A survey of bacteria and fungi occurring during composting and self-heating processes

Annals of Microbiology

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 349-410

  Ryckeboer, J ^a   Mergaert, J ^b   Vaes, K ^a   Klammer, S ^c   De Clercq, D ^a   Coosemans, J ^a   Insam, H ^c   Swings, J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

Author keywords

Actinomycetes; Bacteria; Compost; Degradation; Fungi; Microbial diversity; Self heating material

Indexed keywords

ACTINOBACTERIA; ACTINOBACTERIA (CLASS); BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FUNGI;

EID: 0345767374     PISSN: 15904261     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (224)

1. Alfreider A., Peters S., Tebbe C.C., Rangger A., Insam H. (2002). Microbial community dynamics during composting of organic matter as determined by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. Compost Sci. Util., 10: 303-312.
2. Amner W., McCarthy A.J., Edwards C. (1988). Quantitative assessment of factors affecting the recovery of indigenous and reseased thermophilic bacteria from compost. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54: 3107-3112.
3. Anastasi A., Varese G.C., Voyron S., Scannerini S., Marchisio V.F. (2002). Systematic and functional characterization of fungal biodiversity in compost and vermicompost. In: Michel F.C., Rynk R.F., Hoitink H.A.J., Eds, Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium "Composting and Compost Utilization". The JG Press Inc., Emmaus, pp. 171-182.
4. Andrews S.A., Lee H., Trevors J.T. (1994). Bacterial species in raw and cured compost from a large-scale urban composter. J. Ind. Microbiol., 13: 177-182.
5. Asaka O., Shoda M. (1996). Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani damping-off of tomato with Bacillus subtilis RB14. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62: 4081-4085.
6. Atkinson C.F., Jones D.D., Gauthier J.J. (1996a). Biodegradabilities and microbial activities during composting of municipal solid waste in bench-scale reactors. Compost Sci. Util., 4: 14-23.
7. Atkinson C.F., Jones D.D., Gauthier J.J. (1996b) Biodegradabilities and microbial activities during composting of oxidation ditch sludge. Compost Sci. Util., 4(1): 84-96.
8. Atkinson C.F., Jones D.D., Gauthier J.J. (1996c). Putative anaerobic activity in aerated composts. J. Ind. Microbiol., 16: 182-188.
9. Aust S.D. (1990). Degradation of environmental pollutants by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Microbiol. Ecol., 20: 197-209.
10. Bachmann S.L., McCarthy A.J. (1989). Purification and characterization of a thermostable b-xylosidase from Thermomonospora fusca. J. Gen. Microbiol., 135: 293-299.
11. Bagstam G. (1978). Population changes in microorganisms during composting of spruce-bark. I. Influence of temperature control. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol., 5: 315-330.
12. Bagstam G. (1979). Population changes in microorganisms during composting of spruce-bark. II. Mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms during controlled composting. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol., 6: 279-288.
13. Beffa T., Blanc M., Aragno M. (1996a). Obligately and facultatively autotrophic, sulfur- and hydrogen-oxidizing thermophilic bacteria isolated from hot composts. Arch. Microbiol., 165: 34-40.
14. Beffa T., Blanc M., Marilley L., Fischer J.L., Lyon P.-F., Aragno M. (1996b). Taxonomic and metabolic microbial diversity during composting. In: de Bertoldi M., Sequi P., Lemmes B., Papi T., Eds, The Science of Composting. Part 1, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 149-161.
15. Beffa T., Blanc M., Lyon P.-F., Vogt G., Marchiana M., Fischer J.L., Aragno M. (1996c). Isolation of Thermus strains from hot composts (60 to 80°C). Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62: 1723-1727.
16. Belete L., Egger W., Neunhäuserer C., Caballero B., Insam H. (2001). Can community level physiological profiles be used for compost maturity testing? Compost Sci. Util., 9: 6-18.
17. th General Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., 94: 396.
18. Blanc M., Marilley L., Beffa T., Aragno M. (1997). Rapid identification of heterotrophic, thermophilic, spore-forming bacteria isolated from hot composts. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 47: 1246-1248.
19. Blanc M., Marilley L., Beffa T., Aragno M. (1999). Thermophilic bacterial communities in hot composts as revealed by most probable number counts and molecular (16S rDNA) methods. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 28(2): 141-149.
20. Bollen G.J., Van der Pol-Luiten B. (1975). Mesophilic heat-resistant soil fungi. Acta Bot. Neerl., 24: 254-255.
21. Bollen G.J. (1993). Factors involved in inactivation of plant pathogens during composting of crop residues. In: Hoitink H.A.J., Keener H.M., Eds, Science and Engineering of Composting: Desing, Environmental, Microbiological and Utilization Aspects. Renaissance Publications, Wortinghton, Ohio, USA, pp. 301-318.
22. Bollen G.J., Volker D. (1996). Phytohygienic aspects of composting. In: de Bertoldi M., Sequi P., Lemmes B., Papi T., Eds, The Science of Composting. Part 1, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 233-246.
23. Botha W.J., Eicker A., De Meillon S. (1990). A comparative physiological study of four weed moulds of Agaricus bisporus mushroom compost. Phytophylactica, 22: 219-223.
24. Brambilla E., Hippe H., Hagelstein A., Tindall B., Stackebrandt E. (2001). 16S rDNA diversity of cultured and uncultured prokaryotes of a mat sample from Lake Fryxell, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antartica. Extremophiles, 5: 23-33.
