Third-party roles in the termination of intercommunal conflict

Millenium

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 727-750

  Hampson, Fen Osler ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0345558416     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298970260031501     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. See, for example, Robert D. Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History (New York, NY: Vintage, 1994). For some of the sceptics about the possibilities of successful intervention, see Richard K. Betts, 'The Delusion of Impartial Intervention', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 73, No. 6, 1994), pp. 20-33; Roy Licklider, 'The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993', American Political Science Review (Vol. 89, No. 3, 1995), pp. 681-90; and Joseph R. Rudolf, Jr., 'Intervention in Communal Conflicts', Orbis (Vol. 39, No. 2, 1995), pp. 259-273.
2. See, for example, Robert D. Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History (New York, NY: Vintage, 1994). For some of the sceptics about the possibilities of successful intervention, see Richard K. Betts, 'The Delusion of Impartial Intervention', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 73, No. 6, 1994), pp. 20-33; Roy Licklider, 'The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993', American Political Science Review (Vol. 89, No. 3, 1995), pp. 681-90; and Joseph R. Rudolf, Jr., 'Intervention in Communal Conflicts', Orbis (Vol. 39, No. 2, 1995), pp. 259-273.
3. See, for example, Robert D. Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History (New York, NY: Vintage, 1994). For some of the sceptics about the possibilities of successful intervention, see Richard K. Betts, 'The Delusion of Impartial Intervention', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 73, No. 6, 1994), pp. 20-33; Roy Licklider, 'The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993', American Political Science Review (Vol. 89, No. 3, 1995), pp. 681-90; and Joseph R. Rudolf, Jr., 'Intervention in Communal Conflicts', Orbis (Vol. 39, No. 2, 1995), pp. 259-273.
4. See, for example, Robert D. Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History (New York, NY: Vintage, 1994). For some of the sceptics about the possibilities of successful intervention, see Richard K. Betts, 'The Delusion of Impartial Intervention', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 73, No. 6, 1994), pp. 20-33; Roy Licklider, 'The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993', American Political Science Review (Vol. 89, No. 3, 1995), pp. 681-90; and Joseph R. Rudolf, Jr., 'Intervention in Communal Conflicts', Orbis (Vol. 39, No. 2, 1995), pp. 259-273.
5. This article uses several terms to describe different types of civil conflict. Ethnic conflict refers to spontaneous mass eruptions of ethnic antagonisms within a state. Sectarian conflict refers to conflicts between narrow or partisan sects or factions. Intercommunal conflict refers to conflicts between communities that do not necessarily have ethnic roots, such as some religious or socio-economic conflicts.
6. Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1979). See, for example, the selections in Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1986).
7. Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1979). See, for example, the selections in Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1986).
8. The inter-ethnic offense-defence escalatory spiral is similar to Robert Jervis' 'security dilemma' in international politics. See Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 58-116. On misinterpreting the strategic intentions of other groups and the raising of mass armies in response to this competition, see Barry R. Posen, 'Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power', International Security (Vol. 18, No. 2 , 1993), pp. 80-124.
9. The inter-ethnic offense-defence escalatory spiral is similar to Robert Jervis' 'security dilemma' in international politics. See Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 58-116. On misinterpreting the strategic intentions of other groups and the raising of mass armies in response to this competition, see Barry R. Posen, 'Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power', International Security (Vol. 18, No. 2 , 1993), pp. 80-124.
10. Stephen Van Evera, 'Hypotheses on Nationalism and War', International Security (Vol. 18, No. 4, 1994), pp. 5-39.
11. Richard N. Haass, 'Using Force: Lesson and Choices for U.S. Foreign Policy', in Chester A. Crocker and Fen Osier Hampson with Pamela Aall (eds.), Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), p. 203. See also Richard N. Haass, Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1994).
12. Richard N. Haass, 'Using Force: Lesson and Choices for U.S. Foreign Policy', in Chester A. Crocker and Fen Osier Hampson with Pamela Aall (eds.), Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), p. 203. See also Richard N. Haass, Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1994).
13. Chaim Kaufmann, 'Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Wars', International Security (Vol. 20, No. 4, 1996), pp. 136-75.
