Commentary on eupneic breathing patterns and gasping

Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology

Volumn 139, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 121-130

  Richter, Diethelm W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Control of breathing, central pattern; Pattern of breathing, central, eupnea

Indexed keywords

BRAIN STEM; BREATHING PATTERN; BREATHING RATE; BREATHING REFLEX; CHEMORECEPTOR; DYSPNEA; EUPNEA; EXPIRATORY FLOW; GASP; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE; HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE; HYPOXIA; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY; INTERCOSTAL NERVE; LARYNGEAL NERVE; LARYNX MUSCLE; LUNG RECEPTOR; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NERVE CONDUCTION; NONHUMAN; PHRENIC NERVE; PONS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATION CONTROL; RESPIRATORY NERVE CELL; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 0345724925     PISSN: 15699048     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-9048(03)00196-4     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Ballantyne D., Richter D.W. Post-synaptic inhibition of bulbar inspiratory neurones in the cat. J. Physiol., London. 348:1984;67-87.
2. Ballantyne D., Richter D.W. The non-uniform character of expiratory synaptic activity in expiratory bulbospinal neurones of the cat. J. Physiol., London. 370:1986;433-456.
3. Ballanyi K., Kuwana S., Völker A., Morawietz G., Richter D.W. Developmental changes in the hypoxia tolerance of the in vitro respiratory network of rats. Neurosci. Lett. 148:1992;141-144.
4. Ballanyi K., Völker A., Richter D.W. Functional relevance of anaerobic metabolism in the isolated respiratory network of newborn rats. Pflüg. Arch. 432:1996;741-748.
5. Ballanyi K., Onimaru H., Homma I. Respiratory network function in the isolated brainstem-spinal cord of newborn rats. Prog. Neurobiol. 59:1999;583-634.
6. Berger A.J., Herbert D.A., Mitchell R.A. Properties of apneusis produced by reversible cold block of the rostral pons. Respir. Physiol. 33:1978;323-327.
7. Brockhaus J., Ballanyi K., Smith J.C., Richter D.W. Microenvironment of respiratory neurons in the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord of neonatal rats. J. Physiol., London. 462:1993;421-445.
8. Büsselberg D., Bischoff A.M., Paton J.F., Richter D.W. Reorganisation of respiratory network activity after loss of glycinergic inhibition. Pflüg. Arch. 441:2001;444-449.
9. Cohen M.I. Discharge patterns of brain-stem respiratory neurons in relation to carbon dioxide tension. J. Neurophysiol. 31:1968;142-165.
10. Cohen M.I. Switching of the respiratory phases and evoked phrenic responses produced by rostral pontine electrical stimulation. J. Physiol., London. 217:1971;133-158.
11. Cohen M.I., See W.R., Christakos C.N., Sica A.L. High-frequency and medium-frequency components of different inspiratory nerve discharges and their modification by various inputs. Brain Res. 417:1987;148-152.
12. Connelly C.A., Ellenberger H.H., Feldman J.L. Respiratory activity in retrotrapezoid nucleus in cat. Am. J. Physiol. 258:1990;L33-L44.
13. Dick T.E., Oku Y., Romaniuk J.R., Cherniack M.S. Interaction between central pattern generators for breathing and swallowing in the cat. J. Physiol., London. 465:1993;715-730.
14. Dick T.E., Bellingham M.C., Richter D.W. Pontine respiratory neurons in anesthetized cats. Brain Res. 636:1994;259-269.
15. DiMarco A.F., Romaniuk J.R., Von Euler C., Yamamoto Y. Immediate changes in ventilation and respiratory pattern associated with onset and cessation of locomotion in the cat. J. Physiol., London. 343:1983;1-16.
16. Dutschmann M., Herbert H. NMDA and GABAA receptors in the rat Kolliker-Fuse area control cardiorespiratory responses evoked by trigeminal ethmoidal nerve stimulation. J. Physiol., London. 510:1998;793-804.
17. Dutschmann M., Paton J.F. Inhibitory synaptic mechanisms regulating upper airway patency. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 131:2002;57-63.