25. Breitenbach E. (1998). Phytosanitäre Qualitätsbeurteilung von gewerblich hergestellten Komposten anhand ihres Pilzspektrums. PhD Dissertation. Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Germany, p. 116.
26. Brown K.W., Thomas J.C., Whitney F. (1997). Fate of volatile organic compounds and pesticides in composted municipal solid waste. Compost Sci. Util., 5(4): 6-14.
27. Buyuksonmez F., Rynk R., Hess T.-F., Bechinski E. (2000). Occurrence, degradation and fate of pesticides during composting: Part II: Occurrence and fate of pesticides in compost and composting systems. Compost Sci. Util., 8(1): 61-81.
28. Campbell C.D., Darbyshire J.F., Anderson J.G. (1990). The composting of tree bark in small reactors - adiabatic and fixed-temperature experiments. Biol. Wastes, 31: 175-185.
29. Chamuris G.P., Koziol-Kotch S., Brouse, T.M. (2000). Screening fungi isolated from woody compost for lignin-degrading potential. Compost Sci. Util., 8(1): 6-11.
30. Chang Y., Hudson H.J. (1967). The fungi of wheat straw compost. I. Ecological studies. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 50: 649-666.
31. Chang Y., (1967). The fungi of wheat straw compost. II. Biochemical and physiological studies. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 50: 667-677.
32. Choi M.H., Park Y.-H. (1998). The influence of yeast on thermophilic composting of food waste. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 26: 175-178.
33. Chung Y.R., Hoitink H.A.J. (1990). Interactions between thermophilic fungi and Trichoderma hamatum in suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off in a bark compost-amended container medium. Phytopathology, 80: 73-77.
34. Civilini M. (1994). Fate of creosote compounds during composting. Microbiol. Eur., 2(6): 16-24.
35. Civilini M., Sebastianutto N. (1996). Degradation of naphtalene by microorganisms isolated from compost. In: de Bertoldi M., Sequi P., Lemmes B., Papi T., Eds, The Science of Composting. Part 2, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 870-883.
36. Cook H.A., Cromwell D.L., Wilson H.A. (1967). Microorganisms in household refuse and seepage water from sanitary landfills. Proc. W. Va. Acad. Sci., 39: 107-114.
37. Cooney D.G., Emerson R., Eds (1964). Thermophilic Fungi. W.H. Freeman & Co., London.
38. Corbaz R., Gregory P.H., Lacey M.E. (1963). Thermophilic and mesophilic actinomycetes in mouldy hay. J. Gen. Microbiol., 32: 449-455.
39. Corominas E., Perestelo F., Perez M.L., Falcon M.A. (1987). Microorgansims and environmental factors in composting of agricultural waste of the Canary Islands. In: de Bertoldi M., Ferranti M.P., L'Hermite P., Zucconi F., Eds, Compost: Production, Quality and Use. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 127-138.
40. nd edn., Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 460-516.
41. Crawford J.H. (1983). Composting of agricultural wastes - A review. Process Biochem., 18: 14-18.
42. Cross T. (1968). Thermophilic actinomycetes. J. Appl. Bact., 31: 36-53.
43. Davies J.S., Westlake D.W.S. (1979). Crude oil utilization by fungi. Can. J. Microbiol., 25: 146-156.
44. Davis C.L., Hinch S.A., Donkin C.J., Germishuizen P. (1991). Changes in micobial population numbers during the composting of pine bark. Bioresour. Technol., 39: 85-92.
45. Davis C.L., Donkin C.J., Hinch S.A., Germishuizen P. (1992). The microbiology of pine bark composting: an electron-microscope and physiological study. Bioresour. Technol., 40: 195-204.
46. de Bertoldi, M., Vallini G., Pera A. (1983). The biology of composting: A review. Waste Manag. Res., 1: 157-176.
47. de Bertoldi M., Vallini G., Pera A., Zucconi F. (1985). Technological aspects of composting including modelling and microbiology. In: Gasser J.K.R., Ed., Composting of Agricultural and Other Wastes. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 27-41.
48. Dees P.M., Ghiorse W.C. (2001). Microbial diversity in hot synthetic compost as revealed by PCR-amplified rRNA sequences from cultivated isolates and extracted DNA. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 35: 207-216.
49. Delafield F.P., Douderoff M., Palleroni J., Lusty C.J., Contopoulos R. (1965). Decomposition of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by Pseudomonas. J. Bacteriol., 90: 1455-1466.
50. Derikx P.J.L., de Jong G.A.H., Op den Camp H.J.M., van der Drift C., van Griensven L.J.L.D., Vogels G.D. (1989). Isolation and characterization of thermophilic methanogenic bacteria from mushroom compost. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 62: 251-258.
51. Derikx P.J.L., Camp H.J.M.O., Van der Drift C., Van Griensven L.J.L.D., Vogels G.D. (1990). Biomass and biological activity during the production of compost used as a substrate in mushroom cultivation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56: 3029-3034.
52. Deschamps A.M., Mahoudeau G., Lebeault J.M. (1980). Fast degradation of kraft lignin by bacteria. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 9: 45-51.
53. Deschamps A.M., Gillie J.P., Lebeault J.M. (1981). Direct delignification of untreated bark chips with mixed cultures of bacteria. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 13: 222-225.
54. Diaz-Ravina M., Acea M.J., Carballas T. (1989). Microbiological characterisation of four composted urban refuses. Biol. Wastes, 30: 89-100.
55. Dick W.A., McCoy E.L. (1993). Enchancing soil fertility by application of compost. In: Hoitink H.A.J., Keener H.M., Eds, Science and Engineering of Composting: Design, Environmental, Microbiological and Utilization Aspects. Renaissance Publications, Wortinghton, Ohio, USA, pp. 622-644.