14. Ibid., pp. 141 and 147.
15. See, for example, Robert A. Pape, 'Partition: An Exit Strategy for Bosnia', Survival (Vol. 39, No. 4, 1997-98), pp. 25-28, and Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, Ethnic Cleansing (New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1996). For interesting policy discussions about the implications of ethnic cleansing, see Forced Migration in the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, 22 May 1996 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1996), and Bosnian Refugees: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, 28 September 1995 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1995).
16. See, for example, Robert A. Pape, 'Partition: An Exit Strategy for Bosnia', Survival (Vol. 39, No. 4, 1997-98), pp. 25-28, and Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, Ethnic Cleansing (New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1996). For interesting policy discussions about the implications of ethnic cleansing, see Forced Migration in the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, 22 May 1996 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1996), and Bosnian Refugees: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, 28 September 1995 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1995).
17. See, for example, Robert A. Pape, 'Partition: An Exit Strategy for Bosnia', Survival (Vol. 39, No. 4, 1997-98), pp. 25-28, and Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, Ethnic Cleansing (New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1996). For interesting policy discussions about the implications of ethnic cleansing, see Forced Migration in the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, 22 May 1996 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1996), and Bosnian Refugees: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, 28 September 1995 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1995).
18. See, for example, Robert A. Pape, 'Partition: An Exit Strategy for Bosnia', Survival (Vol. 39, No. 4, 1997-98), pp. 25-28, and Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, Ethnic Cleansing (New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1996). For interesting policy discussions about the implications of ethnic cleansing, see Forced Migration in the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, 22 May 1996 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1996), and Bosnian Refugees: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, 28 September 1995 (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1995).
19. Waltz, op. cit., in note 3, and Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987).
20. Waltz, op. cit., in note 3, and Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987).
21. See, for example, Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993); Milton J. Esman, Ethnic Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994); Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); and Michael Brown (ed.), Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). On the immutability of ethnic identities, see Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
22. See, for example, Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993); Milton J. Esman, Ethnic Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994); Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); and Michael Brown (ed.), Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). On the immutability of ethnic identities, see Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
23. See, for example, Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993); Milton J. Esman, Ethnic Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994); Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); and Michael Brown (ed.), Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). On the immutability of ethnic identities, see Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
24. See, for example, Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993); Milton J. Esman, Ethnic Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994); Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); and Michael Brown (ed.), Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). On the immutability of ethnic identities, see Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
25. See, for example, Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993); Milton J. Esman, Ethnic Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994); Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); and Michael Brown (ed.), Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). On the immutability of ethnic identities, see Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
26. See, for example, Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Ted Robert Gurr, Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993); Milton J. Esman, Ethnic Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994); Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993); and Michael Brown (ed.), Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). On the immutability of ethnic identities, see Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
27. See Donald Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985), and Joseph Rothschild, Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Approach (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1981).
28. See Donald Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985), and Joseph Rothschild, Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Approach (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1981).
29. On competing Israeli and Palestinian claims, see, for example, Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1996), and United Nations, Jerusalem: Visions of Reconciliation: An Israeli-Palestinian Dialogue (New York, NY: United Nations, 1993). On the dispute over Cyprus, see Norma Salem (ed.), Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and Its Resolution (New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1992), and Monteagle Stearns, Entangled Allies: U.S. Policy Towards Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus (New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations, 1992).
30. On competing Israeli and Palestinian claims, see, for example, Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1996), and United Nations, Jerusalem: Visions of Reconciliation: An Israeli-Palestinian Dialogue (New York, NY: United Nations, 1993). On the dispute over Cyprus, see Norma Salem (ed.), Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and Its Resolution (New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1992), and Monteagle Stearns, Entangled Allies: U.S. Policy Towards Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus (New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations, 1992).
31. On competing Israeli and Palestinian claims, see, for example, Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1996), and United Nations, Jerusalem: Visions of Reconciliation: An Israeli-Palestinian Dialogue (New York, NY: United Nations, 1993). On the dispute over Cyprus, see Norma Salem (ed.), Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and Its Resolution (New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1992), and Monteagle Stearns, Entangled Allies: U.S. Policy Towards Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus (New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations, 1992).
