Critical review of immediate implant loading

Clinical Oral Implants Research

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 515-527

  Gapski, Ricardo ^a   Wang, Hom Lay ^a,c   Mascarenhas, Paulo ^a   Lang, Niklaus P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dental implant; Immediate early implant loading; Osseointegration

Indexed keywords

TITANIUM;

ANXIETY; BIOAVAILABILITY; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FOLLOW UP; HEALING; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROSTHESIS; RANDOMIZATION; REVIEW; TOOTH IMPLANTATION;

BITE FORCE; DENTAL IMPLANTATION, ENDOSSEOUS; DENTAL IMPLANTS; DENTAL PROSTHESIS DESIGN; DENTAL PROSTHESIS, IMPLANT-SUPPORTED; DENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS; DENTURE, COMPLETE, IMMEDIATE; DENTURE, PARTIAL, IMMEDIATE; HUMANS; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

EID: 0345304965     PISSN: 09057161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.00950.x     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Adell, R., Lekholm, U., Rockler, B. & Brånemark, P.I. (1981) A 15-year study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. International Journal of Oral Surgery 10: 387-416.
2. Akagawa, Y., Hashimoto, M., Kondo, N., Satomi, K., Takata, T. & Tsuru, H. (1986) Initial bone-implant interfaces of submergible and supramergible endosseous single-crystal sapphire implants. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 55: 96-100.
3. Albrektsson, T. (1993) On long-term maintenance of the osseointegrated response. Australian Prosthodontic Journal 7: 15-24.
4. Albrektsson, T., Brånemark, P.I., Hansson, H.A. & Lindstrom, J. (1981) Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to-implant anchorage in man. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 52: 155-170.
5. Albrektsson, T. & Sennerby, L. (1991) State of the art in oral implants. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 18: 474-481.
6. Albrektsson, T., Zarb, G., Worthington, P. & Eriksson, A.R. (1986) The long-term efficacy of currently used dental implants: a review and proposed criteria of success. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 1: 11-25.
7. Arvidson, K., Bystedt, H., Frykholm, A., von Konow, L. & Lothigius, E. (1992) A 3-year clinical study of Astra dental implants in the treatment of edentulous mandibles. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 7: 321-329.
8. Aspenberg, P., Goodman, S., Toksvig-Larsen, S., Ryd, L. & Albrektsson, T. (1992) Intermittent micromotion inhibits bone ingrowth. Titanium implants in rabbits. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 63: 141-145.
9. Astrand, P., Almfeldt, I., Brunell, G., Hamp, S.E., Hellem, S. & Karlsson, U. (1996) Non-submerged implants in the treatment of the edentulous lower jar. A 2-year longitudinal study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 7: 337-344.
10. Babbush, C.A., Kent, J.N. & Misiek, D.J. (1986) Titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS) screw implants for the reconstruction of the edentulous mandible. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 44: 274-282.
11. Babbush, C.A. & Shimura, M. (1993) Five-year statistical and clinical observations with the IMZ two-stage osteointegrated implant system. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 8: 245-253.
12. Balshi, T.J. & Wolfinger, G.J. (1997) Immediate loading of Brånemark implants in edentulous mandibles: a preliminary report. Implant Dentistry 6: 83-88.
13. Becker, W., Hujoel, P.P., Becker, B.E. & Willingham, H. (2000) Osteoporosis and implant failure: an exploratory case-control study. Journal of Periodontology 71: 625-631.
14. Bijlani, M. & Lozada, J.L. (1996) Immediately loaded dental implants - influence of early functional contacts on implant stability, bone level integrity, and soft tissue quality: a retrospective 3-and 6-year clinical analysis. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11: 126-127.
15. Brånemark, P.I., Adell, R., Breine, U., Hansson, B.O., Lindstrom, J. & Ohlsson, A. (1969) Intraosseous anchorage of dental prostheses. I. Experimental studies. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3: 81-100.
16. Brånemark, P.I., Engstrand, P., Ohrnell, L.O., Grondahl, K., Nilsson, P., Hagberg, K., Darle, C. & Lekholm, U. (1999) Brånemark Novum: a new treatment concept for rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible. Preliminary results from a prospective clinical follow-up study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 1: 2-16.