56. Domsch K.H. (1960a). Das Pilzspektrum einer Bodenprobe. 1. Nachweis der Homogenitaet. Arch. Mikrobiol., 35: 181-195.
57. Domsch K.H. (1960b). Das Pilzspektrum einer Bodenprobe. 3. Nachweis der Einzelpilze. Arch. Mikrobiol., 35: 310-339.
58. Domsch K.H., Gams W., Anderson T.H. Eds (1993). Compendium of Soil Fungi, Vol. 1, IHW-Verlag, Eching, Germany.
59. Dragun J. (1988). Microbial degradation of petroleum products in soil. In: Calabrese E.J., Kostecki P.T., Eds, Soils Contaminated by Petroleum; Environmental and Public Health Effects. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 289-300.
60. Droffner M.L., Brinton W.F.Jr., Evans E. (1995). Evidence for the prominence of well characterized mesophilic bacteria in thermophilic (50-70°C) composting environments. Biomass Bioenergy, 8: 191-195.
61. Eastwood D.J. (1952). The fungus flora of composts. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 35: 215-220.
62. Eicker A. (1972). Occurrence and isolation of South African thermophilic fungi. S. Afr. J. Sci., 68: 150-155.
63. Erikson D. (1952). Temperature/growth relationships of a thermophilic actinomycete, Micromonospora vulgaris. J. Gen. Microbiol., 6: 286-294.
64. Fagan S.M., Fergus C.L. (1984). Extracellular enzymes of some additional fungi associated with mushroom culture. Mycopathologia, 87: 67-70.
65. Falcon M.A., Corominas E., Perez M.L., Perestelo F. (1987). Aerobic bacterial populations and environmental factors involved in the composting of agricultural and forest wastes of the Canary Islands. Biol. Wastes, 20: 89-99.
66. Fardeau M.-L., Ollivier B., Patel B.K.C., Dwivedi P., Ragot M., Garcia J.-L. (1995). Isolation and characterization of a thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum thermosapovorans sp. nov. Internat. J. Sys. Bacteriol., 45: 218-221.
67. Fergus C.L. (1964). Thermophilic and thermotolerant molds and actinomycetes of mushroom compost during peak heating. Mycologia; 56: 267-284.
68. Fergus C.L. (1969). The cellulolytic activity of thermophilic fungi and actinomycetes. Mycologia, 61: 120-129.
69. Fergus C.L., Amelung R.M. (1971). The heat resistance of some thermophilic fungi on mushroom compost. Mycologia, 63: 675-679.
70. Fermor T.R., Smith J.F., Spencer D.M. (1979). The microflora of experimental mushroom composts. J. Hortic. Sci., 54: 137-147.
71. Festenstein G.N., Lacey J., Skinner F.A., Jenkins P.A., Pepys J. (1965). Self-heating of hay and grain in dewar flasks and the development of farmer's lung antigens. J. Gen. Microbiol., 41: 380-407.
72. Finstein M.S., Morris M.L. (1975). Microbiology of municipal solid waste composting. Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 19: 113-151.
73. Fogarty A.M., Tuovinen O.H. (1991). Microbial degradation of pesticides in yard waste composting. Microbiol. Rev., 55(2): 225-233.
74. Fujio Y., Kume S. (1991). Isolation and identification of thermophilic bacteria from sewage sludge compost. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 72: 334-337.
75. Gangwar M., Sodhi H.S., Agarwal R. (1997). Isolation of hypercellulolytic Thermonospora curvata strain TC-2 and its role in composting. Ann. Biol. (Hissar), 13(1): 233-238.
76. Garcia C., Hernandez T., Costa F., Ceccanti B., Ciardi C. (1992). Changes in ATP content, enzyme activity and inorganic nitrogen species during composting of organic wastes. Can. J. Soil Sci., 72: 243-253.
77. Godden B., Legon T., Helvenstein P., Pennincks M. (1989). Regulation of the production of hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by a Streptomyces sp. growing on lignocellulose. J. Gen. Microbiol., 135: 285-292.
78. Godden B., Ball A.S., Helvenstein P., McCarthy A.J., Penninckx M.J., (1992). Toward elucidation of the lignin degradation pathway in actinomycetes. J. Gen. Microbiol., 138: 2441-2448.
79. Golueke C.G. (1977). Biological Reclamation of Solid Waste. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA, USA, pp. 8-17.
80. Golueke C.G. (1986). Compost research accomplishments and needs. Biocycle, 27: 40-43.
81. Golueke C.G. (1991). Principles of composting. In: The Staff of Biocycle Journal of Waste Recycling. The Art and Science of Composting. The JG Press Inc., Pennsylvania, USA, pp. 14-27.
82. Golueke C.G. (1992). Bacteriology of composting. Biocycle, 33: 55-57.
83. Gonzalez B., Merino A., Almeida M., Vicna R. (1986). Comparative growth of natural bacterial isolates on various lignin-related compounds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 52: 1428-1432.
84. Goodfellow M., Williams S.T. (1983). The Ecology of actinomycetes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 37: 189-216.
85. Goodfellow M. (1989). Suprageneric classification of actinomycetes. In: Williams S.T., Sharpe M.E., Holt J.G., Eds, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 4, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 2333-2339.
86. Gray K.R., Sherman K., Biddlestone A.J. (1971). A review of composting - part I. Process Biochem., 6: 32-36.
87. Grebus M.E., Watson M.E., Hoitink H.A.J. (1994). Biological, chemical and physical properties of composted yard trimmings as indicators of maturity and plant disease suppression. Compost Sci. Util., 2: 57-71.