32. On competing Israeli and Palestinian claims, see, for example, Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1996), and United Nations, Jerusalem: Visions of Reconciliation: An Israeli-Palestinian Dialogue (New York, NY: United Nations, 1993). On the dispute over Cyprus, see Norma Salem (ed.), Cyprus: A Regional Conflict and Its Resolution (New York, NY: St. Martin's, 1992), and Monteagle Stearns, Entangled Allies: U.S. Policy Towards Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus (New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations, 1992).
33. See James A. Schear, 'Bosnia's Post-Dayton Traumas', Foreign Policy, (No. 104, 1996), pp. 87-101.
34. Radha Kumar, 'The Troubled History of Partition', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 76, No. 1, 1997), pp. 22-35.
35. David A. Lake and Donald Rothchild, 'Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict', International Security (Vol. 21, No. 2, 1996), p. 41.
36. See, for example, Jacob Bercovitch (ed.), Resolving International Conflicts: The Theory and Practice of Mediation (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Christopher R. Mitchell, 'The Processes and Stages of Mediation: Two Sudanese Cases', in David R. Smock (ed.), Making War and Waging Peace: Foreign Intervention in Africa (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993), pp. 139-59; and Thomas Pruisen, Intermediaries in International Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
37. See, for example, Jacob Bercovitch (ed.), Resolving International Conflicts: The Theory and Practice of Mediation (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Christopher R. Mitchell, 'The Processes and Stages of Mediation: Two Sudanese Cases', in David R. Smock (ed.), Making War and Waging Peace: Foreign Intervention in Africa (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993), pp. 139-59; and Thomas Pruisen, Intermediaries in International Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
38. See, for example, Jacob Bercovitch (ed.), Resolving International Conflicts: The Theory and Practice of Mediation (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Christopher R. Mitchell, 'The Processes and Stages of Mediation: Two Sudanese Cases', in David R. Smock (ed.), Making War and Waging Peace: Foreign Intervention in Africa (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993), pp. 139-59; and Thomas Pruisen, Intermediaries in International Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
39. See Saadia Touval, The Peace Brokers (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), and I. William Zartman (ed.), Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995).
40. See Saadia Touval, The Peace Brokers (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), and I. William Zartman (ed.), Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995).
41. See Saadia Touval, 'Why the UN Fails', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 73, No. 5, 1994), pp. 44-57. On the potential role of regional organisations, see Ruth Wedgwood, 'Regional and Subregional Organizations in International Contlict Management', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op. cit., in note 6, pp. 275-86.
42. See Saadia Touval, 'Why the UN Fails', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 73, No. 5, 1994), pp. 44-57. On the potential role of regional organisations, see Ruth Wedgwood, 'Regional and Subregional Organizations in International Contlict Management', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op. cit., in note 6, pp. 275-86.
43. Arend Lijphart, 'The Power Sharing Approach', in Joseph V. Montville (ed.), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (New York, NY: Lexington Books, 1991), p. 494.
44. Donald L. Horowitz, 'Making Moderation Pay: The Comparative Politics for Ethnic Conflict Management', in Montville, op. cit., in note 20, pp. 451-76.
45. See Timothy D. Sisk, Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996).
46. See Stephen John Stedman, 'Spoiler Problems in the Peace Process', International Security (Vol. 22, No. 2, 1997), pp. 5-53.
47. See I. William Zartman, Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1985), and 1. William Zartman, 'Ripening Conflict, Ripe Moment, Formula, and Mediation', in Diane B. Bendahmane and John W. McDonald, Jr., (eds.), Perspectives on Negotiation (Washington, DC: Foreign Service Institute, US Department of State, 1986), pp. 217-218. Among the various adherents to Zartman's concept of ripeness, see Richard N. Haass, Conflicts Unending: The United States and Regional Disputes (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), and Donald K. Rothchild, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1997).