18. Dutschmann M., Wilson R.J.A., Paton J.F.R. Respiratory activity in neonatal rats. Auton. Neurosci. Basic Clin. 84:2000;19-29.
19. Fedorko L., Kelly E.N., England S.J. Importance of vagal afferents in determining ventilation in newborn rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 65:1988;1033-1039.
20. Fregosi R.F., Hwang J.C., Bartlett D. Jr, St. John W.M. Activity of abdominal muscle motoneurons during hypercapnia. Respir. Physiol. 89:1992;179-194.
21. Fung M.L., St. John W.M. Neuronal activities underlying inspiratory termination by pneumotaxic mechanisms. Respir. Physiol. 98:1994;267-281.
22. Fung M.L., St. John W.M. The functional expression of a pontine pneumotaxic centre in neonatal rats. J. Physiol., London. 489:1995;579-591.
23. Gerrits P.O., Holstege G. Pontine and medullary projections to the nucleus retroambiguus: a wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic tracing study in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 373:1996;173-185.
24. Gray P.A., Rekling J.C., Bocchiaro C.M.P., Feldman J.L. Modulation of respiratory frequency by peptidergic input to rhythmogenic neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex. Science. 286:1999;1566-1568.
25. Haddad G.G., Schaeffer J.I., Chang K.J. Opposite effects of the delta- and mu-opioid receptor agonists on ventilation in conscious adult dogs. Brain Res. 323:1984;73-82.
26. Haxhiu M.A., Cherniack M.S., Mitra J., van Lunteren E., Strohl K.P. Nonvagal modulation of hypoglossal neural activity. Respiration. 59:1992;65-71.
27. Hayashi F., Lipski J. The role of inhibitory amino acids in control of respiratory motor output in an arterially perfused rat. Respir. Physiol. 89:1992;47-63.
28. Hukuhara T. Neuronal organization of the central respiratory mechanisms in the brain stem of the cat. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Warsz). 33:1973;219-244.
29. Hwang J.C., Bartlett D. Jr, St. John W.M. Characterization of respiratory-modulated activities of hypoglossal motoneurons. J. Appl. Physiol. 55:1983;793-798.
30. 2. J. Appl. Physiol. 54:1983;623-631.
31. Jakus J., Tomori Z., Stransky A. Activity of bulbar respiratory neurones during cough and other respiratory tract reflexes in cats. Physiol. Bohemoslov. 34:1985;127-136.
32. Jean A., Car A., Roman C. Comparison of activity in pontine versus medullary neurones during swallowing. Exp. Brain Res. 22:1975;211-220.
33. Johnson S.M., Smith J.C., Feldman J.L. Modulation of respiratory rhythm in vitro: role of Gi/o protein-mediated mechanisms. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:1996;2120-2133.
34. Jürgens U. Localization of a pontine vocalization-controlling area. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108:2000;1393-1396.
35. Jürgens U., Kirzinger A. The laryngeal sensory pathway and its role in phonation. A brain lesioning study in the squirrel monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 59:1985;118-124.
36. Karczewski W.A., Budzinska K., Naslonska E., Jazowiecka E., Romaniuk J.R., Ryba M. Rate of rise of inspiration at various levels of CNS excitability. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 99:1978;23-33.
37. Koepchen H.P., Langhorst P., Seller H. The problem of identification of autonomic neurons in the lower brain stem. Brain Res. 87:1975;375-393.
38. Kühlbach C., Herbert H., Dutschmann M. Neuronal activities of the pontine respiratory group of rat in situ. Pflüg. Arch. (Suppl. to 443):2002;249.
39. Lawson E.E., Richter D.W., Ballantyne D.M., Lalley P.M. Peripheral chemoreceptor inputs to medullary inspiratory and postinspiratory neurons of cats. Pflüg. Arch. 414:1989;523-533.
40. Lawson E.E., Schwarzacher S.W., Richter D.W. Postnatal development of the medullary respiratory network in cat. Elsner N., Richter D.W. Rhythmogenesis in Neurons and Networks. Proceedings of the 20th Göttingen Neurobiology Conference. 1992;69 Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
41. Leiter J.C., Daubenspeck J.A. Selective reflex activation of the genioglossus in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 68:1990;2581-2587.
