodo-5′-deoxy-D-arabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (Iodoazomycin Arabinoside IAZA), a novel marker of tissue hypoxia . J Nucl Med. 32:1991;1764-1770.
81. Parliament M.B., Chapman J.D., Urtasun R.C., et al. Non-invasive assessment of human tumour hypoxia with 123I-iodoazomycin arabinoside Preliminary report of a clinical study . Br J Cancer. 65:1992;90-95.
82. Urtasun R.C., Parliament M.B., McEwan A.J., et al. Measurement of hypoxia in human tumors by non-invasive SPECT imaging of iodoazomycin arabinoside. Br J Cancer. 74:(Suppl.):1996;209-212.
83. Groshar D., McEwan A.J.B., Parliament M.B., et al. Imaging tumor hypoxia and tumor perfusion. J Nucl Med. 34:1993;885-888.
84. Archer C.M., Edwards B., Powell N.A. Radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxia. Mather S.J. Current directions in radiopharmaceutical research and development. 1996;81-88 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
85. Cook G.J.R., Houston S., Barrington S.F., et al. Technetium-99m-labeled HL91 to identify tumor hypoxia Correlation with Fluorine-18-FDG . J Nucl Med. 103:1998;39-99.
86. Van de Wiele C., Versijpt J., Dierckx R.A., et al. Technetium-99m-labelled HL91 versus CT and biopsy for the visualisation of tumour recurrence of squamous head and neck carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun. 22:2001;269-275.
87. Takahashi N., Fujibayashi Y., Yonekura Y., et al. Evaluation of Cu-62 labeled diacetyl-bis(N-4-methoylthiosemicarbazone) as a hypoxic tissue tracer in patients with lung cancer. Ann Nucl Med. 14:2000;323-328.
88. Siim B.G., Laux W.T., Rutland M.D., et al. Scintigraphic imaging of the hypoxia marker (99m)technetium-labelled2,2′-(1,4-diaminobutane)bis(2-methyl-3- butanone)dioxime (Tc-99m-labeled HL-91; Prognox) Noninvasive detection of tumor response to the antivascular agent 5.6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid . Cancer Res. 60:2000;4582-4588.
89. Meyn R.E., Stephens L.C., Ang K.K., et al. Heterogeneity in the development of apoptosis in irradiated murine tumours of different histologies. Int J Radiat Biol. 64:1993;583-591.
90. Stephens L.C., Ang K.K., Schultheiss T.E., et al. Apoptosis in irradiated murine tumor. Radiat Res. 127:1991;308-316.
91. Meyn R.L., Milas L., Stephens L.C. Apoptosis in tumor biology and therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 400:1997;657-667.
92. Wheeler J.A., Stephens L.C., Tornos C., et al. ASTRO research fellowship Apoptosis as a predictor of tumor response to radiation in stage IB cervical adenocarcinoma . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 32:1995;1487-1493.
93. Chyle B., Pollack A., Bzerniak B., et al. Apoptosis and downstaging after preoperative radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 35:1996;281-287.
94. Levine E.L., Renehan A., Gossiel R., et al. Apoptosis, intrinsic radiosensitivity, and prediction of radiotherapy response in cervical carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 37:1995;1-9.
95. Komaki R., Fujii T., Erkins P., et al. Apoptosis and mitosis as prognostic factors in pathologically staged N1 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 36:1996;601-605.
96. van Engeland M., Nieland L.J.W., Ramaekers F.C.S., et al. Annexin-V-affinity assay A review on an apoptosis detection system based on phosphatidylserine exposure . Cytometry. 31:1998;1-9.
97. Narula J., Acio E.R., Narula N., et al. Annexin-V imaging for noninvasive detection of cardiac allograft rejection. Nature Med. 7:2001;1347-1352.
98. Hofstra L., Liem I.H., Dumont E.A., et al. Visualisation of cell death in vivo in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 356:2000;209-212.
99. Blankenberg F.G., Vriens P.W., Tait J.F., et al. Non-invasive detection and quantification of acute heart transplant rejection using 99mTc radiolabeled annexin V. (Abstr.) Radiology. 1337:1998;439.