88. Gurtner C., Heyrman J., Pinar G., Lubitz W., Swings J., Rolleke S. (2000). Comparative analyses of the bacterial diversity on two different biodeteriorated wall paintings by DGGE and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Int. Biodeterioration Biodegrad., 46: 229-239.
89. Hadar Y., Gorodecki B. (1991). Suppression of germination of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii in compost. Soil Biol. Biochem., 23: 303-306.
90. Hardy G.E.St.J., Sivasithamparam K. (1989). Microbial, chemical and physical changes during composting of a eucalyptus (Eucalyptus calophylla and Eucalyptus diversicolor) bark mix. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 8: 260-270.
91. Haug RT (1993). Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
92. Hedger J.N., Hudson H.J. (1970). Thielavia thermophila and Sporotrichum thermophile. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 54: 497-500.
93. Hellmann B., Zelles L., Palojärvi A., Bai Q. (1997). Emission of climate-relevant trace gases and succession of microbial communities during open-windrow composting. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63(3): 1011-1018.
94. Henssen A. (1957). Über die Bedeutung der thermophilen Mikroorganismen für die Zersetzung des Stallmistes. Arch. Mikrobiol., 27: 63-81.
95. Herrmann I., Meissner S., Bächle E., Rupp E., Menke G., Grossmann F. (1994). Einfluss des Rotteprozesses von Bioabfall auf das Überleben von phytopathogenen Organismen und von Tomatensamen. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz, 101: 48-65.
96. Herrmann R.F., Shann J.F. (1997). Microbial community changes during the composting of municipal solid waste. Microb. Ecol., 33: 78-85.
97. Hoitink H.A.J., Fahy P.C. (1986). Basis for the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 24: 93-114.
98. Hoitink H.A.J. (1990). Production of disease suppressive compost and container media, and microorganism culture for use therein. U.S. Patent 4,900,348.
99. Hoitink H.A.J., Inbar Y., Boehm M.J. (1991). Status of compost-amended potting mixes naturally suppressive to soilborne diseases of floricultural crops. Plant Dis., 75(9): 869-873.
100. Hoitink H.A.J., Boehm M.J. (1999). Biocontrol within the context of soil microbial communities: A substrate-dependent phenomenon. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.; 37: 427-446.
101. Hugenholtz P., Goebel B.M., Pace N.R. (1998). Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity. J. Bacteriol., 180: 4765-4774.
102. Hupe K., Lueth J.C., Heerenklage J., Stegmann R. (1996). Enhancement of the biological degradation of soils contaminated with oil by the addition of compost. Acta Biotechnol., 16(1): 19-30.
103. Inbar Y., Chen Y., Hadar Y., Hoitink H.A.J. (1990). New approaches to compost maturity. Biocycle, 31: 64-69.
104. Insam H., Amor K., Renner M., Crepas C. (1996). Changes in functional abilities of the microbial community during composting of manure. Microbiol. Ecol., 31: 77-87.
105. Insam H., de Bertoldi M. (2003). Microbiology of the composting process. In: Golueke C., Bidlingmaier W., de Bertoldi M., Diaz L., Eds, Compost Science and Technology, Elsevier Science Ltd (in press).
106. Itävaara M., Venelampi O., Vikman M., Kapanen A. (2002). Compost Maturity - Problems Associated with Testing. In: Insam H., Riddech N., Klammer S., Eds, Microbiology of Composting. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 383-396.
107. Ivors K.L., Collopy P.D., Beyer D.M., Kang S. (2000). Identification of bacteria in mushroom compost using ribsomal RNA sequence. Compost Sci. Util., 8(3): 247-253.
108. Ivors K., Beyer D., Wuest P., Kang S. (2002). Survey of Fungal Diversity in Mushroom Compost Using Sequences of PCR-Amplified Genes Encoding 18S Ribosomal RNA. In: Insam H., Riddech N., Klammer S., Eds, Microbiology of Composting. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 18-24.
109. Jensen V. (1975). Bacterial flora of soil after application of oily waste. Oikos, 26: 152-158.
110. Jeris J.S., Regan R.W. (1973). Controlling environmental parameters for optimum composting. I. Experimental procedures and temperature. Compost Sci., 14: 10-15.
111. Jodice R., Ferrara R., Ceruti Scurti J., Fiussello N., Obert F., Cortellezzi G.C. (1974). Miceti termofili. 1. Contributo sull'isolamento, sul metabolismo e sulla capacità di degradazione di materiali organici. Allionia, 20: 53-74.
112. Juteau P., Larocque R., Rho D., Le Duy A. (1999). Analysis of the relative abundance of different types of bacteria capable of toluene degradation in a compost biofilter. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 52(6): 863-868.
113. Kane B.E., Mullins J.T. (1973). Thermophilic fungi in a municipal waste compost system. Mycologia, 65: 1087-1100.
114. Kaneshiro T., Nakamura L.K., Bagby M.O. (1995). Oleic acid transformations by selected strains of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum and Bacillus cereus from composted manure. Curr. Microbiol., 31: 62-67.
115. 14C-labeled anthracene and hexadecane in compost-manured soil. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 43: 1128-1135.
116. Kersters I., Van Vooren L., Verschuere L., Vauterin L., Wouters A., Mergaert J., Swings J., Verstraete W. (1997). Utility of the Biolog System for the characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities. System. Appl. Microbiol., 20: 439-447.
117. Klamer M., Baath E. (1998). Microbial community dynamics during composting of straw material studied using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 27: 9-20.