48. See I. William Zartman, Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1985), and I. William Zartman, 'Ripening Conflict, Ripe Moment, Formula, and Mediation', in Diane B. Bendahmane and John W. McDonald, Jr., (eds.), Perspectives on Negotiation (Washington, DC: Foreign Service Institute, US Department of State, 1986), pp. 217-218. Among the various adherents to Zartman's concept of ripeness, see Richard N. Haass, Conflicts Unending: The United States and Regional Disputes (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), and Donald K. Rothchild, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1997).
49. See I. William Zartman, Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1985), and 1. William Zartman, 'Ripening Conflict, Ripe Moment, Formula, and Mediation', in Diane B. Bendahmane and John W. McDonald, Jr., (eds.), Perspectives on Negotiation (Washington, DC: Foreign Service Institute, US Department of State, 1986), pp. 217-218. Among the various adherents to Zartman's concept of ripeness, see Richard N. Haass, Conflicts Unending: The United States and Regional Disputes (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), and Donald K. Rothchild, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1997).
50. See I. William Zartman, Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1985), and 1. William Zartman, 'Ripening Conflict, Ripe Moment, Formula, and Mediation', in Diane B. Bendahmane and John W. McDonald, Jr., (eds.), Perspectives on Negotiation (Washington, DC: Foreign Service Institute, US Department of State, 1986), pp. 217-218. Among the various adherents to Zartman's concept of ripeness, see Richard N. Haass, Conflicts Unending: The United States and Regional Disputes (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), and Donald K. Rothchild, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1997).
51. Haass, op. cit., in note 24, pp. 27-28.
52. See Janice Gross Stein, 'Getting to the Table: Triggers, Stages, Functions, and Consequences of Prenegotiation', International Journal (Vol. 42, No. 2, 1989), pp. 475-502, and Brian Tomlin and Brian S. Mandell, 'Mediation in the Development of Norms to Manage Conflict: Kissinger in the Middle East', Journal of Peace Research (Vol. 28, No. 1, 1991), pp. 43-55.
53. See Janice Gross Stein, 'Getting to the Table: Triggers, Stages, Functions, and Consequences of Prenegotiation', International Journal (Vol. 42, No. 2, 1989), pp. 475-502, and Brian Tomlin and Brian S. Mandell, 'Mediation in the Development of Norms to Manage Conflict: Kissinger in the Middle East', Journal of Peace Research (Vol. 28, No. 1, 1991), pp. 43-55.
54. Lake and Rothchild, op. cit., in note 16, p. 57.
55. See Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), and Stephen D. Krasner (ed.), International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983).
56. See Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), and Stephen D. Krasner (ed.), International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983).
57. Lake and Rothchild, op. cit., in note 16, pp. 66-67.
58. See Stephan Haggard and Beth Simmons, 'Theories of International Regimes', International Organization (Vol. 41, No. 3, 1987), pp. 491-517, and Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
59. See Stephan Haggard and Beth Simmons, 'Theories of International Regimes', International Organization (Vol. 41, No. 3, 1987), pp. 491-517, and Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
60. See Neil J. Kritz, 'The Rule of Law in the Postcontlict Phase: Building a Stable Peace', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op. cit., in note 6, pp. 587-606.
61. Paul LaRose-Edwards, UN Human Rights Operations: Principles and Practice in United Nations Field Operations (Ottawa: Human Rights and Justice Division, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1996), p. 10.
62. David Little, 'Religious Militancy', Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op. cit., in note 6, p. 84.
63. On various approaches to liberalism, see Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 1997).
64. United Nations Development Programme, Reconceptualizing Governance, Discussion Paper 2 (New York, NY: United Nations, 1997), p. 9.
65. Ibid., p. 17.
66. Pauline H. Baker, 'Conflict Resolution Versus Democratic Governance: Divergent Paths to Peace?', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op. cit., in note 6, p. 568.
67. Ibid.
68. On the potential role of international norms in defusing ethnic conflict, see David Little, Sri Lanka: The Invention of Enmity (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994).
69. Neil J. Kritz (ed.), Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, Volume 1 (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1995), pp. 82-103, 292-334, and 375-438;, and Alexandre S. Kamarotos, 'Building Peace, Democracy and Human Rights: International Civilian Missions at the End of the Millennium', International Peacekeeping (Vol. 2, No. 4, 1995), pp. 483-509.