17. Brånemark, P.I., Hansson, B.O., Adell, R., Breine, U., Lindstrom, J., Hallen, O. & Ohman, A. (1977) Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Suppl 16: 1-132.
18. Brånemark, P.I., Zarb, G. & Albrektsson, T. (1985) Tissue-integrated prosthesis: osseointegration in clinical dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence.
19. Brisman, D.L. (1996) The effect of speed, pressure, and time on bone temperature during the drilling of implant sites. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 11: 35-37.
20. Brunski, J.B. (1993) Avoid pitfalls of overloading and micromotion of intraosseous implants. Dental Implantology Update 4: 77-81.
21. Brunski, J.B., Moccia, A.F. Jr, Pollack, S.R., Korostoff, E. & Trachtenberg, D.I. (1979) The influence of functional use of endosseous dental implants on the tissue-implant interface. I. Histological aspects. Journal of Dental Research 58: 1953-1969.
22. Buchs, A.U., Levine, L. & Moy, P. (2001) Preliminary report of immediately loaded Altiva Natural Tooth Replacement dental implants. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 2: 97-106.
23. Buser, D., Schenk, R.K., Steinemann, S., Fiorellini, J.P., Fox, C.H. & Stich, H. (1991) Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 25: 889-902.
24. Buser, D.A., Schroeder, A., Sutter, F. & Lang, N.P. (1988) The new concept of ITI hollow-cylinder and hollow-screw implants: Part 2. Clinical aspects, indications, and early clinical results. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 3: 173-181.
25. Chaushu, G., Chaushu, S., Tzohar, A. & Dayan, D. (2001) Immediate loading of single-tooth implants: immediate versus non-immediate implantation. A clinical report. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 16: 267-272.
26. Chiapasco, M., Gatti, C., Rossi, E., Haefliger, W. & Markwalder, T.H. (1997) Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with immediate loading. A retrospective multicenter study on 226 consecutive cases. Clinical Oral Implants Research 8: 48-57.
27. Chiapasco, M., Abati, S., Romeo, E. & Vogel, G. (2001) Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with Brånemark System MKII implants: a prospective comparative study between delayed and immediate loading. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 16: 537-546.
28. Chow, J., Hui, E., Liu, J., Li, D., Wat, P., Li, W., Yau, Y.K. & Law, H. (2001) The Hong Kong Bridge Protocol. Immediate loading of mandibular Brånemark fixtures using a fixed provisional prosthesis: preliminary results. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 3: 166-174.
29. Colomina, L.E. (2001) Immediate loading of implant-fixed mandibular prostheses: a prospective 18-month follow-up clinical study - preliminary report. Implant Dentistry 10: 23-29.
30. Cooper, L., Felton, D.A., Kugelberg, C.F., Ellner, S., Chaffee, N., Molina, A.L., Moriarty, J.D., Paquette, D. & Palmqvist, U. (2001) A multicenter 12-month evaluation of single-tooth implants restored 3 weeks after 1-stage surgery. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 16: 182-192.
31. Corso, M., Sirota, C., Fiorellini, J., Rasool, F., Szmukler-Moncler, S. & Weber, H.P. (1999) Clinical and radiographic evaluation of early loaded free-standing dental implants with various coatings in beagle dogs. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 82: 428-435.
32. Cross, D.L., Baumhammers, A., Guarlotti, C.A., Ruskin, P.F. & Molinari, J.A. (1974) Healed bone over and through three month old size-graded bladevent implants. Journal of Periodontology 45: 792-796.
33. Dao, T.T., Anderson, J.D. & Zarb, G.A. (1993) Is osteoporosis a risk factor for osseointegration of dental implants? International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 8: 137-144.
34. DeAngelis, V. (1970) Observations on the response of alveolar bone to orthodontic force. American Journal of Orthodontics 58: 284-294.
35. Engquist, B., Bergendal, T., Kallus, T. & Linden, U. (1988) A retrospective multicenter evaluation of osseointegrated implants supporting overdentures. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 3: 129-134.
36. Ericsson, I., Nilson, H., Lindh, T., Nilner, K. & Randow, K. (2000a) Immediate functional loading of Brånemark single tooth implants. An 18 months' clinical pilot follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 11: 26-33.