118. Kleeberg I., Hetz C., Kroppenstedt R.M., Müller R.-J., Deckwer W.-D. (1998). Biodegradation of aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by Thermomonospora fusca and other thermophilic compost isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64: 1731-1735.
119. Knoesel D., Resz A. (1973). Pilze aus Müllkompost. Städtehygiene, 6: 6.
120. Korn-Wendisch F., Rainey F., Kroppenstedt R.M., Kempf A., Majazza A., Kutzner H.J., Stackebrandt E. (1995). Thermocrispum gen. nov., a new genus of the order Actinomycetales, and description of Thermocrispum municipale sp. nov. and Thermocrispum agreste sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 45: 67-77.
121. Koschinsky S., Schwieger F., Peters S., Grabbe K., Tebbe C.C. (1998). Characterizing microbial communities of composts at the DNA level. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent, 63: 1725-1732.
122. Kwok O.C.H., Fahy P.C., Hoitink H.A.J., Kuter G.A. (1987). Interactions between bacteria and Trichoderma hamatum in suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off in bark compost media. Phytopathology, 77: 1206-1212.
123. Lacey J. (1973). Actinomycetes in soils, composts and fodders. In: Sykes G., Skinner F.A., Eds, Actinomycetales: Characteristics and Practical Importance. Academic Press, New York, pp. 231-251.
124. Larsen K.L., McCartney D.M. (2000). Effect of C:N ratio on microbial activity and N retention: Bench-scale study using pulp and paper biosolids. Compost Sci. Util., 8(2): 147-159.
125. Lemmon C.R., Pylypiw H.M. (1992). Degradation of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, isofenphos and pendimethalin in grass and compost. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 48: 409-415.
126. Llanos C., Kjoller A. (1976). Change in the flora of soil fungi following oil waste application. Oikos, 27: 377-382.
127. Löser C., Ulbricht H., Hoffmann P., Seidel H. (1999). Composting of wood containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Compost Sci. Util., 7(3): 6-32.
128. Lott Fischer J., Lyon P.-F., Beffa T., Aragno M. (1996). Composting of organic garden and kitchen waste in open-air windrows: Influence of turning frequency on the development of Aspergillus fumigatus. In: de Bertoldi M., Sequi P., Lemmes B., Papi T., Eds, The Science of Composting. Part 1, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 1207-1210.
129. Lynch J.M., Wood D.A. (1985). Controlled microbial degradation of lignocellulose: The basis for existing and novel approaches to composting. In: Gasser J.K.R., Ed., Composting of Agricultural and Other Wastes. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, pp. 183-193.
130. Lynch J.M. (1987). Lignocellulolysis in composts. In: de Bertoldi M., Ferranti M.P., L'Hermite P., Zucconi F., Eds, Compost, Production, Qualitiy and Use. Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 178-189.
131. Malik K.A., Sandhu G.R. (1973). Some studies on the fungi of kallar grass (Diplachne fusca) compost. Pakist. J. Bot., 5: 57-63.
132. Manachini P.L., Fortina M.G., Parini C., Craveri R. (1985). Bacillus thermoruber sp. nov., nom. rev., a red-pigmented thermophilic bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 35: 493-496.
133. Mannix S.P., Haruta S., Hazaka M., Shimada R., Yoshida C., Hiura K., Ishii M., Igarashi Y. (2001). Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis analyses of microbial community from field-scale composter. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 91: 159-165.
134. Masanori K., Kazuo A. (1998). Changes occurring in microbial flora during composting of mature derived from dairy cattle. J. Rakuno Gakuen Univ. Natural Sci., 22: 225-229.
135. McCarthy A.J. (1987). Lignocellulose-degrading actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 46: 145-164.
136. McFarland M.J., Qiu X.J., Sims J.L., Randolph M.E., Sims R.C. (1992). Remediation of petroleum impacted soils in fungal compost bioreactors. Water Sci. Technol., 25(3): 197-206.
137. McKinley V.L., Vestal J.R. (1984). Biokinetic analyses of adaption and succession: microbial activity in composting municipal sewage sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 47: 933-941.
138. McKinley V.L., Vestal J.R., Eralp A.E. (1985). Microbial activity in composting. Biocycle, 26: 39-43.
139. McSpadden-Gardener B., Miller S.A., Kleinhenz M., Doohan D., Grewal P. (2002). Impact of compost and manure amendments on bacterial populations in the rhizospheres of tomato and cabbage. In: Michel F.C., Rynk R.F., Hoitink H.A.J., Eds, Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium "Composting and Compost Utilization". The JG Press Inc., Emmaus, pp. 581-591.
140. Mergaert J., Anderson C., Wouters A., Swings J. (1994a). Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate) in compost. J. Environ. Polymer Degrad., 2(3): 177-183.
141. Mergaert J., Wouters A., Swings J. (1994b). Estimation of the intrinsic biodiversity among poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) degrading streptomycetes using gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids. System. Appl. Microbiol., 17: 601-612.
142. Mergaert J., Swings J. (1996). Biodiversity of microorganisms that degrade bacterial and synthetic polyesters. J. Industrial Microbiol., 17: 463-469.
143. Michel F.C., Reddy C.A., Forney L.J. (1995). Microbial degradation and humification of the lawn care pesticide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid during the composting of yard trimmings. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61: 2566-2571.
144. Michel F.C., Reddy C.A., Forney L.J. (1997a). Fate of carbon-14 diazinon during the composting of yard trimmings. J. Environ. Quality, 26: 200-205.