100. Narula J., Acia E.R., Narula N., et al. Phase-I Tc99m-Annexin-V imaging study in heart transplant rejection Can noninvasive detection of apoptosis in cardiac allografts obviate the need for endomyocardial biopsy? (Abstr.) Circulation. 102:2000;3714.
101. Ciardiello F., Tortora G. A novel approach in the treatment of cancer Targeting the epidermal growth factor . Clin Cancer Res. 7:2001;2958-2970.
102. Adjej A.A. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Drugs of the Future. 26:2001;1087-1092.
103. Huang S.M., Harari P.M. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in cancer therapy Biology, rationale and preliminary clinical results . Invest New Drugs. 17:1999;259-269.
104. Ramos-Suzarte M., Rodriguez N., Olivia J.P., et al. Tc-99m-labeled antihuman epidermal growth factor receptor antibody in patients with tumors of epithelial origin. Part III. Clinical trials, safety and diagnostic efficacy. J Nucl Med. 40:1999;768-775.
105. Dadparavr S., Krishna L., Miyamoto C., et al. Indium-111-labelled anti-EGFR-425 scintigraphy in the detection of malignant gliomas. Cancer. 73:1994;884-889.
106. Senekowitsch-Schmidetke R., Steiner K., Hausnchild J., et al. In vivo evaluation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor density on human tumour xenografts using radiolabeled EGF and anti-(EGF receptor) mAB 425. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 42:1996;108-114.
107. Pateisky N., Schatten C., Vavra N., et al. Lymphoscintigraphy using epidermal growth-factor as tumor-seeking agent in uterine cervical cancer. Wiener Klin Woch. 103:1991;654-656.
108. Reilly R.M., Kiarash R., Cameron R., et al. In-111-labelled EGF is selectively radiotoxic to human breast cancer cells overexpressing EGFR. J Nucl Med. 41:2000;429-438.
109. Scott N., Hale A., Deakin M., et al. A histopathological assessment of the response of rectal adenocarcinoma to combination chemo-radiotherapy Relationship to apoptotic activity, p53 and bcl-2 expression . Eur J Surg Oncol. 24:1998;169-173.
110. Rodel C., Grabenbauer G.G., Papadopoulos T., et al. Apoptosis as a cellular predictor for histopathologic response to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 52:2002;294-303.
111. Abe T., Sakaguchi Y., Ohno S., et al. Apoptosis and p53 overexpression in human rectal cancer Relationship with response to hyper-chemo-radiotherapy . Anticancer Res. 21:2001;2115-2120.
112. Lara P.C., Perez S., Rey A., Santana C. Apoptosis in carcinoma of the bladder Relation with radiation treatment results . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 43:1999;1015-1019.
113. Rodel C., Grabenbauer G.G., Rodel F., et al. Apoptosis, p53, bcl-2, and Ki-67 in invasive bladder carcinoma Possible predictors for response to radiochemotherapy and successful bladder preservation . Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 46:2000;1213-1221.
114. Dubray B., Breton C., Delic J., et al. In vitro radiation-induced apoptosis and early response to low-dose radiotherapy in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Radiother Oncol. 46:1998;185-191.
115. Szostak M.J., Kaur P., Amin P., Jacobs S.C., Kyprianou N. Apoptosis and bcl-2 expression in prostate cancer Significance in clinical outcome after brachytherapy . J Urol. 165:2001;2126-2130.
116. Bartelink H., Begg A., Martin J.C., et al. Towards prediction and modulation of treatment response. Radiother Oncol. 50:1999;1-11.
117. Corvro R., Antognoni P., Sanguineti G. Biological predictors of response to radiotherapy in head and neck cancer Recent advances and emerging perspectives . Tumori. 87:2001;355-363.
118. Mendelsohn J., Baird A., Fan Z., Markowitz S.D. Growth factors and their receptors in epithelial malignancies. Mendelsohn J., Howley P.M., Israel M.A., et al. The molecular basis of cancer. 2001;137-153 WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
119. Robert F., Ezekiel M.P., Spencer S.A., et al. Phase I study of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab in combination with radiation therapy in patients with advanced head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol. 19:2001;3234-3243.
120. Williams K.J., Telfer B.A., Stratford I.J., et al. ZD1839 ('Iressa'), a specific oral epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, potentiates radiotherapy in a human colorectal cancer xenograft model. Br J Cancer. 86:2002;1157-1161.