37. Ericsson, I., Randow, K., Nilner, K. & Peterson, A. (2000b) Early functional loading of Brånemark dental implants: 5-year clinical follow-up study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 2: 70-77.
38. Eriksson, A., Albrektsson, T., Grane, B. & McQueen, D. (1982) Thermal injury to bone. A vitalmicroscopic description of heat effects. International Journal of Oral Surgery 11: 115-121.
39. Eriksson, A.R. & Albrektsson, T. (1983) Temperature threshold levels for heat-induced bone tissue injury: a vital-microscopic study in the rabbit. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 50: 101-107.
40. Eriksson, A.R., Albrektsson, T. & Albrektsson, B. (1984a) Heat caused by drilling cortical bone. Temperature measured in vivo in patients and animals. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 55: 629-631.
41. Eriksson, R.A. & Albrektsson, T. (1984) The effect of heat on bone regeneration: an experimental study in the rabbit using the bone growth chamber. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 42: 705-711.
42. Eriksson, R.A., Albrektsson, T. & Magnusson, B. (1984b) Assessment of bone viability after heat trauma. A histological, histochemical and vital microscopic study in the rabbit. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 18: 261-268.
43. Evans, G.H., Mendez, A.J. & Caudill, R.F. (1996) Loaded and nonloaded titanium versus hydroxyapatite-coated threaded implants in the canine mandible. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 11: 360-371.
44. Friberg, B., Sennerby, L., Linden, B., Grondahl, K. & Lekholm, U. (1999) Stability measurements of one-stage Brånemark implants during healing in mandibles. A clinical resonance frequency analysis study. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 28: 266-272.
45. Friberg, B., Ekestubbe, A., Mellstrom, D. & Sennerby, L. (2001) Brånemark implants and osteoporosis: a clinical exploratory study. Clinical Implant Dentistry & Related Research 3: 50-56.
46. Fujimoto, T., Niimi, A., Nakai, H. & Ueda, M. (1996) Osseointegrated implants in a patient with osteoporosis: a case report. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 11: 539-542.
47. Ganeles, J., Rosenberg, M.M., Holt, R.L. & Reichman, L.H. (2001) Immediate loading of implants with fixed restorations in the completely edentulous mandible: report of 27 patients from a private practice. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 16: 418-426.
48. Gatti, C., Haefliger, W., Chiapasco, M. (2000) Implant-related mandibular overdentures with immediate loading: a prospective study of ITI implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 15: 383-388.
49. Gomes, A., Lozada, J.L., Caplanis, N. & Kleinman, A. (1998) Immediate loading of a single hydroxyapatite-coated threaded root form implant: a clinical report. Journal of Oral Implantology 24: 159-166.
50. Glantz, P.O., Nyman, S., Strandman, E. & Randow, K. (1984a) On functional strain in fixed mandibular reconstructions. II. An in vivo study. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 5: 269-76.
51. Glantz, P.O., Strandman, E., Svensson, S.A. & Randow, K. (1984b) On functional strain in fixed mandibular reconstructions. I. An in vitro study. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 4: 241-9.
52. Haider, R., Watzek, G. & Plenk, H. (1993) Effects of drill cooling and bone structure on IMZ implant fixation. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 8: 83-91.
53. Hansson, H.A., Albrektsson, T. & Brånemark, P.I. (1983) Structural aspects of the interface between tissue and titanium implants. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 50: 108-113.
54. Hara, T., Hayashi, K., Nakashima, Y., Kanemaru, T. & Iwamoto, Y. (1999) The effect of hydroxyapatite coating on the bonding of bone to titanium implants in the femora of ovariectomised rats. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume 81: 705-709.
55. Henry, P. & Rosenberg, I. (1994) Single-stage surgery for rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible: preliminary results. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry 6: 15-22; quiz 24.
56. Henry, P.J., Tan, A.E., Leavy, J., Johansson, C.B. & Albrektsson, T. (1997) Tissue regeneration in bony defects adjacent to immediately loaded titanium implants placed into extraction sockets: a study in dogs. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 12: 758-766.
57. Hobkirk, J.A. & Rusiniak, K. (1977) Investigation of variable factors in drilling bone. Journal of Oral Surgery 35: 968-973.