145. Michel F.C., Top E.M., Marsh T.L., Reddy C.A., Forney L.J. (1997b). Novel 2,4-D degrading thermophilic bacilli isolated from yard trimmings compost. Abstr. General Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., 97: 520.
146. Michel F.C., Marsh T.L., Reddy C.A. (2002). Bacterial community structure during yard trimmings composting. In: Insam H., Riddech R., Klammer S., Eds, Microbiology of Composting. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 25-42.
147. Miller F.C. (1993). Ecological process control of composting. In: Metting F.B., Jr., Ed., Soil Microbial Ecology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 529-536.
148. Minz D., Green S.J., Kautsky L., Inbar E., Hadar Y. (2002). Effect of compost amendment on microbial community in soil, rhizosphere and roots. In: Michel F.C., Rynk R.F., Hoitink H.A.J., Eds, Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium "Composting and Compost Utilization". The JG Press Inc., Emmaus, p. 592.
149. Morton F.J., Smith G. (1963). The genera Scopulariopsis, Microascus and Doratomyces. Mycol. Pap., 86: 1-96.
150. 2 evolution rate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(1): 37-41.
151. Nakasaki K., Shoda M., Kubota H. (1985b). Effect of temperature on composting of sewage sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 50: 1526-1530.
152. Nakasaki K., Sasaki M., Shoda M., Kubota, H. (1985c). Characteristics of mesophilic bacteria isolated during thermophilic composting of sewage sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49(1): 42-45.
153. Nakasaki K., Kubo M., Kubota H. (1996). Production of functional compost which can suppress phytopathogenic fungi of lawn grass by inoculating Bacillus subtilis into grass clippings. In: de Bertoldi M., Sequi P., Lemmes B., Papi T., Eds, The Science of Composting. Part 1, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 87-95.
154. Niese G. (1959). Mikrobiologische untersuchungen zur frage der selbsterhitzung organischer stoffe. Arch. Mikrobiol., 34: 285-318.
155. Niimura Y., Koh E., Yanagida F., Suzuki K.-I., Komagata K., Kozaki M. (1990). Amphibacillus xylanus gen. nov., sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic sporeforming xylan-digesting bacterium which lacks cytochrome, quinone, and catalase. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 40: 297-301.
156. Nusbaumer C., Job D., Aragno M. (1996). Etude de l'altération par les champignons de l'état physico-chimique des composés lignocellulosiques dans un processus naturel de compostage. Mycologia Helvetica, 8: 51-67.
157. Ogawa T., Asai Y., Ohno S., Tatsumoto H. (1998). Changes in sludge components and microflora during the composting of sewage treatment sludge. Biocontrol Sci., 3: 51-55.
158. Ohno M., Shiratori H., Park M.-J., Saitoh Y., Kumon Y., Yamashita N., Hirata A., Nishida H., Ueda K., Beppu T. (2000). Symbiobacterium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a symbiotic thermophile that depends on co-culture with a Bacillus strain for growth. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 50: 1829-1832.
159. Ospina-Giraldo M.D., Royse D.J., Xi C., Romaine C.P. (1996). In vitro inhibition of Trichoderma harzianum, cause of mushroom green mold, by Paenibacillus macerans. Phytopathology, 86 (11 suppl.): p. 82.
160. Peters S, Koschinsky S., Schwieger F., Tebbe C.C. (2000). Succession of microbial communities during hot composting as detected by PCR-Single-Strand- Conformation-Polymorphism-based genetic profiles of small-subunit rRNA genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66: 930-936.
161. Phae C.G., Shoda M. (1990). Expression of the suppressive effect of Bacillus subtilis on phytopathogens in inoculated composts. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 70(6): 409-414.
162. Phae C.G., Sasaki M., Shoda M., Kubota H. (1990). Characteristics of Bacillus subtilis isolated from composts suppressing phytopathogenic microorganisms. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 36: 575-586.
163. Pinzari F., Tittarelli F., Benedetti A., Insam H. (2002). Use of CLPP for evaluating the role of different organic materials in composting. In: Insam H., Riddech N., Klammer S., Eds, Microbiology of Composting. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 383-396.
164. Poincelot R.P., Day P.R. (1973). Rates of cellulose decomposition during the composting of leaves combined with several municipal and industrial wastes and other additives. Compost Sci., 14: 23-25.
165. Raupach G.S., Kloepper J.W. (1998). Mixtures of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance biological control of multiple cucumber pathogens. Phytopathology, 88: 1158-1164.
166. Raymond R.L., Jamison V.W. (1971). Biochemical activities of Nocardia. Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 14: 93-122.
167. Reichert K., Lipski A., Pradella S., Stackebrandt E., Altendorf K. (1998). Pseudonocardia asaccharolytica sp. nov. and Pseudonocardia sulfidoxydans sp. nov., two new dimethyl disulfide-degrading actinomycetes and emended description of the genus Pseudonocardia. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 44: 293-299.
168. Requena N., Azcón R., Baca T.M. (1996). Chemical changes on humic substances from compost due to incubation with ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms and effects on lettuce growth. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 45: 857-863.
169. Requena N., Baca T.M., Azcón R. (1997). Evolution of humic substances from unripe compost during incubation with lignolytic or cellulolytic microorganisms and effects on the lettuce growth promotion mediated by Azotobacter chroococcum. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 24: 59-65.
170. Rick D.L., Davis J.W., Kram S.L., Mang M.N., Lickly T.D. (1998). Biodegradation of an epoxy-based thermoplastic polyester, poly(hydroxy ester ether) in a laboratory-scale compost system. J. Environ. Polymer Degrad., 6(3): 143-157.