70. Neil J. Kritz (ed.), Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, Volume 1 (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1995), pp. 82-103, 292-334, and 375-438;, and Alexandre S. Kamarotos, 'Building Peace, Democracy and Human Rights: International Civilian Missions at the End of the Millennium', International Peacekeeping (Vol. 2, No. 4, 1995), pp. 483-509.
71. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 'An Agenda for Peace', in Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury (eds.), United Nations, Divided World: UN's UN's Role In International Relations, Second Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 488.
72. Ibid., p. 489.
73. On this debate see, for example, Michael Mandelbaum, 'Foreign Policy as Social Work', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 75, No. 1, 1996), pp. 16-32, and Stanley Hoffmann, 'In Defense of Mother Theresa', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 75, No. 2, 1996), pp. 172-75.
74. On this debate see, for example, Michael Mandelbaum, 'Foreign Policy as Social Work', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 75, No. 1, 1996), pp. 16-32, and Stanley Hoffmann, 'In Defense of Mother Theresa', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 75, No. 2, 1996), pp. 172-75.
75. See Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969). See also Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, 'Democratization and the Danger of War,' International Security (Vol. 20, No. 1, 1995), pp. 5-38.
76. See Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969). See also Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, 'Democratization and the Danger of War,' International Security (Vol. 20, No. 1, 1995), pp. 5-38.
77. See Fen Osier Hampson, Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1996), pp. 87-128, and Timothy D. Sisk, Democratization in South Africa: The Elusive Social Contract (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
78. See Fen Osier Hampson, Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1996), pp. 87-128, and Timothy D. Sisk, Democratization in South Africa: The Elusive Social Contract (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
79. On these priorities, see Nicole Ball with Timothy Halevy, Making Peace Work: The Role of the International Development Community (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 81-102; Nicole Ball, 'The Challenge of Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op.-cit., in note 6, pp. 607-22; Nat J. Colletta, Markus Kostner, and Ingo Wiederhofer, The Transition from War to Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995), pp. 1-43; Jonathan Moore, The UN and Complex Emergencies: Rehabilitation in Third World Transitions (Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1996), pp. 1-41; and James K. Boyce, Economic Policy for Building Peace: The Lessons of El Salvador (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996), pp.1-18, 73-106, and 107-54.
80. On these priorities, see Nicole Ball with Timothy Halevy, Making Peace Work: The Role of the International Development Community (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 81-102; Nicole Ball, 'The Challenge of Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op.-cit., in note 6, pp. 607-22; Nat J. Colletta, Markus Kostner, and Ingo Wiederhofer, The Transition from War to Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995), pp. 1-43; Jonathan Moore, The UN and Complex Emergencies: Rehabilitation in Third World Transitions (Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1996), pp. 1-41; and James K. Boyce, Economic Policy for Building Peace: The Lessons of El Salvador (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996), pp.1-18, 73-106, and 107-54.
81. On these priorities, see Nicole Ball with Timothy Halevy, Making Peace Work: The Role of the International Development Community (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 81-102; Nicole Ball, 'The Challenge of Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op.-cit., in note 6, pp. 607-22; Nat J. Colletta, Markus Kostner, and Ingo Wiederhofer, The Transition from War to Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995), pp. 1-43; Jonathan Moore, The UN and Complex Emergencies: Rehabilitation in Third World Transitions (Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1996), pp. 1-41; and James K. Boyce, Economic Policy for Building Peace: The Lessons of El Salvador (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996), pp.1-18, 73-106, and 107-54.
82. On these priorities, see Nicole Ball with Timothy Halevy, Making Peace Work: The Role of the International Development Community (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 81-102; Nicole Ball, 'The Challenge of Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op.-cit., in note 6, pp. 607-22; Nat J. Colletta, Markus Kostner, and Ingo Wiederhofer, The Transition from War to Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995), pp. 1-43; Jonathan Moore, The UN and Complex Emergencies: Rehabilitation in Third World Transitions (Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1996), pp. 1-41; and James K. Boyce, Economic Policy for Building Peace: The Lessons of El Salvador (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996), pp.1-18, 73-106, and 107-54.