58. Hodosh, M., Povar, M. & Shklar, G. (1969) The dental polymer implant concept. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 22: 371-380.
59. Horiuchi, K., Uchida, H., Yamamoto, K. & Sugimura, M. (2000) Immediate loading of Brånemark system implants following placement in edentulous patients: a clinical report. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 15: 824-830.
60. Ivanoff, C.J., Grondahl, K., Bergstrom, C., Lekholm, U. & Brånemark, P.I. (2000) Influence of bicortical or monocortical anchorage on maxillary implant stability: a 15-year retrospective study of Brånemark System implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 15: 103-110.
61. Jaffin, R.A. & Berman, C.L. (1991) The excessive loss of Brånemark fixtures in type IV bone: a 5-year analysis. Journal of Periodontology 62: 2-4.
62. Jaffin, R.A., Kumar, A. & Berman, C.L. (2000) Immediate loading of implants in partially and fully edentulous jaws: a series of 27 case reports. Journal of Periodontology 71: 833-838.
63. Jo, H.Y., Hobo, P.K. & Hobo, S. (2001) Freestanding and multiunit immediate loading of the expandable implant: an up-to-40-month prospective survival study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2: 148-155.
64. Lambert, P.M., Morris, H.F. & Ochi, S. (1997) Positive effect of surgical experience with implants on second-stage implant survival. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 55: 12-18.
65. Ledermann, P.D. (1979) Stegprothetische Versorgung des zahnlosen Unterkiefers mit Hilfe von plasmabeschichteten Titanischraubenimplanten. Deutsche Zahmärzhiche Zeitchrift 34: 907-911.
66. Ledermann, P.D. (1983) Sechsjährige klinische Erfahrung mit dem titanplasmabeschichteten ITI-Schraubenimplantat in der Regio interforaminalis des Unterkiefers. Schweizensche Monatsschrift für Zahnmedizin 93: 1080-1089.
67. Lefkove, M.D. & Beals, R.P. (1990) Immediate loading of cylinder implants with overdentures in the mandibular symphysis: the titanium plasmasprayed screw technique. Journal of Oral Implantology 16: 265-271.
68. Li, D.H., Liu, B.L., Zou, J.C. & Xu, K.W. (1999) Improvement of osseointegration of titanium dental implants by a modified sandblasting surface treatment: an in vivo interfacial biomechanics study. Implant Dentistry 8: 289-294.
69. Linkow, L.I., Glassman, P.E. & Asnis, S.T. (1973) Macroscopic and microscopic studies of endosteal bladevent implants (six month dog study). Oral Implantology 3: 281-309.
70. Listgarten, M.A. & Lai, C.H. (1975) Ultrastructure of the intact interface between an endosseous epoxy resin dental implant and the host tissues. Journal de Biologie Buccale 3: 13-28.
71. Lugero, G.G., de Falco Caparbo, V., Guzzo, M.L., Konig, B. Jr & Jorgetti, V. (2000) Histomorphometric evaluation of titanium implants in osteoporotic rabbits. Implant Dentistry 9: 303-309.
72. Lum, L.B. & Beirne, O.R. (1986) Viability of the retained bone core in the core-vent dental implant. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 44: 341-345.
73. Malo, P., Rangert, B. & Dvarsater, L. (2000) Immediate function of Brånemark implants in the esthetic zone: a retrospective clinical study with 6 months to 4 years of follow-up. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 2: 138-146.
74. Matthews, L.S. & Hirsch, C. (1972) Temperatures measured in human cortical bone when drilling. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume 54: 297-308.
75. Misch, C.E. (1999a) Bone density: a key determinant for clinical success. In: C.E. Misch, ed. Contemporary implant dentistry, 109-118. Chicago: Mosby.
76. Misch, C.E. (1999b) Contemporary implant dentistry, 2nd edition. Chicago: Mosby.
77. Misch, C.E. (1999c) Implant design considerations for the posterior regions of the mouth. Contemporary Implant Dentistry 8: 376-386.
78. Mori, H., Manabe, M., Kurachi, Y. & Nagumo, M. (1997) Osseointegration of dental implants in rabbit bone with low mineral density. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 55: 351-361; discussion 362.