171. Riddech N., Klammer S., Insam H. (2002). Characterisation of microbial communities during composting of organic wastes. In: Insam H., Riddech R., Klammer S., Eds, Microbiology of Composting. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 43-52.
172. Riggle D. (1995). Succesful bioremediating with compost. Biocycle, 36(2): 57-59.
173. Roberts M.S., Klamer M., Frazier C., Garland J.L. (2002). Microbial community profiling of fungi and bacteria in an in-vessel composter. In: Michel F.C., Rynk R.F., Hoitink H.A.J., Eds, Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium "Composting and Compost Utilization". The JG Press Inc., Emmaus, pp. 139-155.
174. Rocha M., Cordeiro N., Cunha Queda A.C.F., Capela R. (2002). Microbiological and chemical characterization during composting of cattle manure and forestry wastes - a study in Madeira Island. In: Michel F.C., Rynk R.F., Hoitink H.A.J., Eds, Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium "Composting and Compost Utilization". The JG Press Inc., Emmaus, pp. 156-170.
175. Rosenberg S.L. (1975). Temperature and pH optima for 21 species of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi. Can. J. Microbiol., 21: 153-154.
176. Rosenberg M., Gutnick D., Rosenberg E. (1980). Adherence of bacteria to hydrocarbons: a simple method for measuring cell-surface hydrophobicity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 9: 29-33.
177. Ryckeboer J., Deprins K., Coosemans J. (1999). The influence of biowaste and garden waste composts on diseases caused by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani related to the antagonists Trichoderma hamatum and Flavobacterium balustinum. In: Bidlingmaier W., de Bertoldi M., Diaz L.F., Papadimitriou E.K., Eds, Orbit99: Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment. Proceedings of the International Conference ORBIT 99 on Biological Treatment of Waste and the Environment. Rhombos Verlag, Berlin, pp. 523-531.
178. Ryckeboer, J. (2001). Biowaste and yard waste composts: Microbiological and hygienic aspects - Suppressiveness to plant diseases. PhD Dissertation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, 278 p.
179. Ryckeboer J., Cops S., Coosemans, J. (2002a). The fate of plant pathogens and seeds during anaerobic digestion and aerobic composting of source separated household wastes. Compost Sci. Util., 10(3): 204-216.
180. Ryckeboer J., Vaes K., Vanwynsberghe L., Coosemans J. (2002b). The suitability of mature biowaste and yard waste composts as carrier substrates for bacterial and fungal biocontrol agents. In: Michel F.C., Rynk R.F., Hoitink H.A.J., Eds, Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium "Composting and Compost Utilization". The JG Press Inc., Emmaus, pp. 1353-1365.
181. Ryckeboer J., Mergaert J., Coosemans J., Deprins K., Swings J. (2003). Microbiological aspects of biowaste during composting in a monitored compost bin. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94(1): 127-137.
182. Savage J., Chase T.Jr., Macmillan J.D. (1973). Population changes in enteric bacteria and other microorganisms during aerobic thermophilic windrow composting. Appl. Microbiol., 26: 969-974.
183. Seck M.A., Kilbertus G. (1996). Fresh and composted pea-nut shells microflora. In: de Bertoldi M., Sequi P., Lemmes B., Papi T., Eds, The Science of Composting. Part 1, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 1322-1330.
184. Seifert K.A., Samson R.A., Boekhout T., Louis-Seize G. (1997). Remersonia, a new genus for Stilbella thermophila, a thermophilic mould from compost. Can. J. Bot., 75: 1158-1165.
185. Sharma H.S.S. (1989). Economic importance of thermophilous fungi. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 31: 1-10.
186. Shilesky D.M., Maniotis J. (1969). Mycology of composting. Compost Sci., 9: 20-23.
187. Silveira A.E., Ganho R.B. (1995). Composting wastes contaminated with naphtalene. Compost Sci. Util., 3(4): 78-81.
188. nd edn., Academic Press, New York.
189. Skerman V.B.D, McGowan V., Sneath PH.A. (1980). Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 30: 225-420.
190. Straatsma G., Samson R.A. (1993). Taxonomy of Scytalidium thermophilum, an important thermophilic fungus in mushroom compost. Mycol. Resour., 97: 321-328.
191. Straatsma G., Samson R.A., Olijnsma T.W., Op den Camp H.J.M., Gerrits J.P.G., Van Griesven L.J.L.D. (1994). Ecology of thermophilic fungi in mushroom compost, with emphasis on Scytalidium thermophilum and growth stimulation of Agaricus bisporus mycelium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 454-458.
192. Strauch D., de Bertoldi, M. (1985). Microbial specifications of disinfected sewage sludge. In: L'Hermite P., Ed., Processing and Use of Organic Sludge and Liquid Agricultural Wastes. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 178-197.
193. Strauch D. (1987). Microbiological specifications of disinfected compost. In: de Bertoldi M., Ferranti M.P., L'Hermite P., Zucconi F., Eds, Compost: Production, Quality, and Use. Elsevier Applied Sciences, London, pp. 210-229.
194. Strauch D. (1996). Occurrence of microorganisms pathogenic for man and animals in source-separated biowaste and compost - Importance, control, limits, epidemiology. In: de Bertoldi M., Sequi P., Lemmes B., Papi T., Eds, The Science of Composting. Vol. 1, Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 224-232.
195. Strom P.F. (1985a). Effect of temperature on bacterial species diversity in thermophilic solid-waste composting. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 50: 899-905.
196. Strom P.F. (1985b). Identification of thermophilic bacteria in solid-waste composting. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 50: 906-913.