83. On these priorities, see Nicole Ball with Timothy Halevy, Making Peace Work: The Role of the International Development Community (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 81-102; Nicole Ball, 'The Challenge of Rebuilding War-Torn Societies', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op.-cit., in note 6, pp. 607-22; Nat J. Colletta, Markus Kostner, and Ingo Wiederhofer, The Transition from War to Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995), pp. 1-43; Jonathan Moore, The UN and Complex Emergencies: Rehabilitation in Third World Transitions (Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1996), pp. 1-41; and James K. Boyce, Economic Policy for Building Peace: The Lessons of El Salvador (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996), pp.1-18, 73-106, and 107-54.
84. See, for example, Development Assistance Committee, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Task Force on Conflict, Peace, and Development Cooperation: DAC Policy Guidelines for Development Cooperation in Conflict-Prevention and Post-Conflict Recovery, Document CDC/ DAC(96)31/REV1 (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, February 1997), and Antonia Handler Chayes, Abram Chayes, and George Raach, 'Beyond Reform: Restructuring for More Effective Conflict Intervention', Global Governance (Vol. 3, No. 2, 1997), pp. 117-46.
85. See, for example, Development Assistance Committee, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Task Force on Conflict, Peace, and Development Cooperation: DAC Policy Guidelines for Development Cooperation in Conflict-Prevention and Post-Conflict Recovery, Document CDC/ DAC(96)31/REV1 (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, February 1997), and Antonia Handler Chayes, Abram Chayes, and George Raach, 'Beyond Reform: Restructuring for More Effective Conflict Intervention', Global Governance (Vol. 3, No. 2, 1997), pp. 117-46.
86. For a sceptical viewpoint, see Roland Paris, 'Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism', International Security (Vol. 22, No. 2, 1977), pp. 54-89.
87. Janice Gross Stein, 'Image, Identity, and Conflict Resolution', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op. cit., in note 6, p. 103.
88. See, for example, I. William Zartman and J. Lewis Rasmussen (eds.), Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997), especially pp. 23-80.
89. Joseph V. Montville, 'Epilogue: The Human Factor Revisited', in Montville (ed.), op. cit., in note 20, p. 538.
90. Ibid.
91. See, for example, John W. Burton, Conflict and Communication: The Use of Controlled Communication in International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1969); Herbert C. Kelman, 'Informal Mediation by the Scholar/Practitioner', in Jacob Bercovitch and Jeffrey Z. Rubin (eds.), Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1992), pp. 64-96; and Ronald J. Fisher, 'Prenegotiation Problem-Solving Discussions: Enhancing the Potential for Successful Negotiations', in Janice Gross Stein (ed.), Getting to the Table: The Processes of International Prenegotiation (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), pp. 206-38.
92. See, for example, John W. Burton, Conflict and Communication: The Use of Controlled Communication in International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1969); Herbert C. Kelman, 'Informal Mediation by the Scholar/Practitioner', in Jacob Bercovitch and Jeffrey Z. Rubin (eds.), Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1992), pp. 64-96; and Ronald J. Fisher, 'Prenegotiation Problem-Solving Discussions: Enhancing the Potential for Successful Negotiations', in Janice Gross Stein (ed.), Getting to the Table: The Processes of International Prenegotiation (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), pp. 206-38.
93. See, for example, John W. Burton, Conflict and Communication: The Use of Controlled Communication in International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1969); Herbert C. Kelman, 'Informal Mediation by the Scholar/Practitioner', in Jacob Bercovitch and Jeffrey Z. Rubin (eds.), Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1992), pp. 64-96; and Ronald J. Fisher, 'Prenegotiation Problem-Solving Discussions: Enhancing the Potential for Successful Negotiations', in Janice Gross Stein (ed.), Getting to the Table: The Processes of International Prenegotiation (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), pp. 206-38.
94. See Herbert C. Kelman, 'Social-Psychological Dimensions of International Conflict', in Zartman and Rasmussen (eds.), op. cit., in note 50, pp. 191-238, and Ronald J. Fisher, 'Interactive Conflict Resolution', in Zartman and Rasmussen (eds.), op. cit., in note 50, pp. 239-72.