79. Morris, H.F., Manz, M.C. & Tarolli, J.H. (1997) Success of multiple endosseous dental implant designs to second-stage surgery across study sites. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 55: 76-82.
80. O'Sullivan, D., Sennerby, L. & Meredith, N. (2000) Measurements comparing the initial stability of five designs of dental implants: a human cadaver study. Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 2: 85-92.
81. Piattelli, A., Corigliano, M., Scarano, A., Costigliola, G. & Paolantonio, M. (1998) Immediate loading of titanium plasma-sprayed implants: an histologic analysis in monkeys. Journal of Periodontology 69: 321-327.
82. Piattelli, A., Corigliano, M., Scarano, A. & Quaranta, M. (1997a) Bone reactions to early occlusal loading of two-stage titanium plasma-sprayed implants: a pilot study in monkeys. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 17: 162-169.
83. Piattelli, A., Paolantonio, M., Corigliano, M. & Scarano, A. (1997b) Immediate loading of titanium plasma-sprayed screw-shaped implants in man: a clinical and histological report of two cases. Journal of Periodontology 68: 591-597.
84. Piattelli, A., Ruggeri, A., Franchi, M., Romasco, N. & Trisi, P. (1993) An histologic and histomorphometric study of bone reactions to unloaded and loaded non-submerged single implants in monkeys: a pilot study. Journal of Oral Implantology 19: 314-320.
85. Piliero, S.J., Schnitman, P., Pentel, L., Cranin, A.N. & Dennison, T.A. (1973) Histopathology of oral endosteal metallic implants in dogs. Journal of Dental Research 52: 1117-1127.
86. Randow, K., Ericsson, I., Nilner, K., Petersson, A. & Glantz, P.O. (1999) Immediate functional loading of Brånemark dental implants. An 18-month clinical follow-up study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 10: 8-15.
87. Riggs, B.L. & Melton, L.J., III (1986) Involutional osteoporosis. New England Journal of Medicine 314: 1676-1686.
88. Roberts, W.E. (1993) Fundamental principles of bone physiology, metabolism and loading. In: Naert, I., van Steenberghe, D. & Worthington, P., eds. Osseointegration and oral rehabilitation. An introductory textbook, 175-170. London: Quintessence.
89. Roberts, W.E., Smith, R.K., Zilberman, Y., Mozsary, P.G. & Smith, R.S. (1984) Osseous adaptation to continuous loading of rigid endosseous implants. American Journal of Orthodontics 86: 95-111.
90. Roberts, W.E., Turley, P.K., Brezniak, N. & Fielder, P.J. (1987) Implants: bone physiology and metabolism. Canadian Dental Association Journal 15: 54-61.
91. Romanos, G., Toh, C.G., Siar, C.H., Swaminathan, D., Ong, A.H., Donath, K., Yaacob, H. & Nentwig, G.H. (2001) Peri-implant bone reactions to immediately loaded implants. An experimental study in monkeys. Journal of Periodontology 72: 506-511.
92. Rosenlicht, J.L. (1993) Advanced surgical techniques in implant dentistry: contemporary applications of early techniques. Journal of Dental Symposia 1: 16-19.
93. Rubin, C.T. & McLeod, K.J. (1994) Promotion of bony ingrowth by frequency-specific, low-amplitude mechanical strain. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 298: 165-174.
94. Sagara, M., Akagawa, Y., Nikai, H. & Tsuru, H. (1993) The effects of early occlusal loading on one-stage titanium alloy implants in beagle dogs: a pilot study. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 69: 281-288.
95. Salama, H., Rose, L.F., Salama, M. & Betts, N.J. (1995) Immediate loading of bilaterally splinted titanium root-form implants in fixed prosthodontics - a technique reexamined: two case reports. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 15: 344-361.
96. Satomi, K., Akagawa, Y., Nikai, H. & Tsuru, H. (1988) Bone-implant interface structures after nontapping and tapping insertion of screw-type titanium alloy endosseous implants. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 59: 339-342.
97. Schatzker, J., Horne, J.G. & Sumner-Smith, G. (1975) The effect of movement on the holding power of screws in bone. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 257-262.