197. Stutzenberger F.J., Kaufman A.J., Lossin R.D. (1970). Cellulolytic activity in municipal solid waste composting. Can. J. Microbiol., 16: 553-560.
198. Sukesan S., Watwood M.E. (1998). Effects of hydrocarbon enrichment on trichloroethylene biodegradation and microbial populations in finished compost. J. Appl. Microbiol., 85(4): 635-642.
199. 2 formation in bench-scale, continuously thermophilic composting of solid waste. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 33: 345-350.
200. Tahraoui K., Rho D. (1998). Biodegradation of BTX vapors in a compost medium biofilter. Compost Sci. Util., 6(2): 13-21.
201. Thambirajah J.J., Zulkali M.D., Hashim M.D. (1995). Microbiological and biochemical changes during the composting of oil palm empty-fruit-bunches. Effect of nitrogen supplementation on the substrate. Bioresour. Technol., 52: 133-144.
202. Tiquia S.M., Tam N.F.Y., Hodgkiss I.J. (1996). Microbial activities during composting of spent pig-manure sawdust litter at different moisture contents. Bioresour. Technol.; 55: 201-206.
203. Tiquia S.M., Keener H.M., Elwell D., Ichida J.M., Burt E.H.Jr., Michel F.C.Jr. (2002). Microbial community structure during composting of waste feathers using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S rDNA. In: Michel F.C., Rynk R.F., Hoitink H.A.J., Eds, Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium "Composting and Compost Utilization". The JG Press Inc., Emmaus (abstract).
204. Tiquia S.M., Michel F.C.Jr. (2002). Bacterial diversity in livestock manure composts as characterized by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (T-RLFP) of PCR-amplified 16s rRNA gene sequences. In: Insam H., Riddech R., Klammer S., Eds, Microbiology of Composting. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 65-82.
205. Tomati U., Galli E., Pasetti L., Volterra E. (1995). Bioremediation of olive-mill wastewaters by composting. Waste Manag. Res., 13: 509-518.
206. Torsvik V.L., Goksoyr J., Daae F.L. (1990). High diversity in DNA of soil bacteria. Appl. Env. Microbiology, 56: 782-787.
207. Tseng D.Y., Chalmers J.J., Tuovinen O.H. (1996). ATP measurement in compost. Compost Sci. Util., 4: 6-17.
208. Tuitert G., Szczech M., Bollen G.J. (1998). Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani in potting mixtures amended with compost made from organic household waste. Phytopathology, 88: 764-773.
209. Tuomela M., Vikman M., Hatakka A., Itävaara M. (2000). Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: A review. Bioresour. Technol., 72(2): 169-183.
210. Ueda K., Ohno M., Yamamoto K., Nara H., Mori Y., Shimada M., Hayashi M., Oida H., Terashima Y., Nagata M., Beppu T. (2001). Distribution and diversity of symbiotic thermophiles, Symbiobacterium thermophilum and related bacteria, in natural environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67: 3779-3784.
211. Upreti J.C., Joshi M.C. (1984). Cellulolytic activity of mesophilic and thermophilic fungi isolated from mushroom compost. Indian Phytopathol., 37(3): 473-476.
212. Van Dees P.M., Ghiorse W.C. (2001). Microbial diversity in hot synthetic compost as revealed by PCR-amplified rRNA sequences from cultivated isolates and extracted DNA. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 35: 207-216.
213. Van Elsas J.D., Garbeva P., Salles J. (2002). Effects of agronomical measures on the microbial diversity of soils as related to the suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens. Biodegradation, 13: 29-40.
214. Van Gestel K., Mergaert J., Swings J., Coosemans J., Ryckeboer J. (2003). Bioremediation of diesel oil-contaminated soil by composting with biowaste. Environ. Pollut, 125: 361-368.
215. Von Klopotek A. (1962). Über das Vorkommen und Verhalten von Schimmelpilzen bei der Kompostierung städtischer Abfallstoffe. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 28: 141-160.
216. Von Klopotek A. (1974). Revision der thermophilen Sporotrichum-arten - Chryosporium thermophilum (Apinis) comb.nov. und Chrysosporium fergusii spec.nov. = status conidialis von Corynascus thermophilis (Fergus & Sinden) comb.nov. Arch. Mikrobiol., 98: 365-369.
217. Waksman S.A., Cordon T.C., Hulpoi N. (1939a). Influence of temperature upon the microbiological population and decomposition processes in composts of stable manure. Soil Sci., 47: 83-114.
218. Waksman S.A., Cordon T.C. (1939b). Thermophilic decomposition of plant residues in composts by pure and mixed cultures of microorganisms. Soil Sci., 47: 217-225.
219. Watwood M.E., Sukesan S. (1995). Biodegradation of trichloroethylene in finished compost materials. Compost Sci. Util., 3(4): 6-19.
220. Wei G., Kloepper J.W., Tuzun S. (1991). Induction of systemic resistance of cucumber to Colletotrichum orbiculare by select strains of plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria. Phytopathology, 81: 1508-1512.
221. Wiegant W.M. (1992). Growth characteristics of the thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum in relation to production of mushroom compost. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58: 1301-1307.
222. Wiley B.B., Westerberg S. (1969). Survival of human pathogens in composted sewage. Appl. Microbiol., 18: 994-1001.
223. Zucconi F., Forte M. Monaco A., de Bertoldi M. (1981a). Biological evaluation of compost maturity. Biocycle, 22: 27-29.
224. Zucconi F., Pera A., Forte M., de Bertoldi M. (1981b). Evaluating toxicity of immature compost. Biocycle, 22: 54-57.