42. Lind F.G. Respiratory drive and breathing pattern during exercise in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. (Suppl. 553):1984;1-47.
43. Lind F., Hesser C.M. Breathing pattern and lung volumes during exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 120:1984;123-129.
44. Lumsden T. Observations on the respiratory centres in the cat. J. Physiol., London. 57:1923;153-160.
45. Maskrey M. Changes in ventilation, breathing pattern and acid-base balance of conscious rabbits following intravenous almitrine. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 64:1986;389-395.
46. Mellen N.M., Feldman J.L. Phasic vagal sensory feedback transforms respiratory neuron activity in vitro. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;7363-7371.
47. Mironov S.L., Langohr K., Haller M., Richter D.W. Hypoxia activates ATP-dependent potassium channels in inspiratory neurones of neonatal mice. J. Physiol., London. 509:1998;755-766.
48. Mironov S.L., Langohr K., Richter D.W. Hyperpolarization-activated current, Ih: in inspiratory brainstem neurons and its inhibition by hypoxia. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12:2000;520-526.
49. Morin-Surun M.P., Denavit-Saubie M. Rhythmic discharges in the perfused isolated brainstem preparation of adult guinea pig. Neurosci. Lett. 101:1989;57-61.
50. Morrison S.F., Cravo S.L., Wilfehrt H.M. Pontine lesions produce apneusis in the rat. Brain Res. 652:1994;83-86.
51. Murakoshi T., Suzue T., Tamai S. A pharmacological study on respiratory rhythm in the isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparation of the newborn rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 86:1985;95-104.
52. Paton J.F. A working heart-brainstem preparation of the mouse. J. Neurosci. Methods. 65:1996;63-68.
53. Paton J.F., Ramirez J.M., Richter D.W. Functionally intact in vitro preparation generating respiratory activity in neonatal and mature mammals. Pflüg. Arch. 428:1994;250-260.
54. Poon C.S., Younes M., Gallagher C.G. Effects of expiratory resistive load on respiratory motor output in conscious humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 63:1987;1837-1845.
55. Prabhakar N.R., Mitra J., Overholt J.L., Cherniack N.S. Analysis of postinspiratory activity of phrenic motoneurons with chemical and vagal reflexes. J. Appl. Physiol. 61:1986;1499-1509.
56. Ramirez J.M., Quellmalz U.J., Richter D.W. Postnatal changes in the mammalian respiratory network as revealed by the transverse brainstem slice of mice. J. Physiol., London. 491:1996;799-812.
57. Ramirez J.M., Quellmalz U.J., Wilken B., Richter D.W. The hypoxic response of neurones within the in vitro mammalian respiratory network. J. Physiol., London. 507:1998;571-582.
58. Richter D.W. Generation and maintenance of the respiratory rhythm. J. Exp. Biol. 100:1982;93-107.
59. Richter D.W., Camerer H., Sonnhof U. Changes in extracellular potassium during the spontaneous activity of medullary respiratory neurones. Pflüg. Arch. 376:1978;139-149.
60. Richter D.W., Camerer H., Meesmann M., Rohrig N. Studies on the synaptic interconnection between bulbar respiratory neurones of cats. Pflüg. Arch. 380:1979;245-257.
61. Richter D.W., Ballantyne D., Remmers J.E. How is the respiratory rhythm generated? A model. NIPS. 1:1986;109-112.
62. Richter D.W., Ballantyne D., Remmers J.E. The differential organization of medullary post-inspiratory activities. Pflüg. Arch. 410:1987;420-427.
63. Richter D.W., Bischoff A., Anders K., Bellingham M., Windhorst U. Response of the medullary respiratory network of the cat to hypoxia. J. Physiol., London. 443:1991;231-256.
64. Richter D.W., Schmidt-Garcon P., Pierrefiche O., Bischoff A.M., Lalley P.M. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators controlling the hypoxic respiratory response in anaesthetized cats. J. Physiol., London. 514:1999;567-578.
65. Richter D.W., Spyer K.M. Studying rhythmogenesis of breathing: comparison of in vivo and in vitro models. Trends Neurosci. 24:2001;464-472.