95. See Herbert C. Kelman, 'Social-Psychological Dimensions of International Conflict', in Zartman and Rasmussen (eds.), op. cit., in note 50, pp. 191-238, and Ronald J. Fisher, 'Interactive Conflict Resolution', in Zartman and Rasmussen (eds.), op. cit., in note 50, pp. 239-72.
96. Harold H. Saunders, 'Prenegotiation and Circum-negotiation: Arenas of the Peace Process', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op. cit., in note 6, p. 419.
97. See John Paul Lederach, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995), and Mike C.H. Yarrow, Quaker Experiences in International Conciliation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978).
98. See John Paul Lederach, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995), and Mike C.H. Yarrow, Quaker Experiences in International Conciliation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978).
99. Some of these multiple causes of conflict are considered in Brown (ed.), op. cit., in note 11, and Gurr, op. cit., in note 11.
100. Some of these multiple causes of conflict are considered in Brown (ed.), op. cit., in note 11, and Gurr, op. cit., in note 11.
101. Loraleigh Keashly and Ronald J. Fisher, 'Towards a Contingency Approach to Third-Party Intervention in Regional Conflicts: A Cyprus Illustration', International Journal (Vol. 45, No. 2, 1990), p. 424, emphasis in original.
102. See Michael S. Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), p. 38.
103. See James Notter and Louise Diamond, 'Building Peace and Transforming Conflict: Multi-Track Diplomacy in Practice', Occasional Paper No. 7 (Washington, DC: The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy, 1996).
104. On how to overcome some of these challenges, see the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict: Final Report (New York, NY: Carnegie Corporation of New York, December 1997), especially pp. 25-38.
105. I. William Zartman and Sandra Touval, 'International Mediation: Conflict Resolution and Power Politics', Journal of Social Issues (Vol. 41, No. 2, 1985), pp. 27-45.
106. Jane Corbin, The Norway Channel: The Secret Talks That Led to the Middle East Peace Accords (New York, NY: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994), and Abdel Monem Said Aly, 'The Road to Oslo and Beyond: Prospects for an Arab-Israeli Peace', Security Dialogue (Vol. 25, No. 1, 1994), p. 37-51.
107. Jane Corbin, The Norway Channel: The Secret Talks That Led to the Middle East Peace Accords (New York, NY: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994), and Abdel Monem Said Aly, 'The Road to Oslo and Beyond: Prospects for an Arab-Israeli Peace', Security Dialogue (Vol. 25, No. 1, 1994), p. 37-51.
108. See James Gow, Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War (London: Hurst and Company, 1997), pp. 276-79.
109. See Hampson, op. cit., in note 45, pp. 53-86, and 129-70.
110. For these exceptions, see, for example, Betts, op. cit., in note I, and Mary B. Anderson, 'Humanitarian NGOs in Conflict Resolution', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op. cit., in note 6, pp. 333-54.
111. For these exceptions, see, for example, Betts, op. cit., in note I, and Mary B. Anderson, 'Humanitarian NGOs in Conflict Resolution', in Crocker and Hampson with Aall (eds.), op. cit., in note 6, pp. 333-54.
112. See Kumar Rupesinghe and Khawar Mumtaz (eds.), Internal Conflict in South Asia (London: Sage, 1996), and Ralph Premdas, S.W.R. de A. Samarasinghe, and Alan D. Anderson (eds.), Secessionist Movements in Comparative Perspective (London: Pinter, 1990).
113. See Kumar Rupesinghe and Khawar Mumtaz (eds.), Internal Conflict in South Asia (London: Sage, 1996), and Ralph Premdas, S.W.R. de A. Samarasinghe, and Alan D. Anderson (eds.), Secessionist Movements in Comparative Perspective (London: Pinter, 1990).
114. On mediator motivations, see C.R. Mitchell, 'The Motives for Mediation', in C.R. Mitchell and Keith Webb (eds.), New Approaches to International Mediation (New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 1988), pp. 29-51.