98. Schenk, R. & Hunziker, E.B. (1994) Histologic and ultrastructural features of fracture healing. In: Brighton, C.T., Friedlander, G., & Lane, J.M., eds., Bone formation and repair, 117-146. Rosemont: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
99. Schnitman, P.A., Rubenstein, J.E., Whorle, P.S., DaSilva, J.D. & Koch, G.G. (1988) Implants for partial edentulism. Journal of Dental Education 52: 725-736.
100. Schnitman, P.A. & Shulman, L.B. (1980) Dental implants: benefit and risk, Publication 81-1531. Bethesda, MD: US Dept Health and Humans Services, Government Printing Office.
101. Schnitman, P.A., Wohrle, P.S., Rubenstein, J.E., DaSilva, J.D. & Wang, N.H. (1997) Ten-year results for Brånemark implants immediately loaded with fixed prostheses at implant placement. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 12: 495-503.
102. Schroeder, A., van der Zypen, E., Stich, H. & Sutter, F. (1981) The reactions of bone, connective tissue, and epithelium to endosteal implants with titanium-sprayed surfaces. Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 9: 15-25.
103. Scortecci, G. (1999) Immediate function of cortically anchored disk-design implants without bone augmentation in moderately to severely resorbed completely edentulous maxillae. Journal of Oral Implantology 25: 70-79.
104. Skalak, R. (1985) Aspects of biomechanical considerations. In: P.I. Brånemark, Zarb, G. & Albrektsson, T., eds. Tissue-integrated prosthesis: osseointegration in clinical dentistry, 117-128. Chicago: Quintessence.
105. Spector, M. (1988) Non-cemented total hip arthroplasty. In: Fitzgerald Jr, R.H., ed. Current concepts of bony ingrowth and remodeling, 69-86. New York: Raven Press.
106. Spiekermann, H., Jansen, V.K. & Richter, E.J. (1995) A 10-year follow-up study of IMZ and TPS implants in the edentulous mandible using bar-retained overdentures. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 10: 231-243.
107. Strock, A.E. & Strock, M. (1939) Experimental work on a method for the replacement of missing teeth by direct implantation of a metal support into the alveolus. American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery 25: 467.
108. Szmukler-Moncler, S., Salama, H., Reingewirtz, Y. & Dubruille, J.H. (1998) Timing of loading and effect of micromotion on bone-dental implant interface: review of experimental literature. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 43: 192-103.
109. Tarnow, D.P., Emtiaz, S. & Classi, A. (1997) Immediate loading of threaded implants at stage 1 surgery in edentulous arches: ten consecutive case reports with 1-to 5-year data. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 12: 319-324.
110. Testori, T., Szmukler-Moncler, S., Francetti, L., Del Fabbro, M., Scarano, A., Piattelli, A. & Weinstein, R.L. (2001) Immediate loading of osseotite implants: a case report and histologic analysis after 4 months of occlusal loading. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry 5: 451-9.
111. Trisi, P., Rao, W. & Rebaudi, A. (1999) A histometric comparison of smooth and rough titanium implants in human low-density jawbone. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 14: 689-698.
112. Uhthoff, H.K. (1973) Mechanical factors influencing the holding power of screws in compact bone. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume 55: 633-639.
113. Wennerberg, A., Albrektsson, T., Andersson, B. & Krol, J.J. (1995) A histomorphometric and removal torque study of screw-shaped titanium implants with three different surface topographies. Clinical Oral Implants Research 6: 24-30.
114. Wheeler, S.L. (1996) Eight-year clinical retrospective study of titanium plasma-sprayed and hydroxyapatite-coated cylinder implants. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 11: 340-350.
115. Wiggins, K.L. & Malkin, S. (1976) Drilling of bone. Journal of Biomechanics 9: 553-559.
116. Wolfe, L.A. & Hobkirk, J.A. (1989) Bone response to a matched modulus endosseous implant material. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 4: 311-310.
117. Yacker, M.J. & Klein, M. (1996) The effect of irrigation on osteotomy depth and bur diameter. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 11: 634-638.
118. Yamazaki, M., Shirota, T., Tokugawa, Y., Motohashi, M., Ohno, K., Michi, K. & Yamaguchi, A. (1999) Bone reactions to titanium screw implants in ovariectomized animals. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics 87: 411-418.