66. Rodenstein D.O., Cuttitta G., Stanescu D.C. Ventilatory and diaphragmatic EMG changes during negative-pressure ventilation in healthy subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 64:1988;2272-2278.
67. Sakamoto T., Yamanaka Y., Wada K., Nakajima Y. Effects of tracheostomy on electrically induced vocalization in decerebrate cats. Neurosci. Lett. 158:1993;92-96.
68. Schmid K., Böhmer G., Fallert M. Medullary respiratory-related neurons with axonal connections to rostral pons and their function in termination of inspiration. Pflüg. Arch. 403:1985;58-65.
69. Schwarzacher S.W., Wilhelm Z., Anders K., Richter D.W. The medullary respiratory network in the rat. J. Physiol., London. 435:1991;631-644.
70. Shannon R., Baekey D.M., Morris K.F., Lindsey B.G. Brainstem respiratory networks and cough. Pulm. Pharmacol. 9:1996;343-347.
71. Shaw C.F., Cohen M.I., Barnhardt R. Inspiratory-modulated neurons of the rostrolateral pons: effects of pulmonary afferent input. Brain Res. 485:1989;179-184.
72. Shee C.D., Ploy-Song-Sang Y., Milic-Emili J. Decay of inspiratory muscle pressure during expiration in conscious humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 58:1985;1859-1865.
73. Smith J.C., Greer J.J., Liu G.S., Feldman J.L. Neural mechanisms generating respiratory pattern in mammalian brain stem-spinal cord in vitro. I. Spatiotemporal patterns of motor and medullary neuron activity. J. Neurophysiol. 64:1990;1149-1169.
74. Smith J.C., Ballanyi K., Richter D.W. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from respiratory neurons in neonatal rat brainstem in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 134:1992;153-156.
75. St. John W.M. Neurogenesis, control, and functional significance of gasping. J. Appl. Physiol. 68:1990;1305-1315.
76. St. John W.M. Neurogenesis of patterns of automatic ventilatory activity. Prog. Neurobiol. 56:1998;97-117.
77. St. John W.M., Paton J.F. Characterizations of eupnea, apneusis and gasping in a perfused rat preparation. Respir. Physiol. 123:2000;201-213.
78. St. John W.M., Zhou D. Rostral pontile mechanisms regulate durations of expiratory phases. J. Appl. Physiol. 71:1991;2133-2137.
79. Viala D., Vidal C., Freton E. Coordinated rhythmic bursting in respiratory and locomotor muscle nerves in the spinal rabbit. Neurosci. Lett. 11:1979;155-159.
80. Völker A., Ballanyi K., Richter D.W. Anoxic disturbance of the isolated respiratory network of neonatal rats. Exp. Brain Res. 103:1995;9-19.
81. von Euler C. The functional organization of the respiratory phase-switching mechanisms. Fed. Proc. 36:1977;2375-2380.
82. von Euler C. On the neural organization of the motor control of the diaphragm. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 119:1979;45-50.
83. von Euler C. The contribution of sensory inputs to the pattern generation of breathing. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 59:1981;700-706.
84. von Euler C. On the central pattern generator for the basic breathing rhythmicity. J. Appl. Physiol. 55:1983;1647-1659.
85. von Euler C., Trippenbach T. Cyclic excitability changes of the inspiratory 'off-switch' mechanism. Acta Physiol. Scand. 93:1975;560-562.
86. von Euler C., Wexler I., Herrero F. Control mechanisms determining rate and depth of respiratory movements. Respir. Physiol. 10:1970;93-108.
87. von Euler C., Marttila I., Remmers J.E., Trippenbach T. Effects of lesions in the parabrachial nucleus on the mechanisms for central and reflex termination of inspiration in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 96:1976;324-337.
88. Wang W., Fung M.L., Darnall R.A., St. John W.M. Characterizations and comparisons of eupnoea and gasping in neonatal rats. J. Physiol., London. 490:1996;277-292.
89. Withington-Wray D.J., Mifflin S.W., Spyer K.M. Intracellular analysis of respiratorymodulated hypoglossal motoneurons in the cat. Neuroscience. 25:1988;1041-1051.
90. 2+ currents in mouse brain-stem neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11:1999;2332